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Highlights: [•] We reviewed 28 studies comparing different AAC systems for individuals with developmental disabilities. [•] Comparisons included non-electronic picture systems to speech generating devices, aided AAC to unaided, and AAC to vocal speech. [•] Consistent differences across all variables were not typical, but there were differences across individuals and outcomes. [•] When differences were present, learner characteristics such as motor imitation ability may have played a role. [•] In addition to effectiveness and efficiency, outcomes such as preference or maintenance should be considered based upon intervention goals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Video modeling with other as model (VMO) is a more practical method for implementing video-based modeling techniques, such as video self-modeling, which requires significantly more editing. Despite this, identification of contextual factors such as participant characteristics and targeted outcomes that moderate the effectiveness of VMO has not previously been explored. The purpose of this study was to meta-analytically evaluate the evidence base of VMO with individuals with disabilities to determine if participant characteristics and targeted outcomes moderate the effectiveness of the intervention. Findings indicate that VMO is highly effective for participants with autism spectrum disorder (IRD=.83) and moderately effective for participants with developmental disabilities (IRD=.68). However, differential effects are indicated across levels of moderators for diagnoses and targeted outcomes. Implications for practice and future research are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]