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The effects of Fe, Ni, and Mo active components loaded with HZSM-5 on the composition of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-oil from microcrystalline cellulose were investigated. All three supported catalysts resulted in the cyclization of microcrystalline cellulose into aromatic compounds. Additionally, Fe/HZSM-5 underwent oxidation, producing ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids, which accounted for 44.5% of the total composition of bio-oil. On the other hand, Ni/HZSM-5 and Mo/ZHSM-5 caused ring-opening of microcrystalline cellulose, leading to the production of alcohols and hydrocarbons, constituting 23.05% and 36.46% of the total composition, respectively. These findings indicate that the catalysts not only facilitated the ring-opening of polycyclic rings in microcrystalline cellulose but also underwent reactions with the hydroxyl groups present. To further understand the impact of these catalysts on hydroxyl groups similar to microcrystalline cellulose, glycerol was used as a model compound for liquefaction. The results revealed that 40.72% of Fe/HZSM-5 bio-oils consisted of cyclic ketones, while Ni/HZSM-5 predominantly produced straight-chain alkanes, straight-chain lipids, and straight-chain carboxylic acids. In contrast, Mo/HZSM-5 primarily yielded six-membered cyclic carboxylic acids, accounting for 72.48% of the composition. [Display omitted] • The composition of bio-oil was adjusted by loading different metal active components. • Fe/HZSM-5 is mainly used to oxidize hydroxyl groups on microcrystalline cellulose to form ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids. • Ni/HZSM-5 and Mo/HZSM-5 are mainly ring-opening of microcrystalline cellulose to supply hydrogen to form hydrocarbons and alcohols. • Glycerol was used as the model compound. Fe/HZSM-5 and Mo/HZSM-5 oxidized and cyclized hydroxyl groups, and Ni/HZSM-5 mainly oxidized the hydroxyl group. • The HHV of bio-oil(Fe/HZSM-5), bio-oil(Ni/HZSM-5) and bio-oil(Mo/HZSM-5) were 27.70MJ / kg, 31.44MJ / kg and 33.02MJ / kg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel biomass-based catalyst for catalytic upgrading and viscosity reduction process of heavy oil was prepared. • The mechanism analysis of catalyst on catalytic upgrading of heavy oil was explained in detail. • Non-acidic components in the catalyst could upgrade the chemical structure of heavy compositions. A biomass-based catalyst for catalytic upgrading and viscosity reduction process of heavy oil was prepared. The experimental results showed the viscosity of oil sample reduced from 508800 mPa.s to 22230 mPa.s (50 ℃) with 0.2wt% biomass-based catalyst at 320 ℃ for 30 min, and the viscosity reduction was up to 95.63%. The content of resin was significantly reduced by 10.1% after reaction under the optimal conditions. Furthermore, composition analysis, FT-IR analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and elemental analysis of the biomass-based catalyst were characterized in detail. In addition, FT-IR analysis, elemental analysis and SEM analysis were employed to evaluate the properties of oil sample. Further, influence mechanism of biomass-based catalyst on catalytic upgrading process of heavy oil was expounded through viscosity change, SARA analysis, 1H-NMR analysis, weight average molecular weight and average particle sizes analysis, and the above analysis results revealed that under the catalytic action of organic nickel salt, the presence of non-acidic components in the catalyst could improve the chemical structures of heavy compositions of oil sample. Finally, a possible schematic diagram of catalytic upgrading process was simply depicted in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]