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Ground (or geothermal) heat exchangers are attracting a great deal of attention as a way of using shallow geothermal energy. This paper provides not only a critical review but also a thorough introduction to the analysis of heat transfer by borehole and foundation pile ground heat exchangers, with an emphasis on different analytical models. The literature is reviewed in a time-scale framework because of the diversity of the time and space scales involved in the thermal processes of ground heat exchangers. We summarize, discuss, and evaluate major advances in this field, including heat-source models, short-time models, models for energy piles, in situ thermal-response tests, indoor sandbox experiments, and parameter estimation as an inverse problem. Of particular note is that the unit-step temperature response (i.e., G -function) of a ground heat exchanger with one U-shaped pipe is calculated; and six analytical models are compared: an infinite cylinder-source model, two infinite line-source models, two finite line-source models, and a composite-medium line-source model. This paper closes by identifying several unsolved problems that require solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A large number of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems have been used in residential and commercial buildings throughout the world due to the attractive advantages of high efficiency and environmental friendliness. This paper gives a detailed literature review of the research and developments of the vertical-borehole GCHP technology for applications in air-conditioning. A general introduction on the ground source heat pump system and its development is briefly presented first. Then, the most typical simulation models of the vertical ground heat exchangers currently available are summarized in detail including the heat transfer processes outside and inside the boreholes. The various design/simulation programs for vertical GCHP systems primarily based on the typical simulation models are also reviewed in this paper. Finally, the various hybrid GCHP systems for cooling or heating-dominated buildings are well described. It is found that the GCHP technology can be used both in cold and hot weather areas and the energy saving potential is significant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ground and grout thermal parameters are very important for the Ground-Coupled Heat Pump system (GCHPs) design and simulation. An accurate ground and grout thermal parameter will result in a reasonable GCHPs design and operation control strategy. In this paper, a new transient ground and grout parameter estimation method was proposed. In addition to the ground thermal parameters, the transient borehole thermal resistance and the grout thermal parameters were firstly estimated by analytical models with the proposed method. Compared to the measured values by the thermal probes, the parameters estimated by the proposed method was reasonable and much more accurate than the conventional method. Accompany with the transient borehole thermal resistance estimated by the proposed method, the fluid temperature predicted by the ILS model was acceptable for both the early regime and late regime, and the maximum relative error for the fluid prediction result was up to 2.82%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontal geothermal heat exchangers (HGHEs) with vertical spiral coils have been increasingly used in ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Research studies have been conducted using field tests and simulations trying to reveal the heat transfer mechanism of HGHEs with vertical spiral coils and to provide a good heat transfer performance. However, there is no analytical solution has been established for HGHEs with vertical spiral coils. Of particular interest is the temperature variation at the soil surface. The study presented in this paper proposes the development of a mathematical vertical ring-coil model used to describe the heat transfer process of HGHEs with vertical spiral coils. In this new model, the spiral heat exchanger is simplified as a series of ring coils that inject/extract heat in/from a semi-infinite medium. A single ring model in an infinite medium is first introduced. Using images and superposition, a multiple ring-coils analytical solution is then given. The significant influence on the heat transfer performance of HGHEs temperature variation of the ground surface is then considered. A periodically changed boundary condition is being taken into consideration in the modeling process. The validity of the model was examined by a field test and a 3-D simulation model. The analytical solutions may provide a desirable and better tool for the simulation/design HGHEs with vertical spiral coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The technology of embedding heat exchange tubes in diaphragm walls is a new direction for Ground-coupled Heat Pumps (GCHP). This paper examines the heat transfer model and design method for geothermal heat exchangers in diaphragm walls, which are seldom investigated in the world. Two-dimensional (2D) heat transfer models for diaphragm wall heat exchangers (DWHE) are established. A design method for DWHE is further developed to calculate the hourly heat exchange capacity of DWHE and to get the reasonable design parameter of DWHE. The DWHE model over the excavation line has the same changing trend with numerical solutions, and the relative errors between them are less than 2%. The relative errors of calculated heat exchange rate per meter using DWHE model and measured data are less than 6% after running 10h. The relative errors of temperature between DWHE model under the excavation line and the measured data at different positions are no more than 9%, whereas the relative error between the tradition models in GCHP (line source model and finite-line source model) and the measured data may reach as much as 40%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The application of ground heat exchangers (GHEs) has attracted much attention for its advantages in terms of energy-saving and emission-reduction. Therefore, it is significant to introduce heat transfer into investigation, the paper illustrated the existing heat transfer models in order to analyze the GHEs with buried coils. Line heat source, cylindrical heat source and ring-coil heat source are introduced step by step. For the present, the borehole GHEs are the mainstream, and in recent years pile foundation GHEs have been followed with interest on account of heat transfer superiority as well as lowering initial cost and saving land area. Concerning that groundwater flow exist in geological stratum sometimes, so that the thermal analysis about heat transfer should be composed of two cases, i.e. models under the condition of both pure conduction and combination that include conduction and advection. It is obvious that ring-coil model is on the verge of actual situation for pile foundation GHEs with buried coils from the academic research perspectives, nevertheless for some engineering computation problems which the result error can be permitted in the certain range, other heat transfer models can be chosen in order to simplify the calculation process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the transient heat conduction around the buried spiral coils which could be applied in the ground-coupled heat pump systems with the pile foundation as a geothermal heat exchanger. A transient ring-coil heat source model is developed, and the explicit analytical solutions for the temperature response are derived by means of the Green’s function theory and the image method. The influences of the coil pitch and locations are evaluated and discussed according to the solutions. In addition, comparisons between the ring-coil and cylindrical source models give that the improved finite ring-coil source model can accurately describe the heat transfer process of the pile geothermal heat exchanger (PGHE). The analytical solutions may provide a desirable and better tool for the PGHE simulation/design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems have been identified as one of the best sustainable energy technologies for space heating and cooling in buildings. While the foundation piles of buildings are used to partly take the place of boreholes in the ground heat exchanger (GHE) in recent years, the classical approaches of the line heat source model and the “hollow” cylindrical heat source model for the borehole GHEs fail for thermal analysis and design of the pile GHEs. Evolved from the classical models, a new “solid” cylindrical source model is presented in this paper to consider both the radial dimension and the heat capacity of the borehole or pile. Expressions of the analytical solution are derived for 1-D and 2-D new models by means of the Green’s function method. Results obtained from the new 1-D model are compared with the classical line source and “hollow” cylindrical source models of the borehole GHE, and also validated by a numerical solution of the same model. While the 1-D and 2-D solid cylindrical source models can provide adequate tools for design and simulation of the pile GHEs, improvement can also be achieved in simulating the temperature response of the borehole GHEs, especially for short time steps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]