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Following recent viral outbreaks, there has been a significant increase in global demand for gloves. Biomedical research focuses increasingly on antimicrobial gloves to combat microbial transmission and hospital-acquired infections. Most antimicrobial gloves are manufactured using antimicrobial chemicals such as disinfectants, biocides and sanitizers. The design of antimicrobial gloves incorporates advanced technologies, including colloidal particles and nanomaterials, to enhance antimicrobial effectiveness. A category of antimicrobial gloves also explores and integrates natural antimicrobial benefits from animals, plants and micro-organisms. Many types of antimicrobial agents are available; however, it is crucial that the selected agent exhibits a broad spectrum of activity and is not susceptible to promoting resistance. Additionally, future research should focus on the potential effect of antimicrobial gloves on the skin microbiota and irritation during extended wear. Careful integration of the antimicrobial agent is essential to ensure optimal effectiveness without compromising the mechanical properties of the gloves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of IP that goal to host 3.4*1038 unique IP addresses of devices in the network. IPv6 needed a number of protocols such as the Address Auto-configuration scheme and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6), IPv6 is vulnerable to numerous attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), DDoS is one of the most dangerous attacks carried out through ICMPv6 messages that impose security and pecuniary implications. Therefore, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a monitoring system of the security of a network that detects suspicious activities and deals with a massive amount of data comprised of repetitive and inappropriate features which affect the detection rate. A feature selection technique helps to reduce the computation time and complexity by selecting the optimum subset of features. This paper proposes a method for detecting ICMPv6 DDoS attacks using a modified Flower Pollination Algorithm (MFPA). The main purpose of the proposed method, first MFPA is to select the most relevant features from the ICMPv6 dataset to the detect ICMPv6 DDoS attacks. Second, an enhanced detecting DDoS flooding attacks model based on a multi-objective FPA has proposed. The results show that the first proposed method (MFPA) achieved the best accuracy equal to 97.96% with 10 features and the second proposed method Multi-Objective FPA achieved the best accuracy 97.01% with 5 features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic elbow pain can be osseous, soft tissue, cartilaginous, and nerve related in etiology. Imaging plays an important role in differentiating between these causes of chronic elbow pain. This document provides recommendations for imaging of chronic elbow pain in adult patients. The ACR Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer-reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances in which peer-reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the existing metal-oxide gas sensors, cobalt oxide has the flexibility to revise the morphology through Cr-dopant to enhance sensing properties. Sensitive-surface of the chromium-doped cobalt oxide has proven its effective sensing nature to hydrogen sulfide gas. Interestingly, chromium-dopant increases the surface area, leading to particle size reduce and produces the more active sites for gas molecules. Also, the dopant creates impurity phases on the material which extends the sites for more reaction. To confirms these characteristics, the photoluminescence spectra showed intense peak that mimics the faster transport of electron to accelerate the sensing reaction. According to sensing measurement, the doped sensor is showing three-fold increase of response to 10 ppm gas and also, it detects the 2 ppm efficiently. The doped sensor warrants the stable response to gas due to higher reproducibility. Notably, the doped sensor detects the 1 ppm of gas at 120 s and recovery itself around 200 s. The doped sensor imparts response at room-temperature, affirming sensitive-surface. The doped sensor has shown the capable under humidity environment through response. [Display omitted] • The Cr-dopant increases the charge transfer between the material during the reaction. • The dopant increases the actives sites through their secondary phase formation. • The doped Co3O4 sensor shows rich metallic surface of higher conductivity due to the exposure of H 2 S gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-depth research has been conducted in recent years on novel, environmentally acceptable adsorbent materials in response to the growing concern over dye contamination in industrial effluents. Due to exceptional adsorption efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, montmorillonite-based adsorbents have stood out as one of the viable possibilities. The complicated topic of dye removal using adsorbents based on montmorillonite (MMT) is thoroughly examined in this investigation. To provide the groundwork for its numerous applications in dye adsorption, the review begins by presenting a fundamental overview of the structure, characteristics, properties, and modification methods of montmorillonite. The process-affecting variables, such as pH, temperature, starting dye concentration, and contact duration, are all examined in detail, as well as the mechanisms behind the adsorption and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques employed. Emphasizing the connection between scientific innovation and sustainability, their ability to reduce the environmental effects while adhering to regulatory criteria is highlighted. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy storage (TES) is playing a vital role in various applications and this paper intends to provide an overview of different applications involved in various areas. This work mainly focuses on review of TES applications in wide area such as waste heat recovery, Heavy electronic equipment's cooling etc. The comprehensive study shows that thermal energy stored can be used for heating and cooling applications and have a great scope for developing new technology and methods for utilizing it to maximum extent. Exploring various thermal storage materials and methods for different application opening many ways towards the sustainable development and utilization of available thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on the biosorption of Aspergillus terreus dead biomass for the removal of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous solution. For the better removal of AgNPs, pH, temperature, incubation time, initial biomass concentration and agitation speed were optimized and AgNPs treated as well as control biosorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. In our study, the optimum conditions of pH, temperature, incubation time, initial biomass concentration and agitation speed for the maximum removal of AgNPs was found to be 4, 30 °C, 200 min, 1 mg/mL and 125 rpm, respectively. Interestingly, in our study, Langmuir isotherm model was best correlated with the highest regression coefficient (R2) of 0.992 and the maximum biosorption was found to be 740.63 μg/mL. FTIR results showed that carboxyl, carbonyl and secondary amine groups were involved in the biosorption of AgNPs. FESEM images of AgNPs treated biosorbent depicted rough surface and the presence of AgNPs on the surface of biosorbent was clearly observed. EDX spectrum showed Ag peak, which confirmed the successful uptake of AgNPs by A. terreus dead biomass. Thus, our study shows that A. terreus could be used as a cost-effective eco-friendly biosorbent for AgNPs removal from aqueous solution. Therefore, exploiting the same fungus for both synthesis and removal of AgNPs could be a novel approach in the context of mycoremediation practices. [Display omitted] • Biosorption ability of A. terreus dead biomass was investigated for AgNPs removal. • The biosorption conditions were optimized for maximum removal of AgNPs. • Langmuir model showed the maximum biosorption of 740.63 μg/mL. • FTIR and FESEM coupled with EDX studies confirmed the successful uptake of AgNPs. • A. terreus could be used as the cost-effective biosorbent for AgNPs removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique technique was used to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from graphene oxide (GOX) using Ziziphus mauritiana plant leaf extract as both a reducing agent as well stabilizing agent. We examined the green, efficient, and cost-effective method for producing reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles by utilizing selected plant. This study utilized a range of analytical techniques, such as Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Zeta potential measurement, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in order to confirm the successful green production of reduced graphene oxide nanoplatlets. Our work reveals that reduced graphene oxide generally exhibits a layered structure characterized by smooth surfaces, transparency, and wavy patterns. The antibacterial activity was determined by analyzing the values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) with agar diffusion method. The synthesized graphene material showed more effectiveness against E.coli and S.aureus. The increased concentration correspondingly led to an increase in bacterial growth inhibition. The highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) observed was 9 mm for E.coli and 10 mm for S. aureus at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The efficacy of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in combating cancer was evaluated using MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The IC 50 of the synthesized rGO against the chosen cancer cells was found to be 12.3 ± 0.8 μg/ml, which is comparable to the standard drug. The results suggest that rGO has significant potential as an anticancer agent for selected human bacterial pathogen as well human cancer cells. • Ziziphus mauritiana methanol extracts contain secondary metabolites that capable to reduce graphene oxide. • Green synthesis process is a sustainable and cost-effective method for large-scale graphene production. • Study show efficient oxygen removal capacity, comparable to chemical procedures. • Plant leaf extracts serve as capping agents, stabilizing produced graphene nanoparticles. • Graphene nanoplatlets effectively suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptotic activity. • Synthesized rGO demonstrates notable bacteriostatic properties and effectively suppresses MCF-7 cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Danger of vapour lock is a global threat for piston powered aircrafts. • Vapour lock tendency of leaded/unleaded fuels were measured