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In the backdrop of the carbon neutrality, lithium-ion batteries are being extensively employed in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage stations (ESSs). Extremely harsh conditions, such as vehicle to grid (V2G), peak-valley regulation and frequency regulation, seriously accelerate the life degradation. Consequently, developing long-life batteries for typical scenarios has emerged as a crucial focus for future endeavors. This paper concentrates on the fundamental scientific inquiries and comprehensively reviews aspects including the urgent requirements, degradation mechanisms, design methods, durability modeling and management approaches for long-life batteries. Firstly, it underscores the significance and urgency of developing long-life batteries under the typical EV and ESS scenarios. Subsequently, we delve into the long-life battery design methods concerning degradation mechanism suppression. Following this, the degradation modeling and advanced management strategies for achieving long-life batteries are elucidated. Lastly, facing the existing challenges and future opportunities, we provide new insights and perspectives to promote the development and practical application of long-life lithium-ion batteries. • A comprehensive review of the key issues towards long-life battery is presented. • The pressing long-life demands of EV and ESS typical application is highlighted. • A critical review of degradation mechanism and modeling is emphasized. • Challenges and solutions of long-life battery design and management are discussed. • Prospects of long-life battery are illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postponing performance analysis of buildings until the final stage of the design process often leads to unexpected results, introducing errors and disrupting the architect's workflow. The literature review identifies prior research limitations, motivating this study to develop a high-rise design optimisation workflow, automate design preparation, explore alternative airflow simulation methods, and compare Optimisation (Opt) algorithms with Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for broader design considerations. We thus propose an integrated computational workflow for sustainable building design optimisation with four objectives. This study applied it in the early design phase of a practical energy efficiency-oriented redevelopment project involving a cluster of seven high-rise office buildings in Nanjing. The project aimed to decrease annual energy use, increase solar and wind energy potential, and reduce structural displacement. Our methodology primarily utilises the surrogate-model algorithm Radial Basis Function Muti-objective Optimisation (RBFMOpt) algorithm, enabling quick identification of self- and new- energy demands and cost-effective structural solutions for tall buildings while optimising energy performance. Different from traditional genetic algorithm-driven optimisation procedures or with a separated post-optimisation, our workflow follows a pre-design approach. Test results are automatically optimised in a loop without post-processing, aligning with the architect's research objectives and improving the decision-making process. Our study yielded a 12% increase in energy use efficiency and a 23% improvement in structural stability. However, achieving these gains resulted in a 32% decrease in solar energy potential. Furthermore, we provide a comparative study between RBFMOpt and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), offering critical guidance for designers when selecting optimisation algorithms to address efficiency and precision challenges in energy-related design. These findings contribute to an integrated research-for-design workflow, providing data-driven evidence to support early design decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposable aluminum cans and plastic bottles are common wastes found in modern societies. This article shows that they can be upcycled into functional materials, such as metal-organic frameworks and hierarchical porous carbon nanomaterials for high-value applications. Through a solvothermal method, used poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles and aluminum cans are converted into MIL-53(Al). Subsequently, the as-prepared MIL-53(Al) can be further carbonized into a nitrogen-doped (4.52 at%) hierarchical porous carbon framework. With an optical amount of urea present during the carbonization process, the carbon nanomaterial of a high specific surface area of 1324 m2 g−1 with well-defined porosity can be achieved. These features allow the nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon to perform impressively as the working electrode of supercapacitors, delivering a high specific capacitance of 355 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in a three-electrode cell and exhibiting a high energy density of 20.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 225 W kg−1, while simultaneously maintaining 88.2% capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles in two-electrode system. This work demonstrates the possibility of upcycling wastes to obtain carbon-based high-performance supercapacitors. [Display omitted] • Upcycle used PET bottles and aluminum cans into the nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons. • Prepared carbon as supercapacitor electrode delivers a high energy density of 20.1 Wh/kg. • Well-defined porous carbon framework is vital to the excellent supercapacitive performance. • This work paves an effective environmental-friendly way to prepare carbon-based supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a four-stage method for synthesizing reconfigurable ASNoC topology is proposed for partially dynamically reconfigurable systems, where the topology is reconfigured dynamically at run-time along with the application's execution. Firstly, a simulated annealing based topology-aware integrated optimization framework is proposed to generate the proper schedule and floorplan of task modules. Secondly, based on the schedule and floorplan of task modules, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP)-based method and a heuristic method, are proposed to partition the communication requirements of the application into T time intervals. Thirdly, we explore the proper positions of switches in the floorplan for global communications. Finally, considering the reconfiguration costs between adjacent time intervals, the routing path allocation problem is solved for time intervals in an iterative procedure to generate fine-grained dynamically reconfigurable ASNoC topologies. Experimental results show that, compared to the random partition of communication requirements, the proposed heuristic method and ILP-based method can achieve 5.4% and 10.0% power consumption improvement, respectively. And, the reconfigurable ASNoC can achieve 31.6% power consumption improvement when compared with static ASNoC. • Propose a four-stage reconfigurable ASNoC topology synthesis method for partially dynamically reconfigurable systems. • Propose a topology-aware integrated optimization framework for generating proper schedule and floorplan of tasks. • Propose an ILP-based method and a binary search based heuristic for temporally partitioning of the communication requirements. • Experimental results show that ASNoCs with reconfigurable topologies can save 31.6% power consumptions on communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Interdisciplinary approaches are proposed to predict multi-building energy use. • Social network analysis is applied to identify reference buildings in a building group. • Artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm is integrated in energy use prediction with reference buildings. • Office, education, laboratory, and residence building groups on campus are tested. • Proposed SNA-ANN can accurately predict multi-building energy use with reference buildings. Abstract Predicting multi-building energy use at campus or city