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• A choice experiment was used to assess the preferences and willingness to pay for tangible and intangible industrial heritage. • The case study is the Baosteel steel factory, an industrial brownfield in Shanghai planned to be transformed into an arts and entertainment hub. • The results show that individuals tend to support selective rather than extensive preservation of physical attributes of the industrial sites. • Findings show there exist a demand for preserving and transmitting the intangible heritage of industrial culture along with adaptive reuse of the industrial sites. Industrial heritage has in recent years become an important component in land use and urban development policies. Yet, assessing the economic value associated with the preservation and reuse of industrial complexes remains an open question. In this paper, we apply a discrete choice experiment (DCE) method to assess the economic valuation of the Baosteel steel factory, an industrial brownfield in Shanghai planned to be transformed into an arts and entertainment hub. By eliciting the preferences of locals for the preservation and reuse of distinct attributes of the site, our findings suggest that the preservation of significant landmarks and the intangible component of the industrial site are the two most relevant attributes worth protection. Moreover, we add evidence on the relationship between respondents' economic preferences and their attitude toward the cultural value conveyed by industrial heritage by showing how distinct groups of respondents express different preferences for single attributes of the industrial heritage. The paper contributes to the heritage valuation literature by illustrating the implications and challenges of assessing the demand for industrial heritage rehabilitation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Potential recovery of toilet paper in wastewater was studied and optimized by rotating belt filtration. • Cellulosic material recovery was predicted and linked with conventional operative parameters of waste water treatment plants. • Recovered fibres characterization were carried out in terms of chemical and physical proprieties. • Possible application in binder-based materials was studied. • Simplified economic assessment for application of recovered cellulose in mortars was proposed. The recovery of cellulose in toilet paper from municipal wastewater is one of the most innovative actions in the circular economy context. In fact, fibres could address possible new uses in the building sector as reinforcing components in binder-based materials. In this paper, rotating belt filters were tested to enhance the recovery of sludge rich in cellulose fibres for possible valorisation in construction applications. Recovered cellulosic material reached value up to 26.6 gm−3 with maximum solids removal of 74%. Content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was found averagely equal to 87% of the total composition. Predictive equation of cellulosic material was further obtained. The addition of recovered cellulose fibres in mortars bring benefits in terms of lightness, microstructure and moisture buffering value (0.17 g/m2%UR). Concerning mechanical properties, flexural strength was improved with the addition of 20% of recovered cellulose fibres. In addition, a simplified economic assessment was reported for two possible pre-mixed blends with 5% and 20% of recovered fibres content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes an innovative power-sharing model, i.e., a power-system architecture for aggregation of users able to share the power produced by common generators and energy services. The model is suitable for both multi-tenant buildings and groups of multiple buildings and it is applicable for both existing and new buildings. It is scalable for larger systems and suitable for an easier integration with storage systems. The novel principle of the model is that the energy produced by common generators can be shared among the end-users in a unidirectional way, so that each user remains passive towards the distributor, except a single active user that assumes the role of balance node. This key feature allows for easily implementing the model in all the residential and tertiary multi-units buildings in full compliance with national regulations, with the adoption of power sharing contracts as well. This paper discusses the feasibility of the model through a dynamic Matlab/Simulink model, which is used to show its effectiveness in several case studies. The significance of this work consists of approaching the energy sharing in buildings with a completely new strategy, based on an innovative system architecture that can be effectively implemented. • Innovative democratic power-sharing model for building and energy communities. • It allows for aggregation of users. • It allows to share the power produced by common generators. • Each user remains passive towards the distributor. • The model can be implemented in all multi-units buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst adaptive reuse is often applied with good outcomes, we are also faced with projects that have not achieved the desired results. There is little insight into why some projects succeed and others fail, or even what constitutes "success" at all – due in part to the intangibility of the word "success" and unsettled definitions and synonyms of "adaptive reuse. Accordingly, this paper seeks to answer the question: What are the factors that can be used to assess the success of heritage adaptive reuse projects? This study is framed as a systematic literature review of relevant articles published or in press. The methodology is based on using a PRISMA diagram to address a number of papers that are screened in each step of the diagram: identification, screening, eligibility and included. The literature review process started with 731 in the first step and ends with the final results of 72 papers. The results are classified into ten categories of success factors: architectural, structural, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, energy, authenticity, legal, management and functional factors. Together, these provide a comprehensive understanding of factors that affect the success of adaptive reuse as a strategy to regenerate heritage buildings. This insight facilitates adaptive reuse strategies for designers, architects and real estate developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tetra Pak-waste fibers as a novel material for enhancing gypsum properties. • Superior to standard gypsum in terms of mechanical and thermal performances. • Packaging waste for reuse in building insulation can contribute to sustainability goals. Using packaging waste to insulate buildings as a "zero waste" approach enhances environmental sustainability and cost savings. This study explores the utilization of long fibers extracted from Tetra Pak waste as reinforcement in gypsum-paper mortars, representing the inaugural investigation into this method. Mechanical and thermal conductivity measurements were performed to assess the effectiveness of the novel gypsum composites. Compared to conventional gypsum, the results exhibit a remarkable 34% increase in flexural strength, accompanied by a substantial decrease in both density (20%) and thermal conductivity (17%). This notable achievement is attributed to the incorporation of Tetra Pak fibers into the novel material composition. Such an innovative approach not only promises the creation of lightweight and insulating gypsum but also serves to enhance mechanical properties, thereby underscoring its sustainability benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relational interactions between the professional stakeholders in the redevelopment of three historic former asylums in northern England. Each stakeholder in the redevelopment process has their own expertise, goals, opinions, and views of everyone else in the process. This relational perspective provides a counterpoint to the often atheoretical and non-critical examination of these issues. The article explores the perceptions that the stakeholders hold of themselves, each other and how this helps shape the process of historic building reuse. The empirical findings in this paper are based on semi- structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the redevelopment of three historic former asylum buildings in the north of England. It asks how the perceptions of stakeholders; of themselves, others and the process, affect the redevelopment outcome of three sites. Healey's (1992) conceptual framework of the redevelopment process is adapted to understand this situation – understanding the interaction between owners (where identifiable), planners (including planning consultants), conservation officers and heritage practitioners. Original findings demonstrated discord between the perceptions the stakeholders held for each other and the actual actions those stakeholders took. In addition, findings also indicate that they viewed themselves as objective experts - yet the findings show that the stakeholders brought their personal experiences and bias into the discussion of historic former asylums, particularly in relation to the history of the buildings. These findings are significant for academia and practice/ policy as it paints a more nuanced picture of stakeholders involved in the process of redevelopment, challenging prevailing opinions and explores the usually assumed homogenous groups of developers (Coiacetto, 2001) and property owners, something which is lacking in the literature currently. • Discord exists between the perceptions professional stakeholders held for each other and the actual actions those stakeholders took. • Professionals viewed themselves as objective experts yet they brought their personal experiences and biases into the discussions of reuse. • It is assumed that professional groups all work in the same way as each other and yet this is not true; this creates misunderstandings and miscommunications between stakeholder groups. • A conflicted view of former historic asylum sites was painted by the professional stakeholders as to whether a stigma persisted or not. • Professionals should be aware that they bring their experiences and opinions into their work. • Challenges prevailing perceptions that stakeholder groups by painting a more nuanced picture, particularly of under-researched groups of developers and property owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel augmented space robust adaptive filter by reusing the errors for online applications. First, a batched augmented space constrained model (ASCM) is constructed to combat non-Gaussian noise. In ASCM, the errors are reused by k nearest neighbors (k -NN) estimation. Then, an augmented space recursive