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Internet of Things (IoT) represents an important area that is evolving rapidly in the context of digitalization efforts related to the Construction 4.0 era. This paper deals with the Internet of Things applications within the construction industry in selected phases of the facility's life cycle, namely the construction and operational phases. In particular, relevant examples of its use were collected, discussed and supplemented with several review papers on a given topic. Results of the analysis show that the potential of the Internet of Things usage is wide and varied in connection with the complexity of the construction projects and the long-term service life of the facilities. The concepts of the Internet of Things usage in the above-mentioned life cycle phases are mostly different focusing e.g., on quality, health and safety issues within the case of construction phase or smart concepts and energy management during the operational phase. Furthermore, one common theme was identified for both investigated phases of the life cycle, namely the interconnection of Building Information Modelling and the Internet of Things. It can be expected that the importance of such interconnection will continue to rise as construction projects implemented with the support of the Building Information Modelling become more and more common in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building information modeling (BIM) technology can organically combine data modeling and virtual reality, and compare them with actual construction objects to realize the smart collaboration of entity and the model in the construction processes, greatly reducing early stage mistakes and improve construction efficiency. This paper proposed an automation system framework of smart construction based on BIM technology and collaboration platform, and discussed the element configuration of smart construction based on BIM technology and collaboration platform, and finally elaborated the working mechanism of automated system based on BIM technology and collaboration platform. The study results show that the automation system based on the BIM technology and collaboration platform supports the rapid construction of large-scale three-dimensional scenes and the precise integration of multi-source data, and can bring together construction information and asset information from different sources to form an open, safe, and accessible digital environment. The application of smart construction technology in construction cost management has brought huge economic benefits, construction efficiency has been increased by 65%, construction period has been shortened by 30%, labor intensity has been reduced by 27%, and labor productivity has been increased by 39%, which has brought considerable indirect benefits to construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Manually creating BIM models is a high-cost task • Semantic segmentation can be used to automatically create BIM models from images • Convolutional Neural Networks are effective for segmentation but are not explainable • An explainable AI model allows a human user to interact with it • Fuzzy Rule-based systems can be used as explainable AI models Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a standard digital process that fuses buildings information from different sources into a 3D model during their lifecycle. For new construction sites using BIM, it is possible to monitor the cost, schedule, and changes throughout the lifecycle; however, existing buildings do not have a BIM model. Manually creating the BIM models for existing buildings is a high-cost task, both in time and money, hence there is a need for extracting information from available paper-based documentation and fuse it into a BIM model. The struggle of facility management and utility companies to fully adopt a BIM process (due to their high volumes of paper-based documentation of existing buildings) has led to the research on creating these 3D BIM models from 2D floor plan images. This paper presents a novel processing pipeline to extract 2D digital information from floorplans, fusing it into a 3D BIM model. The work focuses on fusing the available information to create the structure of the building in BIM format, which is considered the essential step before looking on working with other sources of data. In this process, we introduce a type-2 fuzzy logic based Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approach for the semantic segmentation step. The approach consists of using the outputs of type-2 fuzzy logic systems to classify a pixel as wall or background, by using information around and from the pixel of interest as the inputs to the system. After the semantic segmentation step, the output of the type-2 fuzzy logic goes through a noise removal process and finally a transformation from 2D to 3D by assigning the corresponding BIM tag to each identified element. The proposed type-2 fuzzy logic semantic segmentation approach produced comparable results (97.3% mean Intersection over Union (IoU) performance metric value) to the opaque box model approach based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) (99.3% mean IoU performance metric value). However, the type-2 fuzzy XAI system benefits from being an augmentable and interpretable model, which means that human users can understand the decision process and modify the model using their expert knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing construction activity-monitoring technologies, such as CCTV cameras and IoT devices, have limitations, such as lack of depth information, 3D measurement errors, or wireless signal vulnerability. The limitations are particularly problematic for activities related to mobile cranes due to their high mobility and flexibility. This paper presents a 4D point cloud (4DPC) - based spatial-temporal semantic registration method to overcome the limitations. The proposed method integrates spatial-temporal semantic registration into process site 4DPC with as-designed BIM semantics. Results from a one-hour on-site experiment demonstrated that the proposed method achieved 99.93–100% F 1 accuracy in detecting BIM objects, and high resolution (centimeter-second granularity) of the trajectories of hoisting activities. This paper offers a two-fold contribution. First, spatial-temporal semantic registration represents an innovative approach to 4D point cloud (4DPC) processing. Secondly, the hoisting activities are comprehensively analyzed based on semantic registration, which can improve safety and productivity monitoring for smarter construction in the future. [Display omitted] • Registering spatial-temporal 4D point cloud (4DPC) with as-designed BIM objects for monitoring • 4DPC-based spatial-temporal semantic registration method for mobile cranes • Successful validation on one-hour 4DPC data from a night-time footbridge construction project • Satisfactory registration accuracy (F 1 = 99.95% on average) in 4DPC at object level • Intuitive and precise analysis of mobile crane-related activities based on registration results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the construction industry from 2014 to 2023, focusing on enhancing security, communication, and maintenance. It combines in-depth analysis of 121 papers with visualizations of 507 articles from major databases such as SCOPUS, IEEE, ACM, Science Direct, and Google Scholar to map AI advancements in construction. The study found that security is established as a mature research domain, whereas communication and maintenance are at comparatively earlier stages of development. Specifically, the analysis reveals a shift from Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to more sophisticated technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Virtual Reality (VR), blockchain, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and digital twins, which significantly improve security. Communication and maintenance have also evolved towards greater digital integration and predictive analytics. The integration of AI innovations with human expertise is emphasized as a strategic direction to enhance decision-making and operational efficiency in construction. [Display omitted] • Review the development of AI-driven studies in the construction sector. • AI evolution in construction security, communication and maintenance (2014–2023). • AI shifts to IoT, VR, blockchain, BIM, digital twins. • Challenges in data management, AI integration noted. • Predictive analytics, ethical AI use in future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building information models of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems often contain numerous identical elements, resulting in significant data redundancy. Current redundancy-removal techniques often involve intricate computational procedures and data conversions, which is time-consuming and error-prone. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces an easy but efficient approach for mitigating data redundancy in large MEP models by integrating Oriented Bounding Boxes (OBB) and Hash sets. To validate its efficacy, 16 actual Revit MEP project are used to test the compression capacity and accuracy of the method. The results indicate that, using this approach, the sizes of the models can be reduced to only 4% and 33% of the original Revit and lightweight Navisworks counterparts, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum error of the restored model is below 1 mm. This paper not only introduces a compression technique for MEP models but also paves the way for smoother BIM implementation in facility management. • An easy but effective MEP BIM model redundancy data reduction method was proposed. • An efficient approach for obtaining the gometric redundancy data without pairwise comparison is proposed. • The inaccuracies caused by double-to-float conversion is acceptable in large buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of Facilities Management (FM), which has in turn transformed methodologies and procedures. Therefore, a necessary task is to examine the present condition of the scholarly undertakings in this area and its imminent innovation prospects. The paper pioneers the development a BIM knowledge graph for FM by establishing a visual map of the interrelated themes for better understanding. Along with the use of VOS viewer and R-Bibliometrix software, this paper performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on 291 BIM-FM-related documents from the Web of Science (WOS) database for the periods from 2003 to 2023. Findings show the BIM-FM body of knowledge: technological integration and innovation, implementation and adoption strategies, sustainability and energy efficiency, education and professional development, and data management and analysis. This paper substantially contributes to an increasing dynamic discipline and presents future research path for its advancement. [Display omitted] • Application of BIM in FM is worthwhile to be studied. • Developing the BIM-FM integrative knowledge graph. • Leveraging