district scale has recently gained more attention; and more researchers have started to define reference buildings and study inter-impact between building groups. However, how to integrate the relationship to define reference buildings and predict multi-building energy use, using significantly less amount of building data and reducing complexity of prediction models, remains an open research question. To resolve this, this study proposed a novel method to predict multi-building energy use by integrating a social network analysis (SNA) with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. The SNA method was used to establish a building network (BN) by identifying reference buildings and determine correlations between reference buildings and non-reference buildings. The ANN technique was applied to learn correlations and historical building energy use, and then used to predict multi-building energy use. To validate the SNA-ANN method, 17 buildings in the Southeast University campus, located in Nanjing, China, were studied. These buildings have three years of actual monthly electricity use data and were grouped into four types: office, educational, laboratory, and residential. The results showed the integrated SNA-ANN method achieved average prediction accuracies of 90.67% for the office group, 90.79% for the educational group, 92.34% for the laboratory group, and 83.32% for the residential group. The results demonstrated the proposed SNA-ANN method achieved an accuracy of 90.28% for the predicted energy use for all building groups. Finally, this study provides insights into advancing the interdisciplinary research on multi-building energy use prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The thickness dependency of trans-laminar fracture toughness was studied in centre-notched quasi-isotropic IM7/8552 carbon/epoxy laminates with central double 0° plies with thicknesses between 1 and 8 mm. A reduction in trans-laminar fracture toughness with thickness was measured experimentally in the specimens with a 25.4 mm notch. For specimens with a shorter 12.7 mm notch, no significant dependency on specimen thickness was found. The thickness dependency was captured in detailed Finite Element (FE) models with cohesive interface elements for sub-critical damage and a Weibull criterion for fibre breakage. The reason for the thickness dependency is explained through the damage states of the individual plies which determine whether or not premature fracture occurs before the damage process zone is fully developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mode II fracture energy, G IIC , is a critical parameter for determining the propagation of delamination in composite laminates. Its value can be affected by Through-Thickness Compression (TTC) stress acting on the crack tip and here this effect has been studied using IM7/8552 carbon/epoxy laminates with cut central plies. External TTC loads were applied through bi-axial testing. Unidirectional (UD) cut-ply specimens were used to determine the TTC enhancement factor, η G , for G IIC . A similar enhancement effect was also found in Quasi-isotropic (QI) specimens with 2 extra cut central 0° plies inserted into the layup. The TTC enhancement factor was implemented in a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) framework using cohesive interface elements, showing that the determined η G can be successfully used to model the effect of TTC on delamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial fracture propagation within a full-scale stiffened quasi-isotropic composite panel and coupons with stringer feet under tensile loads was investigated. The specimens were made from Non-Crimp Fabric through Vacuum assisted Resin Transfer Moulding. The failure loads of all configurations were successfully related using the same value of trans-laminar fracture energy. The method involved independent tests of scaled-down Over-height Compact Tension specimens and the Virtual Crack Closure Technique. It was found to be crucial to include the fully developed damage process zone in the crack length and to interpret the results carefully in order to identify the failure loads consistently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent Sm:Y 2 O 3 ceramics were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effects of LiF additive and sintering temperature on the microstructure and optical transmittance of the Sm:Y 2 O 3 ceramics were investigated. The optimal content of LiF additive and sintering temperature was found to be 0.3 wt% and 1500 ℃. The transmittance of Sm:Y 2 O 3 ceramics with a thickness of 1.7 mm reached 75.3% at 609 nm, which is about 94% of the theoretical value. The average grain size of the sample was about 50 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An energy-efficient oriented multi-objective urban block form design workflow is proposed. • The relationship between urban form factors and building energy consumption, as well as solar energy potential, is explored. • Reducing energy demand, increasing energy generation, and improving environmental performance should be considered together in the design of energy-efficient blocks. • BD, OSR, SC, and PAR have significant correlations with the total EUI of the block. • FAR, BD, AF, OSR, SC, and PAR are highly correlated with rooftop PV energy generation. Urban form can significantly affect building energy consumption and solar energy potential, which is essential to sustainable urban development. However, few studies have proposed a comprehensive framework to discuss this. In addition, how to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and how to combine quantitative research results with urban form design is also a matter of concern. Based on this background, this study proposes a multi-objective urban form design optimization framework based on the Grasshopper platform. Three optimization objectives were identified: minimum building energy consumption, maximum solar potential and maximum sunlight hours. Then, taking Jianhu in China as an example, the building types are extracted from the actual urban context to create blocks. The Ladybug Tools plugin is used for performance simulation, and multi-objective optimization is run in Wallacei X. Furthermore, based on the optimization process data, a correlation analysis of urban form factors with building energy consumption and solar energy potential is conducted. Finally, the research findings are integrated, and energy-efficient urban form design strategies are proposed. The research results show that a block form with excellent energy performance in Jianhu has the following characteristics: (i) The open space is often located in the center of the block. High-rise buildings are located on the west side. (ii) The block presents a layout consisting of a low south side and high north side. (iii) The orientation of the block is 15° south by westor due south. (iv) Avoid building types with large shape coefficient such as P-4, C-1, S-3 and C-2. In addition, building density (BD), open space ratio (OSR), shape coefficient (SC) and average perimeter-area ratio (PAR) have significant correlations with the total building energy use intensity of the block. For solar potential, floor area ratio (FAR), BD, the average number of floors (AF), OSR, SC, and PAR are highly correlated with rooftop PV energy generation, and sky view factor (SVF) is significantly correlated with rooftop PV energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Δ s = R ( K 3 , K s ) − R ( K 3 , K s − 1 ) , where R ( G , H ) is the Ramsey number of graphs G and H defined as the smallest n such that any edge coloring of K n with two colors contains G in the first color or H in the second color. In 1980, Erdős and Sós posed some questions about the growth of Δ s . The best known concrete bounds on Δ s are 3 ≤ Δ s ≤ s , and they have not been improved since the stating of the problem. In this paper we present some constructions, which imply in particular that R ( K 3 , K s ) ≥ R ( K 3 , K s − 1 − e ) + 4 , and R ( 3 , K s + t − 1 ) ≥ R ( 3 , K s + 1 − e ) + R ( 3 , K t + 1 − e ) − 5 for s , t ≥ 3 . This does not improve the lower bound of 3 on Δ s , but we still consider it a step towards to understanding its growth. We discuss some related questions and state two conjectures involving Δ s , including the following: for some constant d and all s it holds that Δ s − Δ s + 1 ≤ d . We also prove that if the latter is true, then lim s → ∞ Δ s / s = 0 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent Y 2 O 3 ceramics were fabricated by the solid-state reaction and vacuum sintering method using La 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 as sintering aids. The microstructure of the Y 2 O 3 ceramics sintered from 1550 °C to 1800 °C for 8 h were analyzed by SEM. The sintering process of the Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramics was optimized. The results showed that when the samples were sintered at 1800 °C for 8 h under vacuum, the average grain sizes of the ceramics were about 3.5 µm. Furthermore, the transmittance of Y 2 O 3 ceramic sintered at 1800 °C for 8 h was 82.1% at the wavelength around the 1100 nm (1 mm thickness), which was close to its theoretical value. Moreover, the refractive index of the Y 2 O 3 transparent ceramic in the temperature range from 30 °C to 400 °C were measured by the spectroscopic ellipsometry method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GF-1 and GF-6 remote sensing data have potential for wetland change detection. • Spatial-temporal attention method can identify information changes in cultivated land to wetland areas. • Sanjiang National Nature Reserve has large wetland restoration areas located near water sources. • The results of the study have important implications for the restoration and sustainable development of wetlands. Wetlands are important ecosystems, and detecting changes in wetlands plays a very important role in the management of wetland resources. Therefore, we selected Sanjiang National Nature Reserve as the study area and proposed a method in which bi-temporal GaoFen (GF) remote sensing data was combined with a spatial–temporal attention neural network (STANet) model, coupled with the selection of spectral variables. We used the bi-temporal images from GF-1 and GF-6 and compared three band selection methods, Relief F, principal component analysis, and RGB combination, and two STANet-based change detection methods (BAM: basic spatial–temporal attention module and PAM: pyramid spatial–temporal attention module) to improve the change detection of the wetland restoration. The results show that the accuracy of wetland change detection is related to different combinations of spectral variable selection and STANet models. The combination of Relief F feature selection and the BAM model led to the highest accuracy of the wetland change detection, 71.72 % for F1-Score and 76.92 % for MIou. The vector results of the change detection statistics show that the area of the Sanjiang National Nature Reserve cultivated lands converted to wetlands is 46.05 km2. This study implies that the STANet method has the capacity of detecting complex wetland restoration. Red, Bule, NIR and Red Edge1 bands of GaoFen data can provide effective information in the detection of changes in wetlands. The results of the study can be used as a reference for rational planning of wetland restoration, seeking a balance between cultivated lands and wetlands, which is important for the sustainable development of wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The reliability of DLTS simulation is confirmed by the nonlocal hybrid functional. • The electron–phonon coupling is included to describe the hot carrier nonradiative capture in the DLTS simulation. • The DLTS simulation is verified by the radiation experiments. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) is a crucial technique to characterize the defects in semiconductor devices. Within the framework of the state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT), the simulation for experimental DLTS spectra is realized successfully with high accuracy and intrinsic physics in this work, of which the reliability is confirmed by nonlocal hybrid functional. The electron–phonon coupling is included to describe the thermal-activated behavior of the hot carrier nonradiative capture reflected by DLTS signal. In the case study, the divacancy in silicon is employed for the flow of DLTS calculation as a benchmark, of which the results are verified by our 40 MeV Si irradiation experiments on the NPN and PNP bipolar junction transistors and previous reports. The problem we can address is the identification of defect characterized in DLTS experiments. The realization of DLTS simulation would have a profound significance for understanding the underlying physics in experimental observations and be a powerful leverage to define defect nature in semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrinsic properties and structural construction of active materials are crucial to improving the performance of electrodes. Herein, flexible and hydrophilic polyetherimide/polyaniline (PEI/PANI) conductive microfiber membranes with unique core-shell architecture were prepared via electrospinning followed by in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline doped with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, and used to boost the properties through the combined action of the pseudocapacitive PANI and abundant porous PEI membranes. For achieving excellent PEI/PANI microfiber membranes as free-standing electrodes, the polymerization time was controlled to refrain from exceed PANI particles agglomeration and maintain the unique three-dimensional porous network structure. Optimized PEI/PANI microfiber membranes with the polymerization time of 7 h presented the best electrochemical properties with high specific capacitance of 249.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and low charge-transfer resistance of 8.316 Ω. Ascribing to the combined effect between the unique pore structure of PEI microfiber membranes and pseudocapacitance of PANI, the flexible supercapacitor based on PEI/PANI-7 demonstrated exceptional capacitance (175.1 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), high energy density (43.4 Wh kg−1) and power density (34.0 kW kg−1), and outstanding flexibility while preserving the cyclic stability. Therefore, this free-standing PEI/PANI microfiber membranes could be deemed as a prospective electrode contender for flexible supercapacitor applications. [Display omitted] • Flexible PANI/PEI electrode was prepared by polymerization of aniline doped with AMPS. • Microstructure of PANI/PEI electrode could be tunable by polymerization time. • The combined action of PANI and PEI membranes boosted its electrochemical properties. • The highest specific capacitance of PANI/PEI observed 249.5 F g−1 at a 1 A g−1. • Supercapacitor based on PANI/PEI revealed excellent energy density and power density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) image analysis method to characterize the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) in scaled centre-notched quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminates. A total of 61 CT images of a small specimen were used to fine-tune a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) (i.e., VGG16) to classify fibre orientations. The proposed CNN model achieves a 100% accuracy when tested on the CT images of the same scale as the training set. However, the accuracy drops to a maximum of 84% when tested on unlabelled images of the specimens having larger scales potentially due to their lower resolutions. Another code was developed to automatically measure the size of the FPZ based on the CNN identified 0 °plies in the largest specimen which agrees well with the manual measurement (on average within 3.3%). The whole classification and measurement process can be automated without human intervention. [Display omitted] • A novel method was proposed to characterise Fracture Process Zone (FPZ). • A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed to identify fibre orientations. • The CNN model showed a test accuracy of 100% for classification. • The CNN was applied to unlabelled CT images achieving an accuracy of up to 84%. • The estimated FPZ size of the largest scale was within 3.3% from actual measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses optimal constrained state estimation problem for finite and infinite-dimensional chemical process systems. We consider cases when the prior information, in addition to the model parameters and the measurements, is available in the form of an inequality constraint with respect to the system's state. In the latest developments of the optimal state estimation theory, considerations of the state constraints have been often neglected since constraints do not fit easily in the structure of the optimal state estimator. Therefore, the issue of the state constraints being present needs to be addressed adequately, in particular, nonnegativity of concentration. Motivated by this, we developed a sequential, algorithmic optimal constrained state estimator for both finite and infinite-dimensional process systems commonly found in chemical process engineering (CSTR, tubular reactor). In this paper, we also designed an optimal constrained state estimator for a large class of dissipative infinite-dimensional systems which involve boundary actuation and point observation. Finally, illustrative examples of chemical process systems and proposed optimal state constrained estimation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical modelling of scaled centre-notched [45/90/−45/0] 4s carbon/epoxy laminates was carried out. The in-plane dimensions of the models were scaled up by a factor of up to 16. A Finite Element (FE) method using the explicit code LS-Dyna was applied to study the progressive damage development at the notch tips. Cohesive interface elements were used to simulate splits within plies and delaminations between plies. A failure criterion based on Weibull statistics was used to account for fibre failure. There is a good correlation between the numerical and experimental results, and the scaling trend can be explained in terms of the growth of the notch tip damage zone. The modelling gives new insights into the damage development in the quasi-isotropic laminates with sharp cracks, specifically, the growth of splits, delaminations and local fibre breakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation into size effects in notched [45/90/−45/0]4s carbon/epoxy laminates is carried out. The in-plane dimensions of the quasi-isotropic laminates are scaled up by a factor of up to 8. Larger Scale 16 specimens with only their width and notch length being doubled were also tested as a further comparison. Interrupted tests and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanning are carried out to study the damage at the crack tips. Sharp centre-notched tensile tests are compared to open-hole tests of the same notch length (hole diameter), material and stacking sequence. A similar strength reduction scaling trend is found for both configurations at the small sizes, except with higher tensile strength for the centre-notched specimens than the open-hole specimens. However, there is a cross-over point when the sizes increase, with the sharp notched results approaching an asymptote based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), and the open hole results approaching an asymptote based on Weibull theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mobile electronics have developed so rapidly that battery technology has hardly been able to keep pace. The increasing desire for lighter and thinner Li-ion batteries with higher capacities is a continuing and constant goal for in research. Achieving higher energy densities, which is mainly dependent on cathode materials, has become a critical issue in the development of new Li-ion batteries. In this review, we will outline the progress on nanostructured 4V cathode materials of Li-ion batteries for mobile electronics, covering LiCoO2, LiNi x Co y Mn1−x−y O2, LiMn2O4, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and Li-rich layered oxide materials. We aim to provide some scientific insights into the development of superior cathode materials by discussing the advantages of nanostructure, surface-coating, and other key properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Stereospecific radical polymerization of optically active (S)-HPEMA was realized. [•] A catalytic amount of the Lewis acid is enough to control the stereoregularity. [•] Solvents strongly influence the effect of Lewis acids on the tacticity of the polymer. [•] The polymerization in n-BuOH in the presence of La(OTf)3 shows the highest isotacticity. [•] The mechanism of stereocontrol was analyzed based on Lewis acid-monomer interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Crack migration into the composite in adhesively bonded joints can cause a major degradation of strength. This usually occurs via cracks in the surface plies, but this paper demonstrates that crack migration can occur in joints even with 0° surface plies. The role of surface treatment is investigated by comparing grit blasted and plasma surface treatment before the secondary bonding process. Unidirectional Double Cantilever Beam specimens and quasi-isotropic Double Lap Joints with surface 0° plies were tested. It was found that with grit blasted specimens, crack migration occurred due to broken fibres present on the composite surface. Plasma treated specimens with no broken fibres on the surface failed in the adhesive with substantial increases in the Mode I fracture toughness and the strength of the double lap joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a set of initial R-curves were measured for three different in-plane sizes using scaled Over-height Compact Tension (OCT) specimens and two different stacking sequences. The data reduction scheme was based on a Virtual Crack Closure Technique which is informed by the measured failure load and effective crack length. The R-curve effects were studied by using X-ray Computed Tomography to measure the crack length throughout fracture propagation. It was found that the initial R-curves measured from all three specimen sizes follow the same linearly increasing trend, with similar results for both stacking sequences. However, no plateau was seen on any of the measured R-curves, implying that even the largest specimens are not large enough to generate a full R-curve. a) Scaled OCT tests with two quasi-isotropic stacking sequences b) Initial R-curves showing the same linearly increasing trend but no plateau yet. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sm:CaNb2O6 single crystal has been grown by the Czochralski method. Its high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction, optical absorption, emission spectroscopic as well as lifetime have been studied. Thermal expansion coefficients (α), J–O parameters (Ω i ), radiative lifetime (τ rad), branching ratios (β) and stimulated emission cross-sections (σ e) were calculated. The quantum efficiency (η) was calculated to be 97%. The intense peak emission cross section at 610, 658nm were calculated to be 2.40×10−21, 2.42×10−21 cm2. These results indicate that Sm:CaNb2O6 crystal has potential use in visible laser and photonic devices area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The extreme variability of the mitochondrial (mito) genomes of bivalves makes it difficult to understand their evolutionary dynamics, given that species from different families do not share comparable features. We compared the mitogenomes from four Paphia clams (three of them were firstly sequenced) and found that mitogenome reorganization among the four congeneric species is not random but follows phylogenetic trends. Start/stop codon variations are species-correlated rather than gene-correlated, and bear useful phylogenetic information. Unique start/stop codon usage in P. euglypta and A+T content in P. amabilis indicates that these