least-constrained-squares algorithm integrating with distance-based k -NN method (ARLCS- d k) is developed within the framework of ASCM for adaptive filtering. Finally, to curb the size of ever-growing error network, a sliding window ARLCS- d k (SW-ARLCS- d k) is proposed to reduce the computational burden. Theoretical analyses of excess mean square error (EMSE) and testing mean square error (TMSE) are carried out for performance evaluation. Examples on time-series prediction of simulated and real-world data are used to illustrate the advantages of proposed algorithms on robustness and prediction accuracy. • A batched augmented space constrained model (ASCM) with k nearest neighbors (k -NN) method is constructed to combat impulsive noise. • An online augmented recursive least-constrained-squares algorithm using distance-based k -NN method (ARLCS- dk) is developed for adaptive filtering. • A sliding window is designed for ARLCS- dk to reduce its computational complexity. • Theoretical results of mean square error are illustrated the effectiveness of ARLCS- dk in prediction of time-series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies indicate that floating structures developed through the last decades concluding that it's the most sustainable solution against sea level rise (SLR), preferring it to land reclamation approaches regarding sustainability, lifespan, and cost-effectiveness, that Egyptian researches seem to disregard. This paper guides architects and urban planners when designing floating structures by introducing new approach of floating community model and architectural design guidelines for floating structures for tackling SLR impacts on Abu-Qir. To illustrate such approach, this paper initially conducts analysis on Abu-Qir and coastal management solutions practiced as their properties provide the required knowledge for selecting the best mitigation solution for such area. Second, it conducts exploratory analysis to investigate floating structures as a more sustainable and long-term solution. Third, applying conclusions from previous sections of site analysis, mitigation solutions, and floating structures to define a floating community concept model for Abu-Qir. Findings support key arguments that traditional mitigation methods aren't sustainable or long-term solutions. Analysis demonstrate Abu-Qir Bay as the most vulnerable area to SLR. Although floating structures have demonstrated not to be the optimum solution in every case regarding cost-effectiveness and/or site suitability, however upon site analysis, it presents itself as the ideal solution for Abu-Qir bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of selecting new uses for heritage buildings needs to consider a number of crucial criteria in order to determine and select the optimum option. The inappropriate selected use of a heritage building can lead to lose its value. This paper aims to introduce an appropriate evaluation tool to support the efficiency in selecting the optimum solution. The integrated multi criteria decision-making tools are used to support decision making in such cases (problems involving multiple criteria). Several MCDM tools have been developed for choosing the optimal probable options. Each tool has its own characteristics in finding the best alternatives. The Analytic Hierarchy Process, (AHP) that was developed by Professor Thomas Saaty in the late 1970s, was the most suitable tool for this study. The software selected and used in this work was Microsoft Excel. Aziza Fahmy Palace was selected as the case study in this paper. There are four suggested alternatives; which are: hotel, museum, office building and mixed uses. Using the application of AHP, the result showed that the best use is mixed uses with the highest value, which is 0.30 (30%), followed in sequential order by museum, office building and hotel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper analyses the conversion of traditional buildings into modern structures. • It examines the implications on understandings of gentrification and redevelopment. • A convoluted and conflicting roles of planning agencies and traditional authority. • Land values have appreciated due to increase economic activities. • It theorises 'land values' gap to understand gentrification and redevelopment. This paper examines gentrification and redevelopment in the context of an ongoing phenomenon of changing traditional residential land uses into modern multi-purpose commercial and mixed uses in the Central Business District (CBD) of Kumasi, Ghana. The paper explores the implications of such changes towards understandings of gentrification and redevelopment of Kumasi. Using physical surveys, institutional interviews, and in-depth interviews with property owners, the paper reveals a gradual disappearance of traditional buildings in Kumasi central. This process of land use conversion is characterised by increasing land values, and mixed commercial and residential uses in the CBD. Given the considerable influence of land values in determining land use changes, the paper proposes a 'land value' gap as a theory for understanding the dynamics of gentrification and redevelopment in Kumasi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the urban complex system, historic buildings can no longer focus on the original use, proposing a new reuse approach is inevitable to adapt the needs of urban development, which involves the tangible and intangible factors like spatial environment, economic policy and numerous interest groups. The paper aims to establish an evaluation method and propose the adaptive reuse strategies for historic buildings based on complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Firstly, a CAS framework of historic buildings is constructed based on the analysis based on CAS theory, which guided the evaluation factor selection by using the literature review and mutli-agent discussion. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to construct the adaptability evaluation index, and evaluation rules are determined using comprehensive evaluation method. Then, the structural equation model (SEM) is used to reveal the adaptability mechanism, thus proposing the suitable reuse strategies by adaptability category classification. Finally, 32 historic buildings are taking as evaluation samples to calculate the adaptability evaluation results. The results obtain revealed that 62.5% of the historic buildings have moderate or poor adaptability, which are mainly affected by the impacts of consciousness and the activities of multiple agents. The 32 historic buildings are divided into three categories at a proportion of 9:11:12 to propose adaptive reuse strategies. The establishment of the adaptability evaluation system can find out the main problems of historic building reuse, and provide a scientific decision-making basis for multiple agents to improve the adaptability of historic buildings in a complex urban context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7, which calls for universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable clean energy for everyone, is expected to influence near-future trends in many countries across the European Union. Retrofitting buildings is an important milestone in the evolutionary development of energy-efficient residential buildings, yet a significant proportion of the south-eastern European social-housing stock is obsolete in this area; in addition to effective retrofitting strategies for these buildings, the occupants thereof, who represent different socio-demographic backgrounds, also require in-depth study. Even though this subject has been widely investigated, new approaches that consider connections between technology and the behavioural responses of residents are needed to continuously update retrofitting design strategies and energy-efficiency solutions. This paper aims to fill a research gap in the area of developing an evidence-based framework for energy-policy decision-making mechanisms related to the integration of the Energy Performance Building Directives at the level of conceptual and nationwide implementation schemes. In general, properties in this particular sector account for approximately 38% of the total housing stock and demonstrate some of the worst housing standards in Europe. The objective of this study is to focus on the interaction of such attitudes and the underlying determinant factors thereof with socio-cultural and contextual factors. A socio-technical-systems (STS) approach is used as a theoretical framework to integrate household socio-demographic characteristics related to energy use, the thermal-conductivity level of buildings and environmental factors; and to address the question of how different contexts influence motivation to develop energy-efficiency strategies. Drawing on the STS, this study investigates domestic energy use and measures thereof in post war social housing stock in the south-eastern Mediterranean, where the climate is subtropical (Csa) and partly-semi-arid (Bsh); these designations are according to the Köppen climate classification system; to improve the energy efficiency of archetype residential tower blocks (RTBs) that are embedded and interpreted in the socio-cultural local context of Cyprus. Feed-forward interviews of 100 flats revealed a moderate negative correlation (r = −0,329, p 〈0,01) between household income and tenancy status, and there was a moderate positive relationship (r = 0,252, p < 0,05) between household income and length of residency; this indicates that household income is a determinant factor related to energy use. Of the surveyed flats, 73% were owner-occupiers whose ages ranged between 55 and 65 and 65-years-of-age and older; these age bands were in the high-income group, and the energy consumption of these households was higher than the national average, all of which demonstrates an association between the age and level-of-income factors. A moderate negative correlation (r = −0,229, p < 0,05) was found between the occupants' ages and their complaints related to thermal discomfort, which suggests that built-environment factors and household socio-demographic characteristics should be evaluated before any type of building retrofitting is developed. The study findings were implemented to develop policy design that considers the UN Sustainable Development Goals related to energy-and-recovery plans; implications on domestic energy use in the south-eastern Mediterranean climate are expected to influence future trends in EU countries. The flow diagram demonstrates the novelty of the socio-technical-systems conceptual framework developed for this study. [Display omitted] • Socio-technical associations between energy use and occupants' thermal comfort were examined. • Social households in vivo experiences on energy use were explored. • A moderate