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2. Study on the mid-long term electrification level of China.
- Author
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XianDong, Tan, ZhaoGuang, Hu, BaoGuo, Shan, and MinJie, Xu
- Subjects
ELECTRIFICATION ,ENERGY policy ,MATHEMATICAL models ,ENERGY economics ,ECONOMIC development ,ELECTRICITY ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Abstract: Electrification level is a significant topic in energy and electric power planning. The paper sets up a LEAP model and designs three scenarios of economic growth of China, and simulates China''s electrification level by 2030. The results show that China''s electrification level has a larger increase potential in the mid-long term and rapid change of economic development pattern can help to increase the electrification level. By 2015, energy used for power generation will account for 43.3% of total primary energy consumption, while the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will be about 23.1%; by 2020, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will increase to 44.9%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to final energy consumption will be about 25.6%; by 2030, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will be up to 47.2%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will reach about 28.9%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Energy consumption and GHG emissions of six biofuel pathways by LCA in China
- Author
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Ou, Xunmin, Zhang, Xiliang, Chang, Shiyan, and Guo, Qingfang
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption , *GREENHOUSE gases , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *BIOMASS energy & the environment , *ETHANOL as fuel , *MATHEMATICAL models , *FOSSIL fuels , *BIODIESEL fuels , *FEEDSTOCK - Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents life-cycle-analysis (LCA) energy consumption (EC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of China’s current six biofuel pathways, which are: corn-derived ethanol (CE); cassava-derived ethanol (KE); sweet sorghum-derived ethanol (SE); soybean-derived bio-diesel (SB); jatropha fruit-derived bio-diesel (JB); and used cooking oil (UCO)-derived bio-diesel (UB). The tool utilized here is the WTW (Well-to-Wheels) module of Tsinghua-CA3EM model covering the entire lifecycle including: raw materials cultivation (or feedstock collection); fuel production; transportation and distribution; and application in automobile engines, compared with Conventional Petroleum-based gasoline and diesel Pathways (CPP). The results indicate: (1) the fossil energy inputs are about 1.0–1.5 times the energy contained in the fuel for the CE, SE and SB pathways, but 0.5–0.9 times for the KE, UB and JB pathways; (2) compared with CPP, the JB, KE and UB pathways can reduce both fossil fuel consumption and GHG emissions; the CE and SB pathways can only reduce fossil fuel consumption, but increase GHG emission; the SE pathway increases not only fossil fuel consumption but also GHG emission; and (3) the main factors inducing high EC and GHG emission levels include: high EC levels during the fuel production stage and high fertilizer application rates during the planting of raw feedstocks. Conclusions are that of the aforementioned biofuel pathways in China: (1) only the JB, KE and UB pathways have energy-saving merits as indicated by the LCA energy inputs and outputs; (2) compared with CPP, all but the SE pathway reduces fossil fuel consumption. However, the SB and CE pathway increase GHG emission; (3) all six displace petroleum by utilizing more coal; and (4) feedstock productivity levels must be increased, and there must be a reduction in fertilizer utilization and EC consumption during the cultivation and transportation stages in order to achieve the goals of energy balance and GHG emission reduction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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