mitogenome-level characters, usually considered to be conservative features in other lineages, may not be phylogenetically evolved, but may have evolved via species-specific mitogenomic maintenance mechanisms. Variable divergence of two trnM genes in different lineages may demonstrate differences in mechanisms by which paralogous trnM genes are maintained. Sequence alignment analysis indicates that the VNTRs in the four mitogenomes have a common origin. The rationale of the subgenus Neotapes Kuroda and Habe, 1971 was supported by evidence from morphological characters, mitogenomic features, as well as phylogenetic analyses using cox1 and rrnS genes. The data suggest that the taxonomic basis of the subgenus should be “smooth surface” but not “undulated lines,” and P. textile should be classified to the Neotapes subgenus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The YAG crystal codoped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ has been grown by Czochralski (Cz) method. The crystal structure of the crystal has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The absorption and emission spectra of Yb,Tm:YAG crystal at room temperature have also been studied. The emission cross-sections have been calculated by Fuechtbauer-Ladenburg formula and reciprocity method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Absorption and emission spectral properties of GdVO4 single crystal doped with Ho3+ ions were investigated at room temperature. Polarized absorption cross section is calculated in the range of 400–2200nm. Results were analyzed and parameters were calculated based on Judd-Ofelt theory, the emission spectrum shows that the emission intensity around the wavelength of 546nm associated with transition 5S2 → 5I8 is much stronger than other bands in the observed range and potentially enable the green light output around this emission band in this crystal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Czochralski crystal growth of 50 at.% Yb:YAG single crystal was reported. The absorption spectrum, emission spectrum and fluorescence lifetime of Yb:YAG crystal were measured at room temperature. The spectroscopic parameters of nominal 50 at.% Yb:YAG crystal were compared with that of Yb:YAG crystal with low doping level. The results indicate that Yb:YAG crystals with high doping level are potential candidates used for compact, efficient thin chip lasers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Breast cancer, the predominant malignancy afflicting women, continues to pose formidable challenges despite advancements in therapeutic interventions. This study elucidates the potential of phototherapy, comprising both photothermal and photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT), as a novel and promising modality. To achieve this goal, we devised liposomes coated with macrophage cell membranes including macrophage-associated membrane proteins, which have demonstrated promise in biomimetic delivery systems for targeting tumors while preserving their inherent tumor-homing capabilities. This integrated biomimetic delivery system comprised IR780, NONOate, and perfluorocarbon. This strategic encapsulation aims to achieve a synergistic combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) therapy. Under near-infrared laser irradiation at 808 nm, IR780 demonstrates its ability to prolifically generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion (O2•−), singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radical (·OH). Simultaneously, NONOate releases nitric oxide (NO) gas upon the same laser irradiation, thereby engaging with IR780-induced ROS to facilitate the formation of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO−), ultimately inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells. Additionally, the perfluorocarbon component of our delivery system exhibits a notable affinity for oxygen and demonstrates efficient oxygen-carrying capabilities. Our results demonstrate that IR780-NO-PFH-Lip@M significantly enhances breast cancer cell toxicity, reducing proliferation and in vivo tumor growth through simultaneous heat, ROS, and RNS production. This study contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on innovative strategies for advancing cancer therapeutics. • A biomimetic drug delivery system, designated as IR780-NO-PFH-Lip@M was developed. • Enhanced tumor cell affinity and cellular uptake efficiency were achieved. • Superior therapeutic efficacy by combining cytotoxic from ROS and ONOO- was shown. • Excellent biocompatibility and a reduced side effect profile were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sintering process is the main process that affects the performance of ternary cathode materials. Due to the closed, continuous, and long-term characteristics of the sintering process carried out in a roller kiln, the reaction state including reaction degree, particle size, and etc., of the raw materials cannot be directly obtained through sampling detection, resulting in ineffective temperature control. This article mainly focuses on modeling the dehydration reaction stage of the sintering process to obtain the reaction state of the raw materials. Firstly, a two-sphere model is established based on Newton's second law and the particle volume conservation equation to describe the relationship between the particle radius and sintering temperature of lithium hydroxide and ternary precursor; Secondly, the chemical kinetic parameters of the dehydration reaction in the two-sphere model are obtained by combining the single heating rate scanning method with the multiple heating rate scanning method; Then, in order to improve the accuracy of the two-sphere model and reduce the impact of external environmental temperature changes, a physics-informed neural network model is constructed by combining the two-sphere model with the neural ordinary differential equation model. Finally, the effectiveness of the modeling method is verified through numerical simulation and empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents prediction of the high velocity, oblique impact response and quasi-static residual tensile strength of thin [45/90/−45/0] 2s carbon/epoxy laminates using finite element (FE) models. A High-Fidelity Finite Element Method (Hi-FEM) with an automated unit cell meshing technique was employed. The predicted impact damage, characterised by the extent of fibre failure and delamination area, was validated against results from gas-gun tests for a range of impact velocities. The numerical results captured the trend of increasing impact damage with impact energy as observed from the tests. Changes in projectile orientation before impact were shown to increase the extent of fibre failure at high impact energies, up by 38% in edge impact cases. The residual tensile strength of the impacted laminates was then investigated, where the numerical results for edge-impacted laminates agreed with the test data within 8%. On the other hand, the residual strength modelling results of centre-impacted laminates were found to be unconservative, mainly due to the extent of fibre failure predicted during impact. Machined notches were also studied for their residual tensile strength in comparison to impact induced damage. The predicted strength of edge-notched laminates was found to be in close agreement with the experimental results for edge-impacted laminates, differing by an average of 9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A virtual finite element framework is presented to provide the transition from a high fidelity model to a more computationally efficient continuum model for simulating fibre-dominated damage behavior in composite laminates subjected to tensile loadings. The high fidelity method in LS-DYNA is based on the use of cohesive interface elements to simulate both intra-laminar matrix cracks and delamination. Applied to IM7/8552 carbon fibre reinforced plastic laminates in over-height compact tension (OCT) tests, this modeling strategy is used to determine the effective damage parameters for