VOSviewer and R-Bibliometrix for data analysis. • BIM changes how FM professionals interact with building data. • BIM-FM enhances sustainability and energy efficiency, as well as FM performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the transition towards a circular economy (CE) being a significant element in achieving the decarbonisation of the built environment, a clear and common pathway to applying CE principles to building design is still lacking in both industry practice and academia. The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has the potential to enable the identification of feasible pathways to increase circularity. This study aims to investigate its practical use to facilitate the application of circular economy principles at the early stage of building design via using LCA-based BIM plugins. Within this aim, the paper centres on a co-production approach and presents a gap analysis by identifying gaps in knowledge and implementation as well as addressing the pressing needs of the current practice in the UK. A series of semi-structured interviews with expert practitioners in the field were conducted for data collection, contributing to the following phases of the co-production by allowing for an in-depth investigation and reflection of the practice. The findings have revealed that: (a) there is still an insufficient level of contextual awareness and readiness in the implementation of CE principles in the built environment and LCA understanding and (b) the adoption of BIM at the early stages of building design is still limited in the current practice; BIM models with sufficient level of data details and quality to enable circularity assessment are rarely produced. Thus, the paper highlights the need for enabling mechanisms, including the introduction of legislative instruments, the involvement and commitment of the industry and key stakeholders, the support for training and skills improvement, and the establishment of effective communication and implementation process management frameworks. Future research agenda points to the need of formulation of a BIM protocol to enable integration of BIM and LCA to promote CE principles in the building design process. [Display omitted] • Co-production is a promising approach to capture and respond to the industry needs. • Lack of seamless integration between BIM and LCA tools. • Insufficient understanding of how to apply CE principles in the building design. • Lack of systematic guidance and standardised process to implement BIM and LCA integration. • A tailored BIM protocol needed for applying LCA from a CE perspective in the building design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific contributions to BIM-sustainability integration have gained momentum in recent years due to the influential role of BIM as a well-accepted approach for sustainable construction practices. In this regard, some systematic reviews and informatic analysis papers have addressed this topic. Although these papers have provided useful insights, we go deeper into the body of knowledge through a critical lens. In addition, in this paper, keyword combination is broadened as opposed to other reviews, and critical insight is applied to synergies between BIM and sustainability through gap-spotting. For this purpose, 98 journal articles are selected and grouped into four major categories, namely: (i) BIM-based Life-Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA); (ii) BIM for green buildings; (iii) BIM-aided construction waste management; (iv) state-of-the-art topics. The work's novelty lies in giving a holistic understanding of previously dismissed issues and a critical area review. Finally, the research gaps and future opportunities are discussed and tabulated. [Display omitted] • 543 articles on BIM and sustainability are analysed, deploying critical review and gap-spotting techniques. • The application of BIM in all sustainability dimensions is critically discussed. • BIM-LCA and BIM-LCC have received the most attention in synergy between BIM and sustainability. • BIM-Sustainability integration is rarely implemented in infrastructure projects. • This paper can be expanded into open-BIM to address some of the data-interoperability difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastructure is critically important due to its direct influence on public safety and economic activities. Exiting Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based SHM systems often use offline data processing techniques to analyze and visualize structural health data. Despite some of them adopting Internet of Things (IoT) to enable real-time sensor data collection, sensor data quality still remains uncertain due to a lack of sensor signal preprocessing in those existing systems. Additionally, the IoT-based SHM systems often disregard structural analysis domain knowledge, which is important for accurate and precise SHM. Therefore, there is still a need to improve existing systems and practices by enabling more efficient and reliable data collection and processing as well as providing more representative SHM data visualization in BIM. As such, this paper proposes an intelligent BIM-enabled digital twin (DT) framework that integrates wireless IoT sensing and communication, digital signal processing (DSP), and structural analysis domain knowledge. The proposed system (1) leverages IoT sensing and wireless communication to enable autonomous and real-time SHM sensor data collection and transmission, (2) applies and compares multiple DSP techniques to preprocess the sensor data/signals, and (3) innovatively embraces structural analysis expertise into structural behavior visualization in BIM by performing sensor data interpolation for enabling the visualization of structural behaviors at different locations of a structural element/component. The proposed BIM-enabled DT framework was demonstrated and tested for monitoring and visualizing the structural deformations of critical structural components using a prototyped structural frame subject to bending forces. The developed framework could be used and extended for any structural elements (such as beams, columns, trusses, slabs, arches, bracings, walls, footings, foundations, and girders, among others) and could be applied to any kind of structure. Experimental results showed that the proposed framework could effectively monitor and intuitively visualize the structural deformations under different load configurations with a high DT updating frequency of 5 Hz. The innovation of this study is reflected by integrating structural analysis expertise with IoT-enabling sensing data analytics in order to improve the representativeness of real-time structural behavior visualization in BIM and to advance the DT-based SHM systems in a faster and more adaptive direction. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the body of knowledge by developing a generic and easily extendable BIM-enabled DT framework for SHM with high sensor data quality and improved visualization to advance the existing practices of BIM-based SHM for civil infrastructure asset management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volumetric modeling for Railway Station Subgrade (RSS) is a complex task in applying BIM to railway stations. However, an effective method for handling RSS volumetric modeling, which is further complicated by heterogeneous data sources and geometric features, has been unavailable. To address this issue, this paper presents a BIM modeling method that generates layered microprisms to represent the volumetric information of an RSS. The proposed method is demonstrated with a real-world case, through which the modeling accuracy and the efficiency of spatial data retrieval are verified to be satisfactory. This paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by proposing a unified and accurate volumetric modeling method for the multi-layer structures. In the future, modeling efficiency can be further improved by introducing GPU-based parallel processing. • Comprehensive volumetric information of railway station subgrade (RSS) is expressed with a multi-layer semantic model. • Involved layers of filler, geology and terrain are depicted by the proposed unified modeling method. • Multi-layer 3D microprisms are generated to express the irregular spaces among the involved layers. • A grid-based spatial retrieval method is developed to achieve high-efficient spatial query. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recognized benefits of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Building Performance Simulation (BPS), these procedures are often time- and resource-intensive, posing significant barriers to adoption in building management. While significant advancements have been made in automating BIM generation using scanning technologies, these applications often yield geometrically complex, product-oriented, and semantic-poor models, often incompatible with BPS tools, which are instead space-oriented. This paper introduces a semi-automated method for generating space-oriented BIM models tailored for BPS. The process utilizes topological and conditional modeling principles to create semantically defined, and information-rich models suitable for simulation environments called Topological BIM (TBIM). This method ensures semantic standardization, rapid digitization, and high interoperability, facilitating progressive data enrichment for building digital models. In the paper, a case study of a higher education building is presented to demonstrate the approach and validate a toolkit developed for delivering the TBIM models. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Owner-operated (AECO) industry faces an array of productivity challenges, in part stemming from limited interoperability and suboptimal management of building information across project lifecycles. This paper investigates the application of rule-based systems from the manufacturing industry, especially as used in the semiconductor manufacturing sector, to improve productivity in the AECO industry. A comparative methodology is employed, examining processes in both the manufacturing and AECO industries. The results indicate that methodologies from semiconductor mask manufacturing can be effectively adapted for use in the AECO industry, particularly in design for buildability and standardized rule application. This paper includes the implementation of a Proof-of-Concept (POC) for Manufacturing Rule Check (MRC) in the AECO industry, focusing on Prefabricated Bathroom Units (PBU) production. The MRC developed for the POC could be integrated into the Model Checker platform of Singapore's CORENET X regulatory approval system, as well as deployed as a specialized application in the cloud that facilitates ease of collaboration among the design to fabrication players in the construction process. • Conducted a comparative analysis between semiconductor and AECO processes • Implemented Manufacturing Rule Check system focused on prefabricated bathrooms • Enhanced BIM and IDD interoperability with rule-based checking on regulatory platforms • Demonstrated the significance of adopting IDD to streamline AECO workflows [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction robotics has emerged as a leading technology in the construction industry. This paper conducts an innovative dual-track quantitative comprehensive method to analyze the current literature and assess future trends. First, a bibliometric review of 955 journal articles published between 1974 and 2023 was performed, exploring keywords, journals, countries, and clusters. Furthermore, a neural topic model based on BERTopic addresses topic modeling repetition issues. The study identifies building information modeling (BIM), human–robot collaboration (HRC), and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) as "three pillars" in the field. Additionally, we systematically reviewed the relevant literature and nested symbiotic relationships. The outcome of this study is twofold: first, the findings provide quantitative and qualitative scientific guidance for future research on trends; second, the innovative dual-track quantitative analysis research methodology simultaneously stimulates critical thinking about the modeling of other similarly trending topics characterized to avoid high degree of homogeneity and corpus overlap. [Display omitted] • Previous AEC research has lacked a comprehensive macrolevel methodology. • A dual-track analysis method based on neural and SNA modeling is proposed. • The analysis of 995 journal papers revealed three pillars of construction robotic trends. • BIM, the HRC, and DRL were identified as the three crucial pillars in the field. • The outcome offers quantitative and qualitative assessments guiding future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the irreversibility of building structures in the construction process, unreasonable construction methods are likely to cause economic losses and great negative social impacts. Therefore, the study of scientific and efficient intelligent construction methods for building structures has become a research hotspot in recent years, mainly including intelligent building design, construction control and safety analysis methods. Therefore, it is very meaningful and necessary to carry out research on intelligent construction technology based on BIM technology. By applying BIM technology to the process of intelligent construction of structures, this paper intends to achieve six major objectives such as building performance analysis and parametric design of structures, and independently develop a BIM construction process management platform, which combines construction progress, quality, safety, cost and green construction through BIM technology for information management of projects, making it more convenient for owners and construction unit staff to software application, thus greatly improving the communication and use efficiency, and providing important guidance for the construction process control and progress control of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of a BIM-based approach for the design and setup of a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system is an unexplored topic in the scientific literature. This paper presents a methodology designed to optimize the information management of the entire process using Building Information Modeling (BIM), defining the exchange information requirements (EIRs), Process Map, and Levels of Information Need (LoINs). Moreover, to verify the consistency of the information exchanged, this paper employs the information delivery specification (IDS) standard, developing a script that, using LoINs and the BIM model as input, verifies the desired requirements at each stage of the process. The proposed approach is applied to a viaduct on the Naples-Salerno highway, achieving a fully digital and interoperable platform for stakeholders involved in the processes. The results highlight the advantages of the proposed methodology over traditional approaches. • Improved coordination across disciplines in SHM system design. • Exploiting BIM to optimize collaboration and efficiency of traditional SHM workflows. • Achieve consistency and compliance with EIRs through Information Delivery Specifications (IDS). • Innovating SHM system design and setup through open-BIM for greater effectiveness. • Validating the performance of BIM-based workflows for the SHM system setup of highway viaducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New-generation intelligent construction places higher demands on digitisation and intelligence of tunnel. Digital twin (DT) effectively supports high-fidelity modelling, virtual-real mapping, and analysis-based decision-making but with research in the initial stage. To begin with, this paper delves into the complexity and uncertainty inherent in tunnel construction, highlighting DT as a promising solution compared to exisiting technologies such as Building Information Modelling. Then, a systematic literature survey is conducted, revealing growing focus on DT research topics. To provide comprehensive insights into DT-related technologies and their application in tunnel construction, this paper clusters literature from perspectives of sensor networks, Internet of Things (IoT), computer vision-based twin data acquisition, communication, natural language processing (NLP), automatic control-based connection, and geometric, semantic, analytical integrated twin modelling. These aspects shed light on potentials and limitations of existing researh in developing a functional DT. In response to the challenges of information richness, timeliness, and analytical capabilities, an improved conceptual framework tailored for tunnel is proposed to close the information and control loop. Finally, the paper discusses the prospects and gaps of DT in theory and practice to leverage DT implementation. • Digital Twin greatly enhances the development of intelligent tunnel construction. • A comprehensive literature analysis is conducted to assess status of Digital Twin technologies in tunnel construction. • A close-loop conceptual framework of Digital Twin is proposed. • Gaps and future prospects of Digital Twin for tunnel construction are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an indoor navigation support system based on the Building Information Models (BIM) paradigm. Although BIM is initially defined for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction/Facility Management (AEC/FM) industry, the authors believe that it can provide added value in this context. To this end, the authors will focus on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard for the formal representation of BIM. The approach followed in this paper will be based on the ifcOWL ontology, which translates the IFC schemas into Ontology Web Language (OWL). Several modifications of this ontology have been proposed, consisting of the inclusion of new items, SWRL rules and SQWRL searches. This way of expressing the elements of a building can be used to code information that is very useful for navigation, such as the location of elements related to the actions desired by the user. It is important to note that this design is intended to be used as a complement to other well-known tools and techniques for indoor navigation. The proposed modifications have been successfully tested in a variety of simulated and real scenarios. The main limitation of the proposal is the immense amount of information contained in the ifcOWL ontology, which causes difficulties involving its processing and the time necessary to perform operations on it. Those elements that are considered important have been selected, removing those that seem secondary to navigation. This procedure will result in a significant reduction in the storage and semantic processing of the information. Thus, for a system with 1000 individuals (in the ontological sense), the processing time is about 90 s. The authors regard this time as acceptable, since in most cases the tasks involved can be considered part of the system initialization, meaning they will only be executed once at the beginning of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green and sustainable buildings have gained a lot of importance in recent years due to growing environmental concerns where developed and developing countries have their own evaluation systems and methods of qualifying green or sustainable construction. According to Egypt Vision 2030: Sustainable Development Strategy, Egypt's population is expected to increase significantly. Therefore, this will require an increase in the percentage of areas planned and built, resulting in more construction sites and land areas being used to cover this alarmingly rapid demographic increase. There is an urgent need to provide guidelines and strategies for the development of the construction sector as a catalyst for the green building, therefore effective decisions on the sustainable design of the building facility can be made only during the early design and pre-construction stages. Traditional planning and construction does not support the possibility of such early decisions. There is a lack of integration in design procedures leading to an ineffective process of previously changing the design to achieve a sustainable building-friendly environment So BIM represents a shift in the traditional process of delivering buildings, where the Green Building Information Model (BIM) is a data provider application to assess energy performance and sustainability. As Green BIM's extensive and practical application remains largely unrealized. Failure to understand the application of sustainability measures to the BIM design process is a major obstacle. So that there is a need to create a consensus between BIM and green buildings, this paper provides BIM applications in design support, from green buildings and future research trends in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open building information modeling for infrastructure and cloud services featuring the InfraBIM have already been identified as a feasible solution to manage worksite information, from surveys and design to the construction phase. This paper describes the use of InfraBIM on remote and automatically controlled excavators as part of the digitalization of the construction process. The concept of the InfraBIM process is briefly discussed. The systems of guided and remote control are explained, and the Open InfraBIM-based trajectory generation concept for automatic excavation is introduced. To assess the functionality of these systems, a small-scale excavation task was planned and executed using three different modes, with each outcome evaluated and discussed. The quality of trenches dug using the excavator was verified with scanned data, and excavation efficiency was evaluated by measuring the time to complete the task. For remote excavation, the InfraBIM-based guidance was observed to support remote operation better than a video feed. The paper proposes sharing more detailed situational as-built data in the InfraBIM concept to enable adaptive autonomous excavation. [Display omitted] • The InfraBIM Machine Control Models are