correlation (r = -0,329, p < 0,01) was found between income and type of tenancy. • A moderate correlation (r = 0,252, p < 0,05) was found between income and length of residency. • A moderate correlation (r = -0,229, p < 0,05) was found between the occupants' age and thermal discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having acknowledged the value and importance of heritage, it is not always possible however, to preserve heritage buildings without some form of adaptive reuse. This paper will examine the values attached to heritage buildings, the importance of and the challenges associated with various forms of adaptive reuse. It will argue that adaptive reuse can add value to such buildings and places. This paper will focus on three case studies to illustrate the importance of adaptive reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restructuring of the economy has led to the relocation of industries from certain areas and in some cases even complete extinguishing of certain activities. This phenomenon has left behind a large number of abandoned sites and buildings. Today, these buildings represent a significant percentage of the architectural heritage, which has been largely neglected and which could be used for the formation of new residential areas in the already defined urban fabric. Conversion of these buildings trough the adaptive reuse into residential ones could solve the problem both of obsolete and housing shortage market. The papers points out the significance of this process and analyzes the possibility to reuse industrial facilities into residential dwellings. In addition the paper discusses in which case such transformation would be legit, through the consideration of a large number of architectural criteria necessary for the success of adaptive reuse to host the housing function. Advantages and limitations of industrial facilities as well as potential problems that can occur are analyzed within this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mainstreaming nature-based solutions is hampered by low evidence on their efficacy, longevity, scalability, and co-benefits. • As the first nature-based solutions, hedgerows offer perspective for communities of interest, influence and practice. • Analysis of historical nature-based solutions shows that co-benefits arise with longevity, makeup, structure, and utility. • The mainstreaming of nature-based solutions is hampered by a lack of evidence on their efficacy, efficiency, longevity and co-benefits. The arrival of the phrase nature-based solutions into the lexicon of academics, planners, managers and policy makers in recent years has sparked a heated debate as to the effectiveness of using nature as a viable solution for mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic environmental change. One of the difficulties of evaluating the potential efficacy and impact of nature-based solutions is that it is believed that there is little evidence by way of a precedent or long-term successful examples. Much literature exists on the subject of designing with nature to provide multi-functional green infrastructure, connectivity in the landscape, and ecosystem service provision. Indeed, in the opinion of many, the nature-based solution approach appears to synergise research into green infrastructure, ecological connectivity and ecosystem service provision for building climate-related resilience. However, when a nature-based solution has been specifically selected over, say, an engineered solution the literature is rather less clear. So, decision-makers may find it necessary to rely on less reliable sources of impact evidence. This paper argues that field boundary hedgerows may be considered to be exemplars of a nature-based solution, one that was planned, designed, perfected and mainstreamed at a landscape scale, that was specifically selected over a non-nature-based solution, and one that is still in providing solutions and co-benefits today. Therefore, hedgerows may provide some perspective into the potential or emergent co-benefits that the current nature-based solution approach seeks to provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data fusion based energy efficiency systems in buildings. • Taxonomy of existing data fusion strategies. • Comparison of data fusion based energy efficiency frameworks. • Fusion of 2D descriptors for appliance identification. Recently, tremendous interest has been devoted to develop data fusion strategies for energy efficiency in buildings, where various kinds of information can be processed. However, applying the appropriate data fusion strategy to design an efficient energy efficiency system is not straightforward; it requires a priori knowledge of existing fusion strategies, their applications and their properties. To this regard, seeking to provide the energy research community with a better understanding of data fusion strategies in building energy saving systems, their principles, advantages, and potential applications, this paper proposes an extensive survey of existing data fusion mechanisms deployed to reduce excessive consumption and promote sustainability. We investigate their conceptualizations, advantages, challenges and drawbacks, as well as performing a taxonomy of existing data fusion strategies and other contributing factors. Following, a comprehensive comparison of the state-of-the-art data fusion based energy efficiency frameworks is conducted using various parameters, including data fusion level, data fusion techniques, behavioral change influencer, behavioral change incentive, recorded data, platform architecture, IoT technology and application scenario. Moreover, a novel method for electrical appliance identification is proposed based on the fusion of 2D local texture descriptors, where 1D power signals are transformed into 2D space and treated as images. The empirical evaluation, conducted on three real datasets, shows promising performance, in which up to 99.68% accuracy and 99.52% F1 score have been attained. In addition, various open research challenges and future orientations to improve data fusion based energy efficiency ecosystems are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seismic damage scenarios for mixed masonry-RC buildings presented in 3DGIS map. • Damage scenarios to contribute to the mitigation policies. • Vulnerability assessment of mixed masonry-RC buildings. • Definition of fragility curves through nonlinear static analyses for old buildings. The structural capacity of buildings to guarantee acceptable safety levels during and after earthquakes has significant influence on community and urban resilience. The paper presents the implementation in the Geographic Information System (GIS) of the data related to the expected seismic damage scenarios for some existing residential mixed masonry-reinforced concrete buildings located in Lisbon area. At city scale, such kind of representation can effectively support the seismic risk management including the design of mitigation policies. In fact, the spatial representation of results provides clear and global overview of the area under analysis, understandable not only to scientist and engineers, but also to the city councils and population. Damage scenario are defined on basis on fragility curves computed analytically through a nonlinear static approach by focusing the attention only to the in-plane global response and considering also the aggregate effect. The application to Lisbon city shows that the expected level of the damage consequent to the code action is high for the structural typology under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reuse of historical buildings can be seen as a complex decision problem because of the presence of different objectives to be pursued, the public/private nature of the goods under investigation, the existence of several values (historical, artistic, cultural, economic, etc.), the presence of different actors (public government representatives, architects, architectural historians, developers and owners). In decision problems related to the reuse of historical assets conflicts can arise and the availability of analytical frameworks able to support the process is getting more and more important. It has been generally agreed that Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can offer a formal methodology to deal with such decision problems, taking into account the available technical information and stakeholders’ values. This paper considers the problem of sustainability assessment in cultural heritage projects using the Multi-Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) approach, which is a particular kind of MCDA technique. Starting from a real case concerning the reuse of historical buildings in the metropolitan area of Torino (Italy), the paper aims at exploring the contribution of MAVT for decision problems in the field of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impacts of C&DW during the building's life cycle (BLC) are analyzed. • The model quantifies from construction budgets for each stage of BLC. • Work breakdown systems allow to quantify this impacts within construction projects. • The impacts of CDW are connected through budgets of the different stages of the BLC. • Embodied water, CO2 emissions and energy quantify the impacts of C&DW during the BLC. The paper evaluates for the first time the embodied impact in CDW during the buildings life cycle by means of the bill of quantities of construction projects. The main objective is to be able to predict the future CDW to be generated by a project in the design stage, by means of the bill of quantities of the urbanization, construction, renovation, rehabilitation and demolition projects. The tools already in place for cost control can be used as an instrument for the introduction of sustainability considerations in construction projects. The methodology proposes a connection between the different stages of a building's life cycle, more precisely its budget. The latter is linked to other future budgets for building renovations or retrofitting projects. The result shows that urbanization and demolition generate 90% of CDW, the former is caused by earthworks and the latter is due to the elimination of all building materials. The building is removed 1.3 times, in terms of material weight, energy and water. Finally, traditional models for economic control and waste management in construction projects can be the vector which introduce environmental assessment through the building life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Building adaptive reuse plays a critical role in emissions reduction and supports global climate protection. Thus, the designing of future buildings with embedded adaptive reuse potential is a useful criterion for sustainability. This paper describes the development of a