the nonlocal continuum damage model, CODAM2, implemented as MAT219 in LS-DYNA. The prediction of CODAM2 is thoroughly assessed against quantitative and qualitative results obtained from the high fidelity model. Furthermore, the characterized CODAM2 model is applied to simulations of large-scale OCT, open–hole tension (OHT) and center-notched tension (CNT) specimens and results are compared to corresponding experimental data. Due to its nonlocal feature to track the crack trajectory without the need to align the mesh with fibre orientation, the continuum damage model CODAM2 is able to accurately predict the structural response in all large-scale OCT, OHT and CNT test cases with significant computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects such as out-of-plane wrinkles are known to strongly affect in-plane strength but there has been very little research on their effect on out-of-plane properties. Experimental and numerical studies of multi-directional curved-beam laminates were thus carried out to understand the effects of out-of-plane wrinkles on through-thickness tensile strength. The initially selected layup saw free-edge delamination interacting with transverse cracking, which is undesirable. After suppressing the free-edge delamination by dispersing the plies near the specimen surfaces, through-thickness tensile failure was observed near the mid-plane. The effects of out-of-plane wrinkles could be studied with this appropriate layup, showing a 16% reduction in strength. A High-fidelity Finite Element Method (Hi-FEM) has been used to distinguish between the different failure modes and to understand the effects of wrinkles. Good agreement was achieved between the numerical and experimental results in terms of through-thickness tensile strengths and delamination locations. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, a Yb3+ doped Lu3ScAl4O12 single crystal has been grown by the Czochralski method. The cell parameters were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The absorption spectrum, emission spectrum and fluorescence lifetime of Yb:Lu3ScAl4O12 crystal were measured at room temperature. The absorption bandwidth, emission bandwidth, absorption cross-section, emission cross-section and fluorescence lifetime have been estimated as 25nm, 12.6nm, 0.54×10−20 cm2, 1.47×10−20 cm2 and 1.43ms. The spectral properties of Yb:Lu3ScAl4O12 crystal were compared with those of Yb:Lu3Al5O12 (Yb:LuAG) crystal. The results indicate that Yb:Lu3ScAl4O12 crystal should be a potential candidate used for generating short pulses in mode-locking operation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The creation of high-performance polylactic acid (PLA) materials combining excellent mechanical robustness and flame-retardant performances are essential to meet demanding performances requirements for their practical applications in industry. Despite encouraging advances, current strategies by introducing toughening agents and flame retardants usually show compromised mechanical strength/ductility because of the irrational interphase reaction design of multi-component polymer blends. To date it remains challenging to robust and flame-retardant PLA via controlling interphase reactions. We, herein, report the rational design of mechanically robust and flame-retardant PLA by in situ manipulating interphase reactions between PLA, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), a biobased and inexpensive toughening agent, and ammonia polyphosphate (APP), an effective eco-friendly flame retardant. We show that in addition to a high tensile strength of 42.0 MPa, as-designed PLA/ESO/APP ternary blend exhibits a high extensibility of 165% and a fracture toughness as high as 46 MJ/m3, which are respectively 21 and 14 folds of that of the bulk PLA. Meanwhile, a desired V-0 rating and a high limited oxygen index of 30.2% are achieved. Such outstanding performance portfolios are enabled by the rational manipulation of interphase reactions, leading to the in situ formation of favorable phase structures. This work offers an innovative methodology for facilely and massively creating high-performance multi-component polymer blends by tailoring interphase reactions, and contributes to expanding the extensive applications of PLA. Image 1 • Advanced PLA/ESO/APP ternary blends have been rationally designed via manipulating interphase reactions. • As-designed PLA/ESO/APP blend exhibits a large extensibility of 165% and a fracture toughness as high as 46 MJ/m3. • The PLA/ESO/APP ternary blend retains a high tensile strength of 42.0 MPa. • The PLA/ESO/APP blend can pass a V-0 rating in addition to showing a high LOI of 30.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The friction and thermal conductivity are two vital factors affecting braking components in manned aircraft. It is imperative to find a rational design basis for high-performance lightweight polymeric materials with excellent toughness, coefficient of friction, and thermal conductivity. In light of the outstanding mechanical strength, stiffness, and good dimensional stability of polyamide 6 (PA6), herein, we have demonstrated the fabrication of high-performance PA6 composites by adding one-dimensional SiC whiskers (SCWS) as both a reinforcement agent and anti-abrasion agent. The results show that addition of 2 wt% SiC whiskers (SCWS) increases the tensile strength of PA6 by 37.6% (reaching 58.2 MPa). Meanwhile, the elongation at break is over five times (around 280%) of that of the PA6 matrix, which means that the fracture toughness is increased around seven-fold. Moreover, the addition of 30 wt% SCWS reduces the coefficient of friction from 0.31 for the PA6 to 0.15, indicating improved anti-abrasion performance. Such significant improvements in both mechanical and anti-wear properties are primarily due to the high stiffness of SCWS and the strong interfacial interactions with the PA6 matrix. This work provides a facile approach to the design of mechanically robust, wear-resistant polymer composites which hold significant promise for producing advanced gears and bearing parts in aerospace and automobile applications. • High-performance PA6 composites by adding various loading levels of SiC whiskers (SCWS) were prepared. • The addition of 2wt% SCWS increases the tensile strength of PA6 by 37.6%. • Adding 2wt% of SCWS increases the elongation at break of PA6 over 5 times and the fracture toughness by around 7 times. • The addition of 30 wt% SCWS reduces the friction coefficient from 0.31 for the PA6 to 0.15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite components are required to be resilient against Foreign Object Damage (FOD) induced by localised high velocity impact events. Here an experimental investigation into high velocity oblique impacts and residual tensile strength of thin quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy laminates is reported. Oblique (45°) impacts between 100 m/s and 350 m/s were carried out using 3 mm steel cubes on the edge and the centre of the laminates, mounted as a cantilever beam. Impact induced damage was characterised using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and the residual strength of impacted laminates was determined through quasi-static tensile tests. The residual strength shows a strong dependence on the impact damage size, characterised in terms of fibre fracture width and delamination area. Machined notches were then investigated and compared to impacted laminates in terms of residual strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R (k 1 , ... , k r) denote the classical r -color Ramsey number for integers k i ≥ 2. The Diagonal Conjecture (DC) for classical Ramsey numbers poses that if k 1 , ... , k r are integers no smaller than 3 and k r − 1 ≤ k r , then R (k 1 , ... , k r − 2 , k r − 1 − 1 , k r + 1) ≤ R (k 1 , ... , k r). We obtain some implications of this conjecture, present evidence for its validity, and discuss related problems. Let R r (k) stand for the r -color Ramsey number R (k , ... , k). It is known that lim r → ∞ R r (3) 