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Abstract: This article provides a synthesis of the international evidence with respect to the impact of privatization on the efficiency and performance of airports and seaports. The theoretical frameworks, particularly the arguments for potential efficiency gains from privatization are reviewed first, followed by a discussion and evaluation of the empirical results and conclusions from selected studies of airport and seaport privatization. Then, policy implications of the theoretical frameworks and the international evidence are discussed with special reference to privatization of the transport infrastructure in developing countries. Future research directions are also suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of benchmarking is to settle improvement processes by comparing the activities to quality standards. The proposed methodology is illustrated by benchmark business cases performed inside medical plants on some items like nosocomial diseases or organization of surgery facilities. Moreover, the authors have built a specific graphic tool, enhanced with balance score numbers and mappings, so that the comparison between different anesthesia–reanimation services, which are willing to start an improvement program, is easy and relevant. This ready-made application is even more accurate as far as detailed tariffs of activities are implemented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]