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In recent years, global warming has led to frequent waterlogging disaster (WLD), hindering the normal growth and development of crops, affecting the sustainable development of the peanut industry and food security in China. Henan Province, the main peanut-producing area with frequent WLD, was selected as the study area. Based on the soil-crop-atmosphere continuum system, this study constructed a comprehensive waterlogging index (CWI) to monitor waterlogging events. To determine the applicability of CWI, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was calculated. A risk assessment model was constructed to evaluate the hazards of WLD during the different stages of development of spring peanut. The water stress at different growth stages of peanut on crucial physiological indices were studied to determine the natural vulnerability curve of WLD. As a consequence, based on the "Four-Factor" theory of disaster formation, this study established a dynamic WLD assessment model for peanut and evaluated the comprehensive risk of WLD in Henan from 1990 to 2020. The results indicated that the CWI is capable of accurately identifying waterlogging events and peanut responded significantly differently to water stress; the longer the duration of stress in the late growth period (LGP), the higher was the rate of yield reduction. The comprehensive risk of WLD to peanut rose from north to south during the three growth periods. During the LGP, high-risk regions constituted approximately 34.3% of the total population. This study provides a scientific basis and technical support for better exploration of peanut growth under waterlogging stress to manage and reduce the risk of WLD. • The comprehensive waterlogging index (CWI) can be used to identify waterlogging events. • Different water stress days in three periods had different effects on the growth of spring peanut. • Water stress in the late growth period had the greatest influence on the yield of spring peanut. • The risk was evaluated through "Four-Factor" theory, while the south of Henan had high-risk levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic biochar adsorbents often suffer from the uneven distribution and shedding problems of nanoparticles. In this study, a one-pot sol-gel pyrolysis method was proposed to synthesize a MnFe 2 O 4 functionalized magnetic sawdust-based biochar (MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC) for efficient removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF). The MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC was characterized by XRD, Raman, VSM, TG-DSC, SEM, TEM, BET, FTIR and XPS. The results demonstrated that the combination of sol-gel and sawdust effectively led to a homogeneous distribution of MnFe 2 O 4 on biochar and the MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC possessed a much richer pore structure and functional groups than the original biochar. A systematic comparison of MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC with commercial activated carbon (CAC) was conducted by analyzing the effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, coexisting ions, contact time and temperature on their adsorption performance. Based on the adsorption isotherm study, the maximum adsorption capacity of MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC was predicted to be 352.17 mg/g, which was almost 3.5 times that of CAC. Selectivity adsorption study and real water-based removal experiment further demonstrated the satisfactory adsorption selectivity and applicability of MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC for DCF. This study reveals that the one-pot sol-gel pyrolysis is a promising method for synthesizing excellent magnetic biochar adsorbents. [Display omitted] • The sawdust-based biochar was prepared by one-pot sol-gel pyrolysis method. • The sol-gel procedure favored the homogeneous distribution of MnFe 2 O 4 in biochar. • MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC had abundant functional groups along with graded pore structure. • The adsorption prformance of MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC overtook commercial activated carbon. • The MnFe 2 O 4 @SBC had good selectivily and real sample applicability for DCF removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fitting drought intensity and yield loss rate to construct sensitivity curves. • Considering millet planting climatic suitability as a potential exposure index. • A perfect index system suitable for millet drought risk assessment was built. • Distribution and dynamic migration characteristics of millet drought risk were analyzed. Due to the improvement of living standards and the adjustment of dietary structure, the cereal industry shows excellent growth prospects. Clarifying millet drought risk distribution and determining its dynamic evolution characteristics are therefore of great importance for guiding millet production, preventing drought risks, and ensuring food security. In this study, SPRI was used to identify millet drought, and drought intensity-yield loss rate curves were constructed to characterize millet drought sensitivity. The potential exposure of millet was explored by considering millet climatic suitability and farmland proportion. In light of this, a comprehensive assessment of millet drought risk in different growth periods was made using natural disaster risk theory. The results showed that: (1) The sensitivity model for each growth period had passed the F-test of α = 0.05 (R2 were 0.544, 0.408 and 0.347 respectively), reaching a significant level, which proved that the model can be used to assess millet drought sensitivity. (2) More than 70 % of Liaoning Province had a suitable climatic environment for millet production. Combined with the farmland proportion, the area with high potential exposure was distributed in the central region of Liaoning. (3) The millet drought risk in different growth periods showed a characteristic distribution of high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Among them, Chaoyang had the largest high and extremely high drought risk area in the three growth periods, accounting for 92.11 %, 99.34 % and 98.86 % respectively. At the same time, the center-of-gravity model shows that the barycenter of millet drought risk has a trend of spreading from the west of Liaoning to the northeast and southwest. To sum up, the millet drought risk area in Liaoning may increase in the future, measures should be taken to prevent and mitigate millet drought from three aspects: before, during and after the disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overall, climate warming is beneficial to sugarcane distribution. • There is a risk of drought in the main sugarcane producing areas. • The cropland fragmentation is significant in sugarcane climate suitable area. • The sugar industry has faced challenges seriously in recent years under global warming and human factors. Guangxi is the primary producer of sugarcane in China and provides a highly suitable habitat for sugarcane growth. However, its distribution range has changed significantly in recent years due to climate change as well as human factors. Without extensive knowledge of the changing trends in suitable sugarcane planting areas, efforts to improve its productivity in Guangxi may be insufficient. In this study, the interdecadal change in sugarcane distribution in Guangxi in response to climate change from 1960 to 2019 was estimated using the MaxEnt model and the landscape pattern of land use in the suitable sugarcane area was analyzed. In addition, we discuss the effects of global warming on sugarcane production in the sustainable development of the sugar industry in Guangxi. Our results indicate: (1) from 1960 to 2019, approximately 65% of Guangxi Province could grow sugarcane. Chongzuo City, Nanning City and Parts of Baise City, are highly suitable areas, and unsuitable areas are mainly concentrated in the north. In general, sugarcane climate suitability extended further in low-altitude areas, and then extended to high- altitude areas. However, from the 2000s to the 2010s, climate suitability showed a decreasing trend, decreasing from 16.036 × 106 ha to 15.4985 × 106 ha (2) The order of land use area in the suitable sugarcane climate range was as follows: woodland > cropland > grassland > construction land > water. With the increase in climate suitability, the distribution of cultivated land expanded. From 1980 to 2005, cropland in suitable areas showed a fragmentation trend. By 2010, the cropland patches disappeared after fragmentation. (3) Due to landscape constraints, infertile soil, and labor costs, the sugar industry faces various challenges. The evaluation of climate suitability could provide a theoretical reference for a planting layout of sugarcane, and landscape pattern analysis of suitable sugarcane climate areas is conducive to the integration of small pieces of land into large ones, making mechanization possible. Overall, strict layout and management measures are required in sugarcane planting areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]