1 ∕ r exists, either finite or infinite, the latter conjectured by Erdős. This limit is related to the Shannon capacity of complements of K 3 -free graphs. We prove that if DC holds, and lim r → ∞ R r (3) 1 ∕ r is finite, then lim r → ∞ R r (k) 1 ∕ r is finite for every integer k ≥ 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Incorporated inter-building effects and energy consumption correlations. • Integrated building network and long short-term memory algorithm. • Five building groups on two campuses was used for validation. • The proposed model can forecast accurate energy dynamics at district-scale. With the development of data-driven techniques, district-scale building energy prediction has attracted increasing attention in recent years for revealing energy use patterns and reduction potentials. However, data acquisition in large building groups is difficult and adjacent buildings also interact with each other. To reduce data cost and incorporate the inter-building impact with the data-driven building energy model, this study proposes a deep learning predictive approach that fuses the building network model with a long short-term memory learning model for district-scale building energy modeling. The building network was constructed based on correlations between the energy use intensity of buildings, which can significantly reduce the computational complexity of the deep learning models for energy dynamic prediction. Five typical building groups with energy use data from 2015 to 2018 on two institutional campuses were selected to perform the validation experiment with TensorFlow. Based on the prediction error assessments, the results suggest that for total building energy use intensity prediction, the proposed model can achieve a mean absolute percentage error of 6.66% and a root mean square error of 0.36 kWh/m2, compared to 12.05% and 0.63 kWh/m2 of the conventional artificial neural network model and to 11.06% and 0.89 kWh/m2 for the support vector regression model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectral properties of lightly doped Er:CaF 2 and Er,Pr:CaF 2 single crystals were investigated. Benefited from particular clustering effect, 2.79 μm continuous-wave (CW) laser operation was demonstrated in lightly doped 3 at.% Er:CaF 2 crystal. After co-doping small amount of Pr 3+ , the lifetime gap between Er 3+ : 4 I 11/2 and Er 3+ : 4 I 13/2 was shortened from 7.86 ms to about 1 ms. Moreover, the near-infrared and up-conversion fluorescence were significantly quenched. Thus, the CW laser performance was greatly improved. The slope efficiency was effectively improved from 8.0% to 15.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite excellent ductility and dimension stability, the relatively low mechanical strength and stiffness of PA612 extremely restrict its engineering applications. We herein have demonstrated the fabrication of high-performance PA612 composites combining superior mechanical and abrasion resistance properties by choosing two dimensional alumina platelets with a relatively low aspect ratio (∼35). Infrared spectra show that Al 2 O 3 forms strong hydrogen-bond interactions with PA612. Tensile results demonstrate that adding 30 wt% of Al 2 O 3 platelets increases the tensile strength and elastic modulus of PA612 by 55% (∼73 MPa) and 128% (∼3.38 GPa), respectively. In addition, the specific wear rate is reduced by about 61%. Such remarkable improvements in mechanical and abrasion resistance properties are mainly due to the high strength and stiffness of alumina platelets and the strong interfacial interactions with the PA612 matrix. This work offers one new methodology for creating advanced polymer composites by choosing suitable building blocks and by regulating the interfacial interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 at.% Tm, xat.% Dy:Y 2 O 3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1) transparent ceramics were fabricated via vacuum sintering. The microstructural properties of the prepared ceramics were determined using XRD and SEM. The absorption cross-section of 2 at.% Tm, 1 at.% Dy:Y 2 O 3 ceramic was 0.53 × 10−20 cm2 with the FWHM of 43.59 nm. The increased cross-section originates from a large overlapping range appearing in the absorption spectrum of the Dy3+:6H 15/2 → 6F 5/2 and Tm3+:3H 6 →6H 4 transitions. The J-O intensity parameters Ω 2 , Ω 4 and Ω 6 and the fluorescence characteristics of the pivotal luminescent level of the Dy3+ ions were investigated. Under 793 nm excitation, the emission cross section of the Tm,Dy:Y 2 O 3 ceramic at 3094 nm was 3.63 × 10−21 cm2 with the FWHM of 355 nm. The fluorescence lifetimes of Dy3+:6H 13/2 level of 2 at.% Tm, xat.% Dy:Y 2 O 3 (x = 0.1, 0.5 and 1) ceramics were fitted to be 357 μs, 282 μs and 149 μs, respectively. In order to explore the quenching mechanism of Tm3+:3F 4 level, the fluorescence lifetimes of Tm3+:3F 4 of the 2 at.% Tm, xat.% Dy:Y 2 O 3 ceramics (x = 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1) were measured to be 4.878 ms, 462 μs, 104 μs and 61 μs, respectively. The possible energy transfer mechanisms between Tm3+ and Dy3+ ions are discussed. The results show that adding Tm3+ ions to Dy:Y 2 O 3 ceramics can effectively enhance the 2.9 μm MIR through energy transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An analytical parameters estimation results by the MLE method for the Wiener process with random effects is obtained. • The comparative study between different MLE methods is implemented. • An unbiased parameters estimation method is proposed and applied to other types of Wiener process-based degradation models. • An empirical unbiased parameters estimation results when the degradation data is measured at different times is developed. • Mis-specification issue about whether considering the random effects is analyzed in theory. Accurate parameters estimation is one of the most crucial components in remaining useful life (RUL) prediction. This paper proposes an unbiased parameters estimation method and analyzes the impact of model mis-specification of Wiener process-based degradation model with random effects. First, we obtain an analytical expression of parameters estimation for the linear Wiener process. Then, by analyzing the natures of parameters estimation, an unbiased parameters estimation method is proposed and applied to other types of Wiener process-based degradation models. This unbiased estimation method is very similar to the sample variance of normal distribution. Since the sample size of degradation data is typically small, hence the proposed unbiased estimation method is suggested. After that, we present an empirical unbiased parameters estimation method with a closed-form solution when the degradation data is measured at different times. The proposed unbiased estimation method could increase computational speed and avoid falling into local minimum. In addition, based on parameters estimation results, the mis-specification issue about whether the random effects should be considered in the degradation modeling is analyzed in theory. Finally, several numerical examples and case studies are used for experimental verification. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed unbiased parameters estimation method is superior to other parameters estimation methods and the random effects are suggested to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing porous and flexible electrodes with excellent electrochemical properties is crucial to fabricate high-performance flexible supercapacitors. Conductive polymer-based electrospun fibers are expected to be an ideal material for constructing flexible electrodes due to the enormous specific surface area, unique pore structure and inherent flexibility. However, the exploration of such electrospun fibers with facile preparation methods and high areal capacitance remains challenging. Herein, a novel polyetherimide@polyaniline core-shell fibrous membranes (PEI@PANI CFMs) is fabricated via simply coaxial electrospinning and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) secondary doping. With the aid of polyetherimide, highly concentrated emeraldine base polyaniline (EB-PANI) can be perfectly wrapped on the surface of fibers without any spinning assistants, ensuring the well-developed pore structures, superior hydrophilicity, good electrical conductivity and outstanding mechanical flexibility. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of structure and constituents, such flexible PEI@PANI CFMs as electrode materials can provide more accessible electrochemical active sites and decrease the ion diffusion resistance. Therefore, the PEI@PANI CFMs present outstanding areal capacitance of 1159.9 mF cm−2 and remarkable energy density of 46.91 μW h cm−2 in the electrodes and symmetric supercapacitors, demonstrating great potential for applications in flexible energy storage field. This fabrication strategy provides a simple and practicable way to manufacture polyaniline-based fibrous membranes for high-performance flexible electrode materials. [Display omitted] • PEI@PANI CFMs were firstly developed by coaxial electrospinning with high density PANI solution. • Continuous PANI shell without spinning assistants enabled high redox activity after AMPS doping. • PEI@PANI CFMs showed unique 3D network pore structure, superior hydrophilicity and flexibility. • PEI@PANI CFMs as electrode exhibited 1159.9 mF cm−2 area specific capacitance at 1 mA cm−2. • The symmetric device delivered remarkable energy density of 46.91 μW h cm−2 at 0.23 mW cm−2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nanorod spinel MnFe2O4 was synthesized by seed–hydrothermal route (combine hydrothermal method with seed growth method). XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX and VSM were used to investigate the characters of the MnFe2O4. The obtained ferrite exhibited a uniform nanorod shape with 25–40nm in diameter and 300–400nm in length. The formation of the nanorod ferrite was explained as the inducement of seed, and the temperature of synthesizing 1-D ferrite by this method was lower than that without seed. All elements distributed equably along the rod axis. The crystal structure of obtained MnFe2O4 was high symmetry and partial of spinel inversion. In addition, the as-prepared ferrite showed a high saturation magnetization (M s =72.45emug−1) at room temperature and had a high photocatalytic activity (67.18%) to Methylene blue (MB). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The rod-shaped La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) nanorods are prepared by a simple solid-state route, in which KMnO4 and MnCl2 are used as raw materials to prepare the precursor of MnO2 fibres. The diameter of as-obtained LSMO rods is about 50nm and their length longer than 10μm. We found that there is a close relation between morphology and the conditions of synthesis for LSMO preparing by MnO2 fibres as seeds. The process of the rods growth is observed by calcining the samples at different temperatures and periods of time. In the rods growth process, many small aggregates formed containing large numbers of rods in a low temperature (lower than 950°C). These aggregates then broke up to form a large number of individual LSMO rods (950°C, 5h). Finally, the rods changed into cubic particles with prolonging treatment time to more than 5h at 950°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel energy- and time-saving solution combustion method has been developed to prepare Eu:Y2O3 nano-crystalline phosphor. This novel method employs anhydrous ethanol as solvent and fuel. The prepared nano-crystals after heat-treatment own narrow size distribution, well dispersibility and sinterability, confirmed by XRD, TEM and FTIR. The emission spectra of nano-Eu:Y2O3 samples show clear nano-size related phenomena. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Dongting Lake has experienced land covers changes due to extreme hydrologic events. • We use qualitative and quantitative methods for change detection in Dongting Lake. • A new change detection method Bi-SRUNet++ is proposed for change detection. • This method has the great potential to improve the accuracy of wetland change detection. • The obtained information is important for wetland management and sustainable development. The utility of semantic change detection in myriad change scenarios has garnered considerable attention in contemporary research; however, its applicability in monitoring alterations in wetland ecosystems remains incompletely elucidated. To surmount the constraints associated with binary change detection methodologies—chiefly their insufficiency in the extraction of bi-temporal attributes—we introduced the Bi-Temporal Semantic Reasoning UNet++ (Bi-SRUNet++) algorithm. This algorithm leverages the architectural strengths of UNet++ as its foundational network to precisely delineate features pertinent to multi-class change detection. As a preliminary step, the study focused on the Dongting Lake wetland in China and conducted an analysis of feature trends predicated upon the monthly Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), as derived from Landsat 8 data spanning 2021–2022. Subsequently, the optimal temporal phases for change detection were ascertained through differential analyses between NDWI and NDVI metrics. Implementing the Bi-SRUNet++ algorithm on a pair of Sentinel-2 images, captured during the optimal phases, yielded augmented change information. Comparative evaluations reveal that the Bi-SRUNet++ algorithm, conceptualized on the framework of Bi-Temporal Semantic Reasoning Network (Bi-SRNet), surpasses the performance indices of its counterpart Semantic Segmentation and Change Detection Late Fusion (SSCD-l). Furthermore, the incorporation of the UNet++ backbone network amplifies the algorithm's capacity for semantic feature extraction, thereby enhancing the efficacy of Bi-SRUNet++ in wetland change detection. The analysis divulges that the total altered area of Dongting Lake during the 2021–2022 period amounts to 1187.97 km2, comprising a water loss of 1186.16 km2, a 715.34 km2 transformation into vegetation, and a conversion of 469.96 km2 into mudflats. The codes and partial dataset in this paper are available at: https://github.com/vivianmiumiu/Bi-SRUNetplusplus-for-SCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), as one of the most widely used engineering plastics, suffers from the problem of serious flammability and low mechanical strength. To address such an intractable challenge, herein, we report the design of a graphene-based multifunctional additive (Sb-Mo/Br-rGO) via the bromination followed by precipitating antimony molybdenum. The surface functionalization enables Sb-Mo/Br-rGO to homogeneously disperse within the ABS matrix through facile melt-blending. The incorporation of 5 wt% Sb-Mo/Br-rGO leads to a 31% increase in tensile strength and 73% increase in elastic modulus relative to the ABS bulk. In addition to significant enhancement in thermal stability, the inclusion of 5 wt% Sb-Mo/Br-rGO significantly delays the time to ignition of ABS by 12 s, and noticeably reduces the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 45% and 54%, respectively. Such improved performance portfolio is primarily because the mechanical reinforcing and thermal barrier effect of graphene nanosheets, the flame retardant effect of bromine/antimony, and the smoke suppression action of antimony molybdenum. This work provides an innovative methodology for the design of multifunctional additives to create high-performance polymeric materials with high strength and low flammability, thus contributing to improving the quality of life. Image 1 • A novel multifunctional graphene-based flame retardant, Sb-Mo/Br-rGO, has been fabricated. • The addition of 5 wt% of SbMo-BrG increases tensile strength of ABS from 52.2 to 68.4 MPa. • The addition of Sb-Mo/Br-rGO significantly extends the time to ignition of ABS. • The addition of 5 wt% Sb-Mo/Br-rGO respectively reduces the PHRR and total smoke production by 45% and 54%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]