suitable for trajectory generation. • Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-cloud communication model is discussed for synchronous swarm collaboration. • The InfraBIM concept lacks sufficient initial and situational data for adaptive autonomy. • Remote operation challenges are emphasized in more demanding 3D shaping tasks. • Near future vision is to free operators from basic controls to enable swarm operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of civil engineering, specifically within railway projects, the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become imperative. However, the sector's adherence to traditional methods for infrastructure design and management has delayed the widespread adoption of BIM. This paper describes a BIM-centered methodology applied to a real-world High-Speed Railway Line (HSRL) project. Through an extensive examination of HSRL design parameters and the integration of various BIM-based tools, a 3D parametric design model is generated. This model serves as the foundation for evaluating up to five design alternatives, considering technical and economic aspects. Furthermore, a degradation model is proposed to assess alternative performance over the infrastructure's full lifecycle under specific rail traffic assumptions. This facilitates a rapid evaluation of alignment design's impact on maintenance costs. The paper draws two main conclusions with potential benefits for both private companies and railway administrations: Firstly, BIM proves feasible and advantageous despite some interoperability challenges, highlighting the need for continued advancements in BIM software compatibility. Secondly, the proposed approach can potentially lead to up to 40% cost savings in maintenance for railway administrations. [Display omitted] • The influence of the horizontal alignment design of a High-Speed Railway Line (HSRL) on its maintenance period is analyzed. • A BIM-centered method has been proposed to evaluate both construction and tamping costs. • The importance of considering the maintenance costs during the design phase has been demonstrated. • The interoperation between an alignment design tool and a budget management software has been tested. • The method is applied to a real HSRL project in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient information search from building information models (BIMs) requires deep BIM knowledge or extensive engineering efforts for building natural language (NL)-based interfaces. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a dynamic prompt-based virtual assistant framework dubbed "BIMS-GPT" that integrates generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) technologies, supporting NL-based BIM search. To understand users' NL queries, extract relevant information from BIM databases, and deliver NL responses along with 3D visualizations, a dynamic prompt-based process was developed. In a case study, BIMS-GPT's functionality is demonstrated through a virtual assistant prototype for a hospital building. When evaluated with a BIM query dataset, the approach achieves accuracy rates of 99.5% for classifying NL queries with incorporating 2% of the data in prompts. This paper contributes to the advancement of effective and versatile virtual assistants for BIMs in the construction industry as it significantly enhances BIM accessibility while reducing the engineering and training data prerequisites for processing NL queries. • Introduced a dynamic prompt-based virtual assistant for BIM information search • Integrated BIM and GPT technologies for developing natural language interfaces • Explored prompt engineering for GPT to interpret NL queries and summarize NL answers • Improved BIM accessibility by enabling NL-based interactions with 3D visualizations • Reduced engineering and training data prerequisites for processing BIM NL queries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a promising solution for effectively handling non-Euclidean data in construction, including building information models (BIM) and scanned point clouds. However, despite their potential, there is a lack of comprehensive scholarly work providing a holistic understanding of the application of GNNs in the construction domain. This paper addresses this gap by conducting a thorough review of 34 publications on GNNs in construction, presenting a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape. By analyzing the existing literature, this paper aims to identify opportunities and challenges for further advancing the application of GNNs in construction. The findings from this review shed light on diverse approaches for constructing graph data from common construction data types and demonstrate the significant potential of GNNs for the industry. Moreover, this paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge by increasing awareness of the current state of GNNs in the construction industry and offering practical recommendations to overcome challenges in real-world practice. [Display omitted] • A systematic review of GNNs research and applications in the construction industry • Identification of GNNs potential in handling the non-Euclidean data commonly found in construction activities. • Various approaches to developing graph data from common data types in construction • Discussion of current applications and potential of GNNs in construction, as well as its challenges and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation of the AEC industry through BIM has improved productivity during detailed design and construction planning phases. Early design choices influence a project's success but have yet to benefit from BIM-based approaches. This paper investigates the feasibility and acceptance of employing Generative Design (GD) to optimize early Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) designs in residential real estate for space efficiency. Interviews indicate the main issue is acceptance due to the belief that a GD approach needs to be more robust. BIM is integrated with GD, utilizing the architectural layout (IFC) as input to generate design variants tailored to minimize technical space while ensuring installation feasibility. Robustness is assessed via Monte Carlo Simulation, revealing an estimated success rate of 99% (81% with 95% confidence). These results quantify the robustness of the approach, paving the way to broader acceptance of GD in the early phases of AEC projects. • Optimized technical spaces in early-stage residential building projects. • Generative Design in BIM using a tuned Genetic Algorithm for optimization. • Identified algorithmic robustness as crucial for acceptance of Generative Design. • Generated multiple acceptable designs representing the Pareto Front in optimization. • Genetic Algorithm robustness proved with 99% success via Monte Carlo Simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In image-driven 3D building reconstruction, instance segmentation is fundamental to pixel-wise building component detection, which can be fused with 3D data like point clouds and meshes via camera projection for semantic reconstruction. While deep learning-based segmentation has obtained promising results, it relies heavily on large-scale datasets for training. Unfortunately, existing large-scale image datasets often include irrelevant objects that obstruct building components, making them unsuitable for 3D building reconstruction. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a large-scale building image dataset to facilitate building component segmentation for 3D reconstruction. The dataset comprises 3378 images captured from both interiors and exteriors of 36 university buildings, annotated with 49,380 object instances across 11 classes. Rigorous quality control measures were employed during data collection and annotation. Evaluation of five typical deep learning-based instance segmentation models demonstrates the dataset's suitability for training and its value as a benchmark dataset for building component segmentation. • A large-scale dataset containing 3378 images and 49,380 instances in 11 classes for building component segmentation. • It contains both exterior and interior scenes in modern and historical buildings. • It employs geometry-aware annotation rules tailored for semantic 3D reconstruction. • Benchmarking with five deep learning models validates its applicability for building component segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core domains to establish digital twins of the built environment are Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Internet of Things (IoT). RESTful Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) of these domains allow easy access to the digital twin. While multiple information models are reasonable since the focus of these domains is distinct, interoperability becomes a challenge. Therefore, in this paper we propose a hypermedia-driven RESTful API for digital twins of the built environment. While the GIS and IoT interfaces are covered by established standards, we define a RESTful interface for Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models of the BIM domain. The APIs are interconnected with a federated approach though hypermedia navigation links. An evaluation by two use cases – a planning model and a structural health monitoring application – shows that the API can be used to navigate through the models crossing seamlessly the scope of the domains and overcoming barriers of interoperability. • Exposing IFC models and their items by a hypermedia-driven RESTful API. • Interacting with IFC models and their items using HTTP verbs (e.g., POST, DELETE). • Provisioning of GIM layers from IFC files through OGC API compliant endpoints. • Modeling sensors in IFC and applying a linked model approach to their observations. • Implementation of the API4BE server and client to access BIM, GIM and IoT endpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has a significant role in the digital revolution of the AEC industry. The adoption of this technology has been increasing rapidly, enabling the industry to facilitate several construction tasks and enhance collaboration among stakeholders. Despite the growth of BIM-related publications, no systematic review has been conducted on the BIM-Based Quantity Takeoff (QTO) approach. This paper uses the PRISMA method to present a systematic review of 52 selected journal articles. Scopus® and Web of Science® databases were employed for literature retrieval to investigate the benefits, challenges, and future opportunities of the BIM-based QTO approach. Bibliometric analysis identified key benefits and challenges in management, professional skills, software functionalities, and implementation cost. Future opportunities, including software development and upskill training for seasoned professionals, were identified from the records and the research gaps. The study contributes a conceptual model for a comprehensive and sustainable implementation approach of BIM-based QTO. [Display omitted] • Implementation techniques and upskilling are the current frequent trends of 5D BIM. • Leveraging 