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Abstract: Latent fingermarks were deposited onto white office paper samples containing writing or printing from several media (for example, ballpoint pens and laser printers). Fingermarks were deposited both before and after writing/printing. The marks were then treated with appropriate latent fingermark development techniques. Once treated, they were examined with standard techniques applied in document examination (filtered light analysis, electrostatic detection device and Raman spectroscopy) to determine the sequence of application. The results suggested that the sequence of laser printing and latent marks could be determined via electrostatic detection device examination of undeveloped and Ninhydrin developed samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

After initial tests carried out on 20 stained paper samples from different centuries, we have devised a non-destructive method for taking samples from foxed areas of ancient maps. The stains were examined in normal light (NL) and then with fluorescence; we then checked whether fungal colonies were not developing in areas that did not respond to electronic excitation. Samples were taken using gauze–cotton swabs from fluorescent areas only. We found that fungi did develop, in the areas of the paper samples that were not clearly visible (NL) but fluorescent, when they were placed inside humidity chambers. It was confirmed that there is a correlation between the thermo-hygrometric parameters and the place of preservation and a relationship between the environment and the fungal species. We found cellulosolithic fungi and bacteria. We recommend early identification of “discolouring” with fluorescent methods in order to arrange suitable thermo-hygrometric conditions for preventing development of the infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]