new rating tool known as adaptSTAR, which offers holistic and unified design criteria suitable for assessing the adaptive reuse potential of future buildings. The findings show that criteria can be identified and weighted according to physical, economic, functional, technological, social, legal and political categories to calculate an adaptive reuse star rating. In addition, this paper reports on the first stage of the research methodology used in the initial development of the rating tool and concludes with some preliminary observations from 12 selected successful case studies in New South Wales (NSW) and Melbourne, Australia. The use of adaptSTAR in designing future buildings will lead and help promote low carbon built environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Prefabrication is one strategy considered to provide improved environmental performance for building construction. However, there is an absence of detailed scientific research or case studies dealing with the potential environmental benefits of prefabrication, particularly the embodied energy savings resulting from waste reduction and the improved efficiency of material usage. This paper aims to quantify the embodied energy of modular prefabricated steel and timber multi-residential buildings in order to determine whether this form of construction provides improved environmental performance over conventional concrete construction methods. Furthermore this paper assesses the potential benefits of reusability of materials, reducing the space required for landfill and need for additional resource requirements. An eight-storey, 3943m2 multi-residential building was investigated. It was found that a steel-structured prefabricated system resulted in reduced material consumption of up to 78% by mass compared to conventional concrete construction. However, the prefabricated steel building resulted in a significant increase (∼50%) in embodied energy compared to the concrete building. It was shown that there was significant potential for the reuse of materials in the prefabricated steel building, representing up to an 81% saving in embodied energy and 51% materials saving by mass. This form of construction has the potential to contribute significantly towards improved environmental sustainability in the construction industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A fundamental challenge within the field of renovation is handling enormous complexity at two levels. Firstly, complexity at the level of an individual building project must be handled that consists of thousands of building elements that are amenable to renovation, and how each renovation action impacts a range of competing key performance indicators (KPIs), which are unique for every project. Secondly, complexity must be handled at the AECO-community level of knowledge about what renovation actions are available today. The aims of this paper are first to present an innovative approach for addressing these challenges through developing a Renovation Domain Model for expressing and capturing key concepts for renovation scenarios; and second to propose an innovative renovation design support framework that provides design teams with broad coverage of the design space in conjunction with limited, careful use of precise simulations for KPI evaluation. The system is empirically evaluated on a large residential building case study in Denmark. • A Renovation Domain Model: a formal (logic-based) domain-specific language is developed. • A Rapid Constraint-based Renovation Design Support Framework is presented. • It helps the design team to identify and present meaningful renovation decisions. • The system provides a careful use of precise simulations for KPI evaluation. • It is empirically evaluated on a large residential building case study in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hybrid and process-based LCA generated opposite results. • Hybrid LCA resulted in larger environmental benefits from reuse. • Steel frame must be reused twice in order to produce lower impacts than wood frame. • Benefits from reuse depended on reuse rates larger than 70%. • Large transportation distances undermined the environmental gains of multiple reuses. The construction industry consumes 40% of the global materials and produces one of the largest waste streams in the planet. In a circular economy, the reuse of building components in multiple life cycles aims at increasing resource efficiency and eliminating waste. But can reuse offset the environmental impacts of materials with high embodied energy (e.g. steel)? If so, in what conditions? In the study presented in this paper, the authors used two different life cycle assessment (LCA) methods to compare a single-use wood-framed wall against a reusable steel-framed wall in a tiny house in the U.S. The analyzed impact categories were global warming potential, embodied energy, and water use. One of the main goals of this study was to understand the benefits of reusing a material with high embodied energy when compared to a single-use alternative. Another equally important objective was to understand how different LCA methods can influence the results in a cradle-to-cradle (C2C) LCA. As results, reuse benefits depended on aggressive reuse rates (>70%) and multiple reuses of steel were needed to offset the embodied environmental impacts during steel production. Also, the analyses showed that process-based LCA and hybrid LCA can generate conflicting results in a C2C LCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A major fraction of building materials is transformed into waste at the end of a building's life cycle. For sustainability reasons, it is of importance to maintain or recycle urban stocks, and in consequence to minimise the use of primary resources, wherefore a Material Passport (MP) represents an important support-tool. A MP acts as a design optimisation tool, as well as an inventory of all materials embedded in a building and displays the recycling potential and environmental impact of buildings. In this paper, the proof of concept for a MP is demonstrated on a use case, which is a residential building, whereby a variant in timber and a variant in concrete construction are evaluated. Results show that the recycling potential of the concrete variant is better; however, concrete leads to more waste, due to its significantly higher mass in comparison with timber. The comparison of the environmental impact of the variants shows, that the variant in timber has a significantly lower impact to the environment, than the variant in concrete. Results also show that the MP-methodology has large potentials for improving the recyclability of new buildings as well as for making assumptions for upcoming materials through displaying embedded materials of existing buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Architectural design has always been a collaborative process that involves participatory practice. It requires experienced individuals working together; this includes architects, engineers and clients to achieve a singular goal. Therefore, there has been increased interest in achieving a collaborative design studio and developing architecture students' skills. Architecture students need to interact, communicate and debate in design studios with their peers and their instructors. Moreover, they need to co-operate to achieve the same goal in a manner to be prepared to the highly collaborative nature of the architectural practice they will enter (Crosbie, 1995; Daniels, 2002) [9,10]. This leads to raising the question of "How can collaborative techniques be addressed in the design studio to enhance the skills of the students and prepare them to profession challenges?" The purpose of this paper is to discover how collaborative design studio can be improved to enhance each participant's contribution in the design process. The study was conducted as a ten days workshop that includes ninety-two students from the third year from the Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt. The researcher used quantitative analysis in forms of questionnaires along the workshop and used tools like "time and task schedule" and "peer assessment" to assess their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic analysis of compatibility amongst building ontologies is undertaken. • Brick Schema, Project Haystack, RealEstateCore, and Digital Buildings are considered. • Diverse ontologies are evaluated by both the OQuaRE framework and an empirical study. • Ontology design patterns for smart building data interoperability are proposed. Ontologies play a critical role in data exchange, information integration, and knowledge sharing across diverse smart building applications. Yet, semantic differences between the prevailing building ontologies hamper their purpose of bringing data interoperability and restrict the ability to reuse building ontologies in real-world applications. In this paper, we propose and adopt a framework to conduct a systematic comparison and evaluation of four popular building ontologies (Brick Schema, RealEstateCore, Project Haystack, and Digital Buildings) from both axiomatic design and assertions in a use case, namely the Terminological Box (TBox) evaluation and the Assertion Box (ABox) evaluation. In the TBox evaluation, we use the SQuaRE-based Ontology Quality Evaluation (OQuaRE) framework and concede that Project Haystack and Brick Schema are more compact with respect to the ontology axiomatic design. In the ABox evaluation, we apply an empirical study with sample building data that suggests Brick Schema and RealEstateCore have greater completeness and expressiveness in capturing the main concepts and relations within the building domain. The results indicate that there is no universal building ontology for integrating Linked Building Data (LBD). We also discuss ontology compatibility and investigate building ontology design patterns (ODPs) to support ontology matching, alignment, and harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SHM of slender masonry elements: towers, minarets, chimneys and columns. • NDT of slender masonry elements: towers, minarets, chimneys and columns. • Experimental techniques on masonry towers, minarets, chimneys and columns. • OMA, AVT, numerical modeling and signal processing on slender masonry elements. • State of the art of dynamic identification of slender masonry elements. The scientific community is hardly working to propose reliable methodologies of analysis and non-invasive technologies of investigation to assess the current state of conservation of historic buildings to verify their ability to resist future threats. These structures, mostly made of masonry, are difficult to assess due to the heterogeneity of materials and their mechanical behavior, but it is vital to preserve this invaluable cultural heritage by suitable structural assessment techniques. A great deal of research attention has been paid to monitoring their structural health; in many recent publications new advanced technological methods have been provided such as cheaper sensors, wireless connections, non-contact surveys and continuous monitoring. A bibliometric study has shown that more than half of the papers on Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Nondestructive Testing (NDT) on masonry have been published between 2018 and 2020, and 30% of those published in 2020 were on 'slender' elements like towers, chimneys or minarets. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of static and dynamic studies published on SHM and NDT of slender masonry structures summarizing and discussing the different experimental techniques used. With respect to the dynamic testing, Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) by accelerometers is the mostly frequent used technique by scholars, but other promising methods such as radar interferometry are also reported. This overall discussion is concluded with a short review of some examples on numerical structural health assessment and signal processing tools. An inclusive list of papers is provided describing the most important slender masonry structures characteristics, natural frequencies, experimental and numerical techniques employed and reference values. This paper, set on a practical perspective, is expected to be of interest to those researchers and practitioners who require an extensive and up-to-date review of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature obsolescence of existing buildings is a significant challenge for sustainable regeneration in cities internationally. Adaptive reuse is one approach to address obsolescence in cities globally. High vacancy can be a crucial predictor of obsolescence, but vacancy is poorly understood and can be 'hidden'. This paper presents a novel quantitative method, called Vacancy Visual Analytics Method (VVAM), to identify vacancy in city populations. VVAM permits detailed visualisation of the location and quantity of vacancy, including Greyspace, a form of hitherto undetectable vacancy. To test VVAM, this paper reports its application to a population of office buildings (n =118) in Adelaide, an Australian city reporting high office building vacancy. VVAM revealed the vacancy distribution did not lend itself to whole building adaptive reuse, despite the universal advocacy for greater adaptive reuse globally. This finding implies whole building adaptive reuse may not be appropriate to address vacancy in all cities. This study recommends policy formation should involve a thorough examination of vacancy across building populations to ensure policy efficacy. VVAM presents a useful tool to critically understand vacancy and inform policy to address urban vacancy, including cities affected by COVID-19 office building vacancy. • Vacancy data is useful for evaluating urban regeneration. • Whole building adaptive reuse not always found to be a good fit for urban vacancy. • a novel, replicable method quantifying vacancy in building stocks • visualises greyspace, a hidden phenomenon affecting urban vitality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for green retrofitting is a recent development due to its integrated solutions for evaluating and monitoring the environmental sustainability performance of existing buildings. It can be implemented throughout different stages of building life cycle using centralized digital models. However, the actual applications of such technology are still scarce and require further study and verification. In this paper, a systematic review of the recent development of BIM was conducted on two related areas: (a) existing buildings' sustainability performance and (b) green retrofitting. The review highlights that little work has been conducted on these two areas concurrently which is mainly at the exploration stage. The results further reveal common BIM sustainability tools, performance parameters and design parameters in the recent research on the green retrofitting of existing buildings. Furthermore, a research framework has been developed to fill the research gaps and future needs in the implementation of BIM for green retrofitting, including data acquisition techniques, integrated process, unified platform, data interoperability and management, level of automation, design alteration as well as auto data feedback. This paper provides new insights into both theoretical developments and practical or technical aspects of BIM in fostering a complete green retrofit ecosystem. • A systematic review on BIM for existing building sustainability and green retrofit. • Little work has been conducted on these two areas concurrently. • A research framework is developed to fill the research gaps and future needs. • Data acquisition, integrated process and automated feedback as main challenges. • BIM workflow development and technical aspects are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Employment growth and decline unevenly distributed across geographies. • Emerging countries with employment decline, EU countries with employment growth. • A decline in apparel production; growth in recycling and reuse as well as retail. • Unevenly distributed benefits and disadvantages question the justice of transitions. There is no evidence-based discussion on the intended and unintended global social impacts, such as changes in employment, of the European Union's (EU) transition towards the Circular Economy (CE). Consequently, its ethical implications are nebulous. Therefore, this paper assesses CE-induced global employment shifts using the example of the apparel value chains of apparel imported to the EU from the top five exporting countries: China, Bangladesh, India, Turkey and Cambodia. The discussion of the results is based on the ethical framework for global transformative change that applies justice considerations on sustainability transitions. This paper is the first sector-specific quantitative study on the employment effects of the EU transition on a global scale, including ethical dimensions of those effects, as far as we are aware. Overall, this paper contributes to the broader discussion of CE-induced social effects of sustainability transitions. Its results indicate that employment could significantly decrease in low- to upper-middle-income countries outside the EU, in particular in labour-intense apparel production. Employment could increase in less-labour intense downstream reuse and recycling activities in the EU and second-hand retail in- and outside the EU. From an ethical perspective, the benefits and disadvantages of the circular transition seem to be unevenly distributed, with the main adverse effects to be carried by non-EU stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies demonstrated how urban sustainability assessment systems can support the decision-making process to enhance the sustainability performance of an existing urban area. Nevertheless, although these systems were conceived to evaluate environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability, the economic dimension is still underrepresented, particularly in terms of alternative project solutions' economic feasibility. Therefore, this paper used a neighborhood redevelopment project in Lisbon (Portugal) to propose the economic evaluation of alternative sustainable solutions from single buildings to fully integrated community strategies. For this purpose, it estimated and compared the net present value, the internal rate of return, and the payback time of three alternative renovation strategies: creation of green space areas for urban agriculture; installation of photovoltaic systems; and installation of water harvesting systems. The results showed that community strategies can maximize the economic benefits over time by taking advantage of scale economies and synergies between buildings. In addition, the paper highlighted the possible economic benefits of combining alternative renovation strategies. Finally, it discussed policy and regulatory considerations, providing recommendations for future versions of urban sustainability assessment systems. • The paper compared sustainable building renovation strategies versus community ones. • It focused on three alternative solutions: green spaces; photovoltaic, and water harvesting systems. • Community strategies potentiated economies of scale and synergies between buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sustainability standards promise better labor and environmental conditions, changes in actual practice occur inconsistently. Existing literature has explained this mainly through focusing on structures and mechanisms that originate from outside producers' organizations. This paper instead examines the intraorganizational process by which rules turn into practices on the ground. It offers an inside-out approach that draws on data from an eight-month participant observation study of certified agricultural commodity producers in Brazil. The key finding of this paper is that rules get turned into practices through discovering and cultivating a practice ecosystem in which certified producers in the Global South learn to implement new practices through a self-guided, two-step discovery process. First, they must discover how to build and integrate the elements of a practice; second, they must discover how to support the internalization of this practice. Further, adjacent practices—those alongside the ones that need to be integrated—are pivotal in determing whether producers succeed in building new practices. This paper contributes to the literature on sustainable commodity governance and to organizational theories of practice adaptation. It shows that sustainable commodity governance depends not only on external structures and mechanisms, but also, equally importantly, on the internal organizational mechanisms for new practices to take hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole building life cycle assessment (WBLCA) has received significant attention from the research community in the past few years. The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) has made it an option for receiving points in version 4 of its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. Yet, the research described in this paper has revealed that the process of WBLCA as applied to LEED is not very well understood by building professionals. As many building professionals do not understand WBLCA, very few pursue it for their new building projects. The objective of the research described in this paper was to examine and clarify issues related to WBLCA as it applies to LEED. The paper presents a six-step process for conducting a WBLCA and use the process on a building case study for which a LEED compliant WBLCA was conducted and approved. The paper also suggests improvements to the current LEED WBLCA requirements that have the potential to further reduce the embodied energy and environmental impacts of materials used in new building projects. The ultimate goal of the research presented in the paper is to increase the building industry awareness of the WBLCA process and make it "business as usual". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the challenging issue of illegal building in Italy with a view to clearing up the picture on this subject matter. This phenomenon is scarcely treated from an analytical/scientific point of view, especially in international literature. However, it is very present in the social and journalistic debate. Our research highlights the objective lack of data needed to gauge this offence, which is less endemic than is believed. Furthermore, it proves that existing data are insufficient to produce results, which often range between reality and prejudice, depicting some areas of the country in an extremely negative way. The first part of this paper describes the extreme complexity in acquiring "real" data and the total nation-wide lack of technical-administrative structures and methods capable of producing acceptably reliable information. In the second part, an emblematic case study is presented and its history traced back. We show that the multiform phenomena associated with illegal building create an enormous and rhetorical stratification of actions that ultimately do not lead to any appreciable result. This underscores the powerlessness of the administrative, regulatory and technical apparatus towards this particular infringement of territorial law. • This paper deals with the challenging issue of illegal building in Italy with a view to clearing up the picture on this subject matter; • Our research highlights the objective lack of data needed to gauge this offence, which is less endemic than is believed; • The paper describes the extreme complexity in acquiring "real" data and the total nation-wide lack of technical-administrative structures and methods capable of producing acceptably reliable information; • The paper shows that the multiform phenomena associated with illegal building create an enormous and rhetorical stratification of actions that ultimately do not lead to any appreciable result. • All of this shows that Italy is still at "year zero" in its approach to the effective detection of illegal building; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents in detail the legislation and regulation related to the use and ownership of building complexes with multiple units (apartments, condominiums) in Saudi Arabia for the 3D registration of the legal spaces. The 3D Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)country profile for Saudi Arabia must be able to represent the identified concepts for multi-owner buildings. Today, there is a trend to directly design these buildings in 3D. Within the spatial development lifecycle thinking, this design will be reused via Building Information Modelling (BIM)/ Industry Foundation Class (IFC) encodings in the subsequent phases, such as, obtaining permits, financing, constructing, etc. However, in order to support the next step, the cadastral registration, we present, at this paper, a mapping from the BIM/IFC to the LADM, both at conceptual modelling and at the level of the individual units with their geometry and topology. This mapping requires that the BIM/IFC file contains sufficient information to identify the different spaces being part of a property. Three different main type of spaces are identified: private part, common part, and exclusive common part. A single property may contain multiple disconnected components, such as the main apartment, the storage in the basement, and a car park. In turn, a component, such as the main apartment, may contain multiple connected spaces, i.e. the various rooms of the main apartment. In addition to mapping the concepts at class level from IFC to LADM, we also extract rules for treating the spaces of various types of walls, slabs, roofs, and constructive elements, such as foundation and pillars. The presented approach is tested with a real-world example IFC file, identifying the issues to be improved, i.e. guidelines for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector to produce IFC file which can be more easy used as input for 3D Land Administration with minimal manual interventions. This research bridges the gap between the project-oriented world of the AEC sector (with BIM/IFC files) and the legal registration as described through the ISO 19152. Though many of the presented findings are based on the legislation and case study in Saudi Arabia, we have the rather strong impression, that these findings will not be very different in other countries. • Analyzing the regulation related to the use and ownership of building complexes with multiple units in Saudi Arabia. • Extending the representation of building units subdivision procedures from 2D to 3D for more accurate description of the spaces and better registration. • Mapping the 3D representation of building unit's subdivision procedures from a case study in Saudi Arabia to the LADM concept. • Developing and updating the LADM-based country profile for Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive reuse of buildings can be an attractive alternative to new construction in terms of sustainability and a circular economy. Achieving net benefits with adaptive reuse partly relies on efficiently planning building disassembly. The aim of this paper is to describe a new efficient single-target selective disassembly sequence planning method developed for adaptive reuse of buildings. Finding a global optimum disassembly planning solution for buildings can be time consuming and physically impractical due to the high number of possible solutions. The method developed seeks to minimize environmental impact and removal costs using rule-based recursive analyses for planning recovery of target components from multi-instance building subsystems based upon physical, environmental and economic constraints. Rule-based recursive methods have been demonstrated to be an efficient alternative to find near-optimal disassembly sequences by eliminating uncommon or unrealistic solutions. Validation is achieved through functional demonstration with case studies, where high quality, practical, realistic, and physically feasible solutions for single-target selective disassembly of buildings are found by using the new method. For adaptive reuse of buildings, the new method can be used to reduce the costs of disassembly and demolition and improve the planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• South Africa's four major city centres have experienced tumultuous changes over the last 25 years. • Their recent recovery is fragile, partial and dwarfed by new investment in outlying centres. • Pioneering developers have converted redundant buildings into decent affordable rental housing. • Public sector policies and practices have been disjointed and uneven in their effectiveness. Central cities are vibrant and productive places because of the dense concentration of people, firms and supporting facilities. Yet their dynamism can be undermined by congestion, social tensions and poor urban management. South Africa's four major city centres experienced tumultuous changes during the transition from apartheid and the exodus of many property owners, investors and occupiers to the suburbs. Buildings decayed, infrastructure collapsed, public health and safety deteriorated, and governance was disrupted by unauthorised activities. Despite the general neglect, signs of recovery have emerged and gathered momentum in recent years. The revival is fragile, partial and patchy in most cases, and dwarfed by scale of new investment in outlying economic nodes. The paper uses a resilience framework to examine how enterprising organisations have spurred regeneration by identifying opportunities for the adaptive reuse of redundant buildings and public spaces for affordable housing and social amenities. It also compares the extent, character and causes of the rebound across the four cities, demonstrating elements of continuity (bounce-back resilience) and transformation (bounce-forward resilience) in each case. Cape Town is characterised more by continuity and Johannesburg more by decline and transformation, with Pretoria and Durban in between. City centre recovery is attributed to a combination of pioneering private and public sector actions, albeit disjointed and uneven in their effectiveness. The paper concludes that central cities are relatively open incubators of economic and social progress, but also cauldrons of competing interests which create many dilemmas for decision-makers to negotiate, and which require coordinated attention and determination to realise their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper incorporates environmental psychology insights into a well-being framework related to the built environment to predict the relations between green buildings and their residents in terms of pro-environmental behavior and well-being. To test our predictions, we apply a generalized structural equation modelling technique to a household survey dataset collected from the Singapore private housing market. We find that green building residents have a higher assessment of their residential environment. This increases the level of their residential satisfaction, which subsequently enhances their quality of life and reduces their intention to move. We demonstrate that green buildings provide a supportive and educational environment for motivating and educating their residents to behave in a pro-environmental manner. Residents' improved pro-environmental behavior and enhanced well-being are attributed to some, though not all, green features. We find that tangible green features (i.e., greenery, ventilation, indoor environments, and waste facilities) have greater impacts on residents than intangible ones (i.e., energy efficiency and accessibility to public transport). The findings contribute ideas and solutions to the future development of green buildings by taking a social perspective to pursue urban sustainability. This paper also inspires future multi-disciplinary research at the intersection of urban studies, psychology, and behavioral science. • Social contribution of green building to well-being and pro-environmental behavior • Behavioral insights from environmental psychology in green building research • Tangible green features have greater impacts on residents than intangible ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to gain a clearer understanding of Hong Kong's state-led urban renewal, its justification and value effects, with a concentrate