5D BIM approach enhances productivity, accuracy, and completeness. • Limited professionals' skills in BIM are the biggest challenge on 5D BIM adoption. • BIM databases are beneficial for 5D BIM practices, API developments, LCC and LCA. • Natural Language Processing has a strong relationship with the 5D BIM revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM) industry is undergoing a digital transformation, and digital assets are emerging to support the development and delivery of physical assets. While these digital assets can create value throughout a project's life cycle and the form of digital assets has been previously studied, there is a dearth of research focused on how team processes must change to optimize the implementation of these digital tools. Therefore, the research objective was to characterize processes, enablers, and barriers related to digital asset development in AEC/FM projects. This paper implemented a systematic literature review of 73 journal articles published through December 31, 2023. This work identified 13 processes, 19 enablers, and 20 barriers to developing and delivering digital assets to support physical assets throughout their life cycle. This work supports future research to enhance the AEC/FM industry's ability to leverage technology to support project delivery and performance. [Display omitted] • Identified 15 processes, 19 enablers, and 20 barriers to developing digital assets. • AEC/FM industry needs transformed processes to leverage technology to create value. • Project team interaction and collaboration is key to digital asset development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating building information modeling (BIM) with emerging blockchain technology has gained considerable attention in addressing design collaboration problems like poor data security, weak traceability, and low transparency in off-site construction. However, blockchain implementations in off-site construction design, especially with openBIM standards, currently lack standardized workflow management and methods for ensuring data completeness within the blockchain environment. To bridge these gaps, this paper presents a novel blockchain-enabled platform-as-a-service (PaaS), specifically tailored for off-site construction to enhance interoperability and collaborative design efficiency using openBIM standards. The proposed PaaS offers two significant intellectual contributions: (1) a data contract system that manages openBIM workflow standardization and (2) a data escrow system that ensures the completeness and integrity of openBIM data. The data contract system utilizes an innovative asynchronous smart contract algorithm to streamline workflow checks, while the data escrow system introduces a new blockchain-driven data-checking strategy to ensure openBIM completeness at the data level. Besides, a PaaS architecture is developed to clarify the interaction logic between these two systems. The PaaS is validated and evaluated in openBIM-based design collaborations from a real-world project, with results indicating improvements: a 38% time-saving in design issue coordination and a 32% reduction in design data delivery time. Furthermore, the platform received favorable feedback from project participants, validating the approach and confirming the PaaS as a valuable tool for enhancing design collaboration in off-site construction. • Proposed a BIM-based blockchain framework for production management utilizing openBIM standards • Developed a standardized object/process-oriented semantically enriched Asset Information Model (AIM) • Proposed a data contract system with prefab-related data structures for automatic digitalization transformation • Integrated IDS with blockchain to build a transparent and consistent information-sharing strategy • Designed a data escrow system integrating with blockchain technology for openBIM data completeness checking [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays a pivotal role in the construction management of dam engineering projects, which face challenges in data interoperability due to the absence of standardized data formats. While Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) offer a standardized digital representation of the built environment, it lacks the capability to accurately model the semantics of roller-compacted concrete dams. Therefore, this paper presents an extended IFC-based information exchange for the construction management of roller-compacted concrete dams, incorporating the development and validation of a prototype through a case study. The results indicate a significant enhancement in standardized information exchange for construction management compared to traditional practices. The approach facilitates BIM-assisted information exchange automation among stakeholders involved in roller-compacted concrete dam construction projects. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into dam construction management system prototyping and cross-platform collaboration. [Display omitted] • Requirements for the exchange of construction management information are identified for roller-compacted concrete dam. • The IFC schema is extended to enhance data interoperability as an information exchange standard. • A prototype system is developed to demonstrate the possibility of exchanging construction information with IFC. • The feasibility of IFC-based information exchange is validated through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning a manufacturing factory involves a high number of planners who deliver their domain-specific planning information. In Building Information Modeling, a central entity needs to check the information from different planning domains for coherence to each other. Especially for non-geometrical information, this is a manual, time-consuming and error-prone approach. The paper at hand therefore aimed at developing an expert system that automates the decision making in the checking process of factory planning information. On the basis of a case study, we have applied knowledge engineering methods from the Semantic Web and calculated an F1 score for validating our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest advances in construction management are leading towards the transition from traditional activity-based to flow-based management, which imposes that a set of flows be considered to reach efficiency. In addition, planning can no longer be limited to the pre-execution phase, because the variability and contingencies that are always encountered in the execution phase ask for close monitoring and dynamic planning of construction works. These issues have been the subject of well-known research advances, among which, in this paper, online planning and Last Planner System are cited. The core of these approaches is that work progress must be regularly monitored and some decision making models must be available to site managers for them to be able to redirect the work plan during execution. However, this approach is so demanding in terms of communication, computational burden and team collaboration that automation was claimed as the right approach to make it feasible. In this paper it is suggested that holonic management systems can either perform automatic construction site management or support site managers, depending on the level of embedded intelligence. Such systems combine the potentials of hierarchical and heterarchical systems and are capable of self-organisation and multi-objective optimisation. They are designed so as to reason both at a local and global level. As a result, they are safe and do not suffer communication losses or delays. They correctly simulate real world interactions among all the agents typically involved in construction execution and management. A preliminary application for the real-time management of the execution of bored piles in a middle-sized construction site through a holonic management system is presented. Both the system architecture and a possible development platform are defined, so as to assess the potentials of this approach. • A HMS architecture to automate real-time construction management, and interfaced to BIM repositories, is presented. • The HMS architecture can perform dynamic management and it does not suffer neither high computational loads nor communication failures. • When an unexpected event occurs, resources asks for higher level advice just in case they cannot find a new solution at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry has not adopted digital transformation enthusiastically like other industries, for instance, manufacturing, aerospace or finance. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an innovative technology that is considered as an opportunity for the AEC industry to move to the digital era and improve the collaboration among stakeholders by applying Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). BIM provides all required tools and automations to achieve end-to-end communication, data exchange and information sharing among collaborators. Accordingly, virtual 3D models, created by the BIM process, delivered as physical assets, monitored in real-time and managed using Building Management Systems (BMS), can adopt the Internet of Things (IoT) designs and services. However, the implementation of IoT in a highly modular environment with various moving parts and inter-dependencies between stakeholders leads to security concerns. Therefore, this paper proposes system design that employs the blockchain technology as a measure to secure and control the framework that involves integrated IoT and BIM technologies. Although this paper considers system design applied in a smart museum, the authors assume that design is generic and applicable in other building categories. For instance, this design can be implemented in the ongoing Alumni Hall renovation project at State University of New York College at Oneonta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Building information modelling (BIM) and geographical information systems (GIS) provide digital representation of architectural and environmental entities. BIM focuses on micro-level representation of buildings themselves, and GIS provide macro-level representation of the external environments of buildings. Moreover, their combination can establish a comprehensive view of a built environment based on data integrated, which underpins the development and transition of the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industries in the digital era. This paper gives a comprehensive review on BIM-GIS integration in sustainable built environments in order to analyse the status quo and practical applications from four viewpoints: technologies for data integration, applications in the life cycle of AEC projects, building energy management, and urban governance. Three typical modes of BIM-GIS integration, namely, "BIM leads and GIS supports", "GIS leads and BIM supports", and "BIM and GIS are equally involved", are categorised based on the different dominant positions of the two technologies. Furthermore, the research trends and future directions for the applications of BIM-GIS integration are discussed. Specifically, we underline that semantic models and third-party integration platforms should be optimised technically, and information about the whole process of AEC projects needs to be improved. Comprehensive information for building energy management should be digitised and quantified to improve its systematic integration and application to the urban built environment. This review can serve as a roadmap for researchers who focus on studies of BIM-GIS integration in the sustainable built environment. Graphical abstract This paper reviews the applications of BIM-GIS integration in the field of the sustainable built environment, analyses the status quo and practical applications of such integration, and discusses research trends for its future development. Firstly, relevant literature on BIM-GIS integration is collected, quantified and analysed according to multiple indicators such as journals and keywords. Secondly, the status and practical applications of BIM-GIS integration are described and analysed from four perspectives: data integration, the life cycle of AEC projects, building energy management and urban governance. Finally, research trends and prospects for the development of integrated BIM-GIS applications are discussed. This review aims to provide a roadmap for researchers who focus on studies of BIM-GIS integration in the sustainable built environment and to expand its range of applications in sustainable urban development. Unlabelled Image Highlights • A detailed roadmap for research on the integration of BIM and GIS is provided. • A bibliometric analysis is used to quantitatively review literature from multiple viewpoints. • A critical review is conducted from four major perspectives of BIM and GIS applications. • The limitations of existing studies and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Accurate assessment of a project's progress enables managers to control and manage costs and schedule. Automating the processes to monitor and inspect the progress of works in construction, and ensure that the data acquired and retrieved are able to produce an accurate 'as-built' model is an issue that has received ubiquitous attention in the literature. Emphasis has been placed on utilizing technologies such as mobile augmented reality, laser scanners, and computer visions to monitor and control physical objects that possess geometrical properties. Connected systems such as Electrical, Instrumentation and Control Systems (EICS), however, do not possess geometrical properties and as a result have been overlooked, receiving limited attention. This paper utilizes a digital System Information Model (SIM) to enable a project control system based on human-machine interactions, to be developed, in order to monitor progress during the construction of connected systems. By incorporating the design, schedules, activities, and tasks into a digital, cloud-based model, the system enables different parties involved in a project to synchronously work together. Information can be recorded, distributed and shared in real-time therefore significantly improving decision-making, the approvals process, and management of information. A SIM is discipline-specific and there is a need to ensure its interoperability with building information modeling software. Therefore, a bi-directional link between the SIM and the project's overall schedule and three-dimensional model needs to be developed in the future. Highlights • Real-time progress monitoring of connected systems has received limited attention. • Existing technologies are unable to support real-time progress monitoring of connected systems. • A digitally enabled project control system for progress monitoring in construction is developed. • A new line of inquiry to examine the performance of connected systems is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Geometric data plays a central role in the geospatial domain, architectural design and construction industry. For upcoming, new approaches to store building data, such as the Semantic Web, no universal common agreement exists on the combination of geometric and non-geometric data. It can therefore be unclear to users on how to represent their geometries, leading to a decelerated application and advancement of making building data available over the web. This gap can only be bridged if a common approach on the representation of geometries on the web is achieved. To first generate a common understanding of geometry representations, an overview of existing and developing geometry (web) standards needs to be given and discussed, i.e., the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), CityGML, GeoSPARQL, and the OntoBREP and GEOM ontologies. This discussion needs to consider general contexts, e.g., 2D, 3D, detailed, or tessellated geometries, and specific use cases of the construction industry. Based on these discussions, this paper aims to propose a general recommendation for web-based geometry representations to enhance future applications of building data on the web. Due to the variety of use cases and their requirements, as well as technical constraints based on deviant interpretations of geometry descriptions from different geometry kernels, it became clear, that no approach or standard is generally superior to others. The biggest distinction identified in this paper is posed between the context of visualizing, where simplified, tessellated geometry holds the highest advantage, and (parametric) modeling, which requires semantically detailed geometry representations. Hence, we recommend to interlink non-geometric data with multiple geometry representations, to address all relevant contexts and use cases appropriately. The individual geometry representations should be chosen based on the relevant use cases for an optimal experience when using and exchanging geometry on the web. With this recommendation, the benefits of all discussed approaches can be exploited while avoiding their respective challenges. Highlights • An analysis of standards for managing geometric representations of buildings • An exploration of how (semantic) web technologies can support these • An overview of ontologies for representing geometry in the AEC industry • Application of geometrical representation methods in 3 use cases • Some general guidelines for dealing with multiple representations of geometry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Smart home environments are becoming increasingly popular due to the emerging application of Internet of Things (IoT) in the built environment. However, user interaction with connected devices suffers from numerous disadvantages such as complex and cumbersome user interfaces, unreliable voice and gesture interfaces, and the requirement for prior knowledge of the environment. This paper presents an intuitive point-and-click framework to control electrical fixtures in a smart built environment. This functionality is enabled by coupling an ultra-wideband (UWB)-based indoor positioning system and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to retrieve contextual information of the user with respect to the built environment when the user performs the pointing action. This information is then input into a building information model (BIM)-based virtual environment wherein the appliance of interest to the user is determined. The subsequent clicking action of the user then turns the devices on or off based on its prior state via the IoT infrastructure in the building. Initial prototype testing through a case study yielded promising results that prove the effectiveness of the framework. Apart from the provision of a novel user-interaction mechanism for controlling electrical fixtures, the proposed framework provides a means of extending the utility of building information models (BIM) to the operation phase of a facility and provides a means for its integration with IoT and smart devices. Highlights • This paper provides a novel and intuitive user-interaction methodology for smart home environments. • The proposed methodology utilizes UWB positioning and IMU sensors coupled with a BIM-based virtual environment. • The paper proposes a point-and-click device to control electric appliances through an IoT infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) with real-time data from the Internet of Things (IoT) devices presents a powerful paradigm for applications to improve construction and operational efficiencies. Connecting real-time data streams from the rapidly expanding set of IoT sensor networks to the high-fidelity BIM models provides numerous applications. However, BIM and IoT integration research are still in nascent stages, there is a need to understand the current situation of BIM and IoT device integration. This paper conducts a comprehensive review with the intent to identify common emerging areas of application and common design patterns in the approach to tackling BIM-IoT device integration along with an examination of current limitations and predictions of future research directions. Altogether, 97 papers from 14 AEC related journals and databases in other industry over the last decade were reviewed. Several prevalent domains of application namely Construction Operation and Monitoring, Health & Safety Management, Construction Logistic & Management, and Facility Management were identified. The authors summarized 5 integration methods with description, examples, and discussion. These integration methods are utilizing BIM tools' APIs and relational database, transform BIM data into a relational database using new data schema, create new query language, using semantic web technologies and hybrid approach. Based on the observed limitations, prominent future research directions are suggested, focusing on service-oriented architecture (SOA) patterns and web services-based strategies for BIM and IoT integration, establishing information integration & management standards, solving interoperability issue, and cloud computing. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • This paper presents an in-depth review of BIM and IoT devices integration in the AEC industry. • The authors analyzed these articles based on various domains of use and integration methods. • The reviewed articles are categorized into 4 applications domains and 5 integration approaches. • The observed current research limitations are discussed and lead to 4 proposed future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The construction industry is knowledge intensive and relies on effective KM. • There are various weaknesses within existing IT-based KM tools or systems. • BIM has distinctive features to support KM in construction projects. • BIM-supported KM is advantageous over IT-based KM. • BIM-supported KM is just emerging and therefore needs future development. Abstract Construction is a knowledge-intensive industry, in which organizations are known for the delivery of products and services, relying on different types of knowledge. To manage knowledge effectively, various information technology (IT) models and systems have been developed for knowledge management (KM) in the construction industry over the years. As the next generation of IT application in construction, building information modeling (BIM) is increasingly used today to aid KM. Compared to generic IT tools, BIM has some distinctive features, such as parametric modeling, virtual visualization and centralized platform. However, how to apply these features of BIM to better serve KM has not yet been well summarized and analyzed. In this research, 115 papers on IT-based KM and 73 papers on BIM-supported KM are reviewed, based on which an integrated framework is developed to describe the current status and future directions for KM in IT-generic and BIM-specific contexts. It is followed by a conceptual model of BIM-supported KM which shows the possible KM factors and their relationships in the BIM environment. This research highlights the transformation from IT-based KM into BIM-supported KM. It contributes to the identification of remaining challenges to BIM-supported KM and the elaboration of BIM-supported KM in construction research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a building is a collaborative process among experts from multiple disciplines. Using Building Information Modeling (BIM), a model is developed through multiple refinement stages to satisfy various design and engineering requirements. Such refinements of geometric and semantic information are described as levels of development (LOD). Thus far, there is no method to explicitly define an LOD's requirements nor to precisely specify the uncertainties involved. Furthermore, despite the insufficient information in the early design stages, a BIM model appears precise and certain, which can lead to false assumptions and model evaluations, for example, in the case of energy efficiency calculations or structural analyses. Hence, this paper presents a multi-LOD meta-model to explicitly describe an LOD's requirements, incorporating the potential fuzziness of both, geometric and semantic information of individual elements. The explicitly defined fuzziness can be taken into account when applying simulations or analyses for assessing the performance of different building design variants. To support the continuous elaboration of a building from the conceptual to the detailed design stages, the multi-LOD model makes it possible to ensure the consistency of the geometric and semantic information as well as the topological coherence across the different LODs. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by its prototypical implementation as a web-server and user-interface, providing a means for managing and checking the exchange requirements both at the meta-level and for concrete building model instances. The paper is concluded with a case study of a real-world construction project that demonstrates the use of the meta-model to support model analysis and the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract 3D point cloud data obtained from laser scans, images, and videos are able to provide accurate and fast records of the 3D geometries of construction-related objects. Thus, the construction industry has been using point cloud data for a variety of purposes including 3D model reconstruction, geometry quality inspection, construction progress tracking, etc. Although a number of studies have been reported on applying point cloud data for the construction industry in the recent decades, there has not been any systematic review that summaries these applications and points out the research gaps and future research directions. This paper, therefore, aims to provide a thorough review on the applications of 3D point cloud data in the construction industry and to provide recommendations on future research directions in this area. A total of 197 research papers were collected in this study through a two-fold literature search, which were published within a fifteen-year period from 2004 to 2018. Based on the collected papers, applications of 3D point cloud data in the construction industry are reviewed according to three categories including (1) 3D model reconstruction, (2) geometry quality inspection, and (3) other applications. Following the literature review, this paper discusses on the acquisition and processing of point cloud data, particularly focusing on how to properly perform data acquisition and processing to fulfill the needs of the intended construction applications. Specifically, the determination of required point cloud data quality and the determination of data acquisition parameters are discussed with regard to data acquisition, and the extraction and utilization of semantic information and the platforms for data visualization and processing are discussed with regard to data processing. Based on the review of applications and the following discussions, research gaps and future research directions are recommended including (1) application-oriented data acquisition, (2) semantic enrichment for as-is BIM, (3) geometry quality inspection in fabrication phase, and (4) real-time visualization and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Building Information Modeling (BIM) initially emerged as a capability to transfer information and allow interaction or interoperability of various software tools used for architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical design, and building construction. Its application from developing 3D models, structural analysis, cost estimation, and mechanical analysis has now expanded to other applications such as energy simulation. Multiple computer-aided design (CAD) tools work as BIM authoring tools to generate BIM files in different formats containing various types of building information. In addition, there are various building energy modeling (BEM) tools capable of importing these BIM files to perform energy simulation. However, such tools have various capabilities and limitations and need to be investigated and categorized in order to facilitate choosing a proper tool for design professionals in different phases of project and purposes. In addition, interoperability and data exchange issues between BIM and BEM tools should be understood in order to find solutions such as developing proper corrective middleware tools to rectify them. This paper reviews the challenges, issues, and shortcomings in BIM-to-BEM interoperability process (BBIP) by proposing a detailed classification for these issues and studying the available solutions. The paper also explains how a corrective middleware, which is developed by the authors using Python, can be utilized to modify a gbXML file prior to adoption in energy simulation to resolve the issues related to building envelope in BBIP. To do so, initially a review is presented on research studies focused on different types of BIM schemas such as IFC and gbXML and energy simulation tools capable of reading these files such as Green Building Studio (GBS), DesignBuilder, Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment (IES), and OpenStudio. In addition, some of the challenges in the application of BIM for energy simulation such as interoperability issues, lack of standards, and lack of easy solutions for extending existing BIM schemas and available corresponding solutions are also reviewed. With the focus on building envelope in mind, three case studies are discussed to observe the challenges and issues with respect to BBIP using Revit, GBS, and OpenStudio. Moreover, these case studies provide an opportunity to investigate the application of corrective middleware tools similar to what is developed in the study presented. Highlights • A brief review of Building Energy Modeling (BEM) tools is provided • Building Information Modeling (BIM) file types are reviewed and compared • Existing challenges, issues, and shortcomings in BIM to BEM interoperability process (BBIP) are identified • Existing solutions for issues in BBIP are reviewed and a corrective tool is developed and proposed to solve issues related to gbXML files involved in BBIP • A comprehensive categorization is proposed for issues in BBIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes a design customization system that integrates two aspects of Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) that are usually developed in separate workflows: the algorithmic generation of designs and the detailed representation of the building. The system's workflow starts with the definition of shape grammar rules by an architect. The rules are then automatically imported into a user interface that allows future owners to interactively custom-design their apartment plans. Finally, the plans are automatically converted into detailed Building Information Models (BIM), which allow the architect to add custom finishes, estimate building costs, and automatically generate construction drawings. We conclude that our workflow could contribute to the real customization of houses and other simple architectural programmes, assuring the quality of the outcomes through shape grammars rules and at the same time reducing the cost of production drawings through automation. The paper ends with some suggestions of improvements in BIM software that would allow its integration with shape grammars and the implementation of our workflow in a simpler way. Highlights • The paper describes an application of shape grammars in the customization of apartment plans. • The workflow goes from the interactive generation of plans to their full representation as a complete (3D) BIM model. • The work shows the feasibility of a system that allows the customization of home plans in an automated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract While project benchmarking based on key performance indicators is regarded as a crucial technique for mature project delivery in the construction industry, incorporating it into an organization's routine is a cumbersome and time-consuming endeavor as it entails considerable time and human efforts for collecting and providing project information, and validating the quality of collected data. To overcome this challenge, this paper introduces an approach that leverages Building Information Modeling (BIM), which allows for a more streamlined benchmarking process. The approach presented in this paper focuses on healthcare projects which have been benchmarked using a comprehensive set of cost, schedule, dimension, and planning performance metrics through a mature sector-specific benchmarking program at Construction Industry Institute (CII). As an initial step in the formulation of such a tool, this paper investigates the potential of leveraging BIM for benchmarking through close scrutiny of contents embedded in real-world models collected from six healthcare projects. Functional requirements were, then, established to realize a BIM-based benchmarking tool for healthcare projects by developing conceptual process flow, use cases, and data flow diagrams. The requirements are further illustrated in mock-ups of a prototype system. Highlights • A new project performance benchmarking approach that leverages BIM data is introduced. • The potential of leveraging BIM for benchmarking is investigated focusing on healthcare projects • Functional requirements are established to create a BIM-based benchmarking tool • Mock-ups of the prototype system are developed to demonstrate the vision of the tool [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A Building Information Modelling (BIM)-enabled computational approach was presented in this paper for the automated specification of steel reinforcement to support the optimisation of reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs. After importing slab geometries from BIM, the proposed procedure utilised internal forces output from Finite Element Model (FEM) to map required reinforcement in two stages. In the first stage, the reinforcement specifications matched the spatial resolution of the FEM. In the second, the reinforcement was adjusted by imposing constructability functions to limit the number of arrangements in terms of zones and bar spacing. The aim of the paper was to investigate the parametric capabilities of the proposed approach in the context of an optimisation model for the generation of material-efficient structural designs. Numerical examples were presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the automated specification procedure. The material efficiency and the design complexity of the developed reinforcement configurations were also assessed against a conventional solution under realistic design conditions. Highlights • Automated reinforcement specification for flat slabs using BIM and FEM. • The parametric functionalities of the computational components enable the rigorous optimisation of the structural system. • Customised constructability functions create realistic and feasible reinforcement topologies. • Design and construction integration is amplified through automated steel reinforcement specification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Immersive Virtual Reality-based collaborative BIM 4D simulation can offer a unique, supportive environment for conducting constructability analysis meetings in the construction industry. While many research works have addressed various aspects of VR-based 4D simulation, there is still no comprehensive and neutral framework to help both practitioners and experts to identify the main challenges to address. This paper proposes four main complementary steps with which to define the VR environment, to develop the 4D model, to prepare and transfer the model in the VR system and to conduct constructability analysis meeting. In the current state of the framework, the 4D-based constructability analysis is more about the collaborative use of 4D rather than the collaborative generation and interaction with the 4D model. Each step of the framework is supported by appropriate methods and tools. A collaborative personas-based case study helps to evaluate the framework and to show how it can be used. Compared to recent related works, the proposed framework is more structured and comprehensive, providing a structured approach using concepts from multiple scientific areas. Highlights • The article proposes to support constructability analysis meetings with immersive VR-based collaborative 4D simulation. • The framework presents a detailed process for passing a 4D simulation from Navisworks into an immersive VR environment. • It uses collaboration personas theories to describe the definition of the practitioners' needs and the VR environment. • The paper presents innovative metamodels to support the use of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The cost of modelling existing industrial facilities currently counteracts the benefits these models provide. 90% of the modelling cost is spent on converting point cloud data to 3D models due to the sheer number of Industrial Objects (IOs) of each plant. Hence, cost reduction is only possible by automating modelling. However, automatically classifying millions of IOs is a very hard classification problem due to the very large number of classes and the strong similarities between them. This paper tackles this challenge by (1) discovering the most frequent IOs and (2) measuring the man-hours required for modelling them in a state of the art software, EdgeWise. This allows to measure (a) the Total Labor Hours (TLH) spent per object type and (b) the performance of EdgeWise. We discovered that pipes, electrical conduit and circular hollow sections require 80% of the TLH needed to build the plant model. We showed that EdgeWise achieves cylinder detection with 75% recall and 62% precision. This paper is the first to discover the most laborious to model IOs and the first to evaluate state-of-the-art industrial modelling software. These findings help in better understanding the problem and serve as the foundation for researchers who are interested in solving it. Highlights • Modelling cost of existing industrial plants outweighs the benefits of their models. • Challenge of modelling is the huge number of industrial objects. • Importance of industrial objects for modelling has not been investigated so far. • No viable assessment of existing modelling tools exists yet. • Most laborious objects to model were discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an innovation that is transforming practices within the Architectural, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) sectors. Many studies have investigated the process of BIM adoption and diffusion and in particular, the drivers affecting adoption at different levels, ranging from individual and team through organisations and supply chains to whole market level. However, in-depth investigations of the stages of the BIM adoption process and the drivers, factors and determinants affecting such stages are still lacking. A comprehensive classification and integration of adoption drivers and factors is absent as these are disjointedly identified across disparate studies. There is also limited attention to the key terms and concepts (i.e. readiness, implementation, diffusion, adoption) in this area of study. This aim in this paper is twofold: (1) to develop and validate a Unified BIM Adoption Taxonomy (UBAT); and (2) to identify the taxonomy's constructs (i.e. three driver clusters and their 17 factors) that have influence on the first three stages of the BIM adoption process namely, awareness, interest, and decision stages, and compare their effects on each of the stages. The research uses: a systematic literature review and knowledge synthesisation to develop the taxonomy; a confirmatory factor analysis for its validation; and an ordinal logistic regression to test the effect of the UBAT's constructs on the BIM adoption process within the UK Architectural sector using a sample of 177 organisations. The paper is primarily intended to enhance the reader's understanding of the BIM adoption process and the constructs that influence its stages. The taxonomy and its sets of drivers and determinants can be used to perform various analyses of the BIM adoption process, delivering evidence and insights for decision makers within organisations and across whole market when formulating BIM diffusion strategies. Highlights • Introduces and delineates key terms and concepts in the field of BIM adoption; • Establishes a Unified BIM Adoption Taxonomy of drivers and factors that affect the decision of organisations to adopt BIM; • Validates the Unified BIM Adoption Taxonomy using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis; and • Identifies the factors affecting each stage of the BIM adoption process within the UK Architectural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The built environment provides significant opportunities for IoT (Internet of Things) deployment, and can be singled out as one of the most important aspects for IoT related research. While the IoT deployment in the built environment is growing exponentially, there exists a gap in integrating these two in a systematic way through open standards and systems. From technological perspective, there is a need for convergence of diverse fields ranging from Building Information Systems and Building Services to Building Automation Systems, and IoT devices and finally the end user services to develop smart, user oriented applications. This paper outlines the efforts to develop a platform that integrates the built environment data with IoT sensors in a campus wide, web based system called Otaniemi3D that provides information about energy usage, occupancy and user comfort by integrating Building Information Models and IoT devices through open messaging standards (O-MI and O-DF) and IFC models. The paper describes the design criteria, the system architecture, the workflow and a proof of concept with potential use cases that integrate IoT with the built environment. Initial results show that both the end users and other research groups can benefit from such platforms by either consuming the data in their daily life or using the data for more advance research. Highlights • It is Important to integrate built environment data with internet of things (IoT). • A framework using open standards is proposed to tackle this. • A proof of concept built on the framework is provided. • A real-life use case demonstrate the usefulness of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • New method for generating and using BIM for energy retrofitting of old buildings. • The proposed method comprises 3 interrelated tasks: Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy. • Templates help to fill in modeling gaps in the needed system identification cycle. • A variation model enables the use of templates for retrofitting design variants. • The developed framework can be reused in other domains such as bridge retrofitting. Abstract Building Information Modeling (BIM) is rapidly advancing as an efficient new approach to cooperative building design and construction. However, BIM methodology is still mainly developed and applied for new building projects. The strong societal needs to improve the quality and the overall performance of the existing building stock, especially with regard to energy use, are yet insufficiently supported by BIM. In this paper we propose a structured approach towards the creation of a building information model of an existing building and its use for the purpose of retrofitting or renovation, based on the standard IFC specification (ISO 16739). It implies a process we define as BIMification. This process undergoes two major stages: (1) Anamnesis, dedicated to the survey and collection of facts about the building, and (2) Diagnosis, dedicated to the analysis and interpretation of the collected facts to obtain the necessary understanding of the building and its performance and prepare for the retrofitting design. The paper outlines the broader research aim that triggered the development of the suggested approach and presents the overall concept and methodology, the ICT platform under implementation and the current state of the work. Discussed are also the scope of the approach, envisaged perspectives and further development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]