on the redevelopment of occupied dwellings into new residences. This study revisits the establishment of the Urban Renewal Authority (URA) and analyzes key differences in how this agency differs from its predecessor. The theoretical analysis shows that the problem of multi-ownership has played a key role in fostering the pattern of urban renewal in Hong Kong. Given this we propose that the political power of resumption (i.e., taking or eminent domain) critically shapes the URA's low-cost advantage in land assembly and forms the basis that carves a niche for state-led redevelopment. This proposition is tested by estimating externalities of transforming Tong Lau —Hong Kong's unique type of historical strata titled housing—to residences fitting to the modern building structure using difference-in-differences techniques. Findings reveal significant and prolonged effects of urban renewal projects on nearby housing prices. This paper implores researchers and policy-makers to pay attention to residential renewal and questions about why a redevelopment project should be led by the public sector. • This paper investigates the role of government in urban renewal. • The paper concentrates on tong lau —multi-owned buildings in Hong Kong. • Thesis of this paper follows an abductive strategy and is empirically corroborated. • The study generates implications to a broader context beyond the focal case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that Arabic is one of the most widely used languages in the world, the task of Arabic Machine Translation (MT) has recently received a great deal of attention from the research community. Indeed, the amount of research that has been devoted to this task has led to some important achievements and improvements. However, the current state of Arabic MT systems has not reached the quality achieved for some other languages. Thus, much research work is still needed to improve it. This survey paper introduces the Arabic language, its characteristics, and the challenges involved in its translation. It provides the reader with a full summary of the important research studies that have been accomplished with regard to Arabic MT along with the most important tools and resources that are available for building and testing new Arabic MT systems. Furthermore, the survey paper discusses the current state of Arabic MT and provides some insights into possible future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Challenges when allocating environmental impacts of reused building components. • Case study of a commercial building with reused components. • Comparison of design with upstream reuse and design for downstream reuse. • Comparison of six impact allocation methods over three typical life cycles. • Environmental assessment issues when applying circular economy principles in construction. The building industry is responsible for 35 % of all solid waste in Europe and more than a third of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To address this, applying circular economy principles to the building sector is crucial, for example by reusing building elements from demolition sites rather than extracting and producing new materials. However, most current life-cycle assessment (LCA) tools are not appropriate to evaluate the environmental impact of a building when its components originate from prior buildings and/or will be used in future unknown ones. Still, robust measurement is needed to demonstrate the benefits of reuse towards environmentally sustainable cities. This paper compares existing methodologies to quantify the global warming potential (GWP, expressed in kg CO2e /unit) of recycled/recyclable and reused/reusable products, selected within widely recognised standards, rating schemes, and academic studies, such as the cut-off method, the end-of-life method, the distributed allocation (PAS-2050) method, the Environmental Footprint method, the Degressive method and the SIA 2032 method. Based on these recognised approaches for assessing the GWP of products, new equations are written and applied to buildings with reused/reusable materials for each of the methods. The Kopfbau Halle 118 building (Winterthur, CH, 2021), which is designed with reclaimed elements from local demolition sites, is chosen as a case study. Discrepancies in LCA methods are highlighted by applying them to three different life cycles corresponding to the first, intermediate, or final use of building components. This paper shows that current quantification methods to assess reuse give wide-ranging results and do not address the full spectrum of the reuse practice, that their boundaries are too limited, and that a number of critical features are currently hardly quantifiable, such as embedded use value, versatility, storage and transformation impacts, user-owner separation, dis/re-mountability, or design complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear system of take, make, and waste, has led to deleterious environmental impacts and material use; circular economy strategies may offer benefits. Since the building sector is a major consumer of materials and contributes to many environmental impacts, it is a prime sector to be examined for the implementation of circular economy strategies. Understanding where and what materials are available due to renovation and demolition/deconstruction is lacking in the U.S. Thus, implementation of circular economy strategies like reuse in buildings will be incremental at best. Material stock and flow analysis can be used to understand baselines via accumulated materials and the material flow of buildings. In this study, we developed a bottom-up model using aspects of our previously developed urban building energy model to analyze the accumulated and renovation flow of specific materials in commercial buildings. We focused on renovation as this area was identified as a gap in the literature. The photogrammetry and image processing techniques in this paper provided the opportunity of using actual physical attributes of buildings instead of assumptions, which improved the accuracy of the bottom-up model. The results showed that concrete (37%), brick (30%), and minerals (17%) comprised most of the accumulated materials. Also, there was notable differences in the distribution of materials in different components. Brick had the highest mass in exterior walls; whereas, the largest mass-based quantities in roofs and floors were insulation and minerals, respectively. Brick followed by minerals and concrete had the largest share of renovation flow during 2020 and 2030. These outcomes aid policy makers and businesses in decision-making regarding the availability of secondary resources from buildings. • Accumulated materials were estimated at both aggregated and component levels. • Mass-based distribution of materials varied significantly in different components. • Concrete, brick, and minerals had the largest mass in the building stock. • Time of availability of materials due to renovation was estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the need for a shift from a linear to a circular economy in the built environment, this paper develops a semi-automated assistive process for planning building material deconstruction for reuse using sensing and scanning, Scan-to-BIM, and computer vision techniques. These methods are applied and tested in a real-world case study in Geneva, Switzerland, with a focus on reconstruction and recovery analysis for floor beam systems. First, accessible sensing and scanning tools, such as mobile photography and smartphone-based consumer-grade Lidar devices, are used to capture imagery and other data from an active demolition site. Then, photogrammetry and point cloud data analysis are performed to construct a 3D BIM model of relevant areas. The structural relationships between reconstructed BIM elements are evaluated to score the feasibility for recovery of each element. This study illustrates what is feasible and where further development is necessary for automating building material reuse planning at scale to increase the uptake of circular economy practices in the construction sector. • Application of low cost site scanning methods for demolition and recovery site digitization. • Development of a Scan to BIM methodology for beam and column systems. • Applying established Scan to BIM techniques to a new geometric domain. • Graph-based analysis of reconstructed BIM to estimate the recoverability complexity of detected building components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balancing a conflict between cultural heritage and development is an important topic for our society around the world. In many countries, historic buildings are well-preserved for economically viable uses. Lui Seng Chun is a Grade 1 historic building in Hong Kong. It is not only has collective memory for local residents, but also requires particular expertise and care. To encourage cultural tourism and ensure a good adaptive reuse of Lui Seng Chun project, the government has invited non-profit making organizations with charitable status and relevant experience to operate the building through applying the “Revitalizing historic buildings through partnership scheme”. This historic building can be allocated for cultural or commercial uses. Therefore, this paper explores public opinions on governmental measures and the introduction of conservation and revitalization of historic buildings as well as their comments on the reuse plan of the Lui Seng Chun project by conducting a questionnaire survey. Learning from the Lui Seng Chun project, the government should makes effort for protecting our heritage assets and considering public wants, a balance between development and heritage conservation can be achieved as a win-win situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the existing building facilities context, the BIM substantial intervention concerning semantics and as-is information based portrayal for maintenance requirements is very confined. This confinement stresses the challenges associated with the lack and absence of reusing existing building facilities, as is domain knowledge. Within this scope, this paper proposes a novel approach for existing building facilities semantic-enrichment from indoor digital scanning portrayal phase to semantics depiction and management phase for renovation, rehabilitation, or restoration functions. In this paper, we present an ontological system, which relies on integrating the as-is information BIM and semantic web technology. The developed approach improves existing building facilities, as-is information formalization, and management for maintenance purposes. The paper outcome is a semantically integrated knowledge-based framework that can potentially: 1) constitute a semantic database for building facilities components as-is information using BIM; 2) overcome the lack and absence of retrieving and reusing building facilities as-is domain information; and (3) formalize the building facilities as-is knowledge in a computable way. • Integrating the as-is information BIM and semantic web technology to ensure versatile formalization and management of existing building as-is information. • Proposing an ontological system by employing semantic web technology to add semantic-enrichment for indoor building facilities. • Constituting a semantic database for the building facilities components using BIM capabilities and open standards. • Formalizing the as-is knowledge of existing building facilities in a computable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the parameters for a performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions, while discussing its effectiveness towards promoting sustainable and resilient urban areas in New Zealand. A narrative review of extant literature is done to justify the need for the performance-based framework and build a list of relevant parameters that elucidates all or part of a typical decision-making process regarding the selection of historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand. Five main priority aspects with significant evaluation criteria that have been identified from this study are economic sustainability, built-heritage preservation, socio-cultural aspects, building usability, and regulatory aspects. This paper's originality pertains to the development of parameters for a performance-based framework that offers a basis for relevant adaptive reuse stakeholders to prioritise underutilised historical buildings while balancing their diverse objectives. Accordingly, the performance-based framework has been validated to justify the relevance of its applicability to the different outlined parameters, towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand. • This paper identifies the parameters for a performance-based framework to prioritise underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse interventions, while discussing its effectiveness towards promoting sustainable and resilient urban areas in New Zealand. • A narrative review of extant literature is done to justify the need for the performance-based framework and build a list of relevant parameters. • Five main priority aspects with significant evaluation criteria that have been identified from this study are economic sustainability, built-heritage preservation, socio-cultural aspects, building usability, and regulatory aspects. • This paper's originality pertains to the development of parameters for a performance-based framework. • The performance-based framework has been validated to justify the relevance of its applicability to the different outlined parameters, towards prioritising underutilised historical buildings for adaptive reuse in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aged-care centres are one of the common places used by the older Australian population as their residence. While these centres provide many health supports and assistance for the well-being of the residents, there are still many health benefits for this population by walking in the environment outside the centre, because of the positive effect of walking on health and the opportunities it provides for social interaction. However, to choose walking is dependent on several factors, some of which pertain to the availability of and accessibility to the facilities around the care centres. This paper has approached accessibility as a matter of walking distance to the facilities or services, or to the public transport with potential access to them. For this purpose, the paper has analysed the walking distances from residential aged-care centres to services and transport in the six largest Australian cities which host over 50% of the residential capacity of the aged-care centres within the country. The services included cafés, pharmacies, grocery stores, news agents, lottery outlets, and post offices. The study has used the 2017 database of aged-care centres from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, and Google Map API services to locate the services and transport stops around the centres and calculate the walking distances to them. The results indicated that in all cities, most of services were only in a walking distance for healthier residents, while the less mobile residents might have difficulty walking to the services, especially the pharmacies. Nevertheless, majority of centres were within a walking distance to points of public transport. In addition, the study found that the centres' distance to services varied considerably both inside a city and between cities, which implied there might have been no prior planning in the selection of the locations for building or repurposing the centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A combination of qualitative methods is used to identify abandoned urban spaces. • Identifying the level of abandonment within the city helps to facilitate the re-use of those spaces towards a more sustainable urban evolution. • The concept of urban abandonment is unpacked in three subcategories, considering theoretical notions explored within social and anthropological studies. • Detailed qualitative data enabled to gather more empirical quantitative data. This paper explores the application of a combination of urban analysis methods in order to gather data and explore the implications of abandonment in a city. Nowadays, in a period of economic recession, developments based on demolitions and reconstructions, are not always suitable. The direction of this paper includes the idea of existing areas, buildings and their reuse as a main and primary starting point of the built environment sustainability. The research uses Aberdeen, Scotland, as a case study. Within the research, the concept of urban abandonment is explored across three subcategories, which enable the clarification of differences between various urban conditions and features. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that a certain combination of qualitative methods can enable a detailed exploration of the current urban situation. This detailed information enabled to gather more empirical quantitative data based on the consideration raised from the analysis. The work is original in that it seeks to combine theories of abandonment with the spatial assessment of urban environments, and thus holds the potential to carry significance within urban design and planning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban building-stocks are responsible for a significant share of resource and energy use. To quantify the potential for reducing energy and environmental impact, building-stock modelling (BSM) is commonly used. Recently, the focus of BSM has expanded to include environmental impacts and life-cycle assessment (LCA). However, impact categories are often limited to climate change and representative buildings are often used. In addition, the future state of the stock is often calculated as a step-change to highlight the technical potential of an ideal future state. The aim of this paper is to assess the environmental impact of the future development of an urban housing-stock under business-as-usual scenarios using a building-specific GIS based model applied to the multi-family building stock of the City of Gothenburg. This paper uses an explorative LCA to account for environmental impacts based on dynamic uptake of common renovation measures and resulting energy savings until 2050. Two main scenarios are used where the renovation logic is based on either end-of-life of components or cost-effectiveness and further divided using limiting factors regarding investment capacity and annual share of the stock to be renovated. Results show possible energy savings of up to 23% and a corresponding 31% reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions. Greenhouse-gas emissions avoided due to reduced energy demand are offset by up to 65% by accounting for material use due to construction related renovation measures. For scenarios that favour construction related interventions, PV panels are responsible for the major part of the environmental impact across the 15 mid-point indicators used. • Environmental impact of renovation is assessed for an urban housing-stock. • Environmental impact is assessed using 15 impact categories. • Common renovation measures and scenarios following current trends is used. • Reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions of up to 31% due to reduce energy use. • Up to 65% of greenhouse-gas emissions are offset due to material use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction is the most resource intensive sector in the world. It consumes more than half of the total global resources; it is responsible for more than a third of the total global energy use and associated emissions; and generates the greatest and most voluminous waste stream globally. Reuse is considered to be a material and carbon saving practice highly recommended in the construction sector as it can address both waste and carbon emission regulatory targets. This practice offers the possibility to conserve resources through the reclamation of structural components and the carbon embedded in them, as well as opportunities for the development of new business models and the creation of environmental, economic, technical and social value. This paper focuses on the identification and analysis of existing interventions that can promote the reuse of construction components, and outlines the barriers and opportunities arising from this practice as depicted from the global literature. The main conclusions that derive from this study are that the combination of incentives that promote reuse of construction components and recycling of the rest of the construction materials with the provision of specialised education, skills and training would transform the way construction sector currently operates and create opportunities for new business development. Moreover, a typology system developed based on the properties and lifetime of construction components is required in order to provide transparency and guidance in the way construction components are used and reused, in order to make them readily available to designers and contractors. Smart technologies carry the potential to aid the development and uptake of this system by enabling efficient tracking, storage and archiving, while providing information relevant to the environmental and economic savings that can be regained, enabling also better decision-making during construction and deconstruction works. However, further research is required in order to investigate the opportunities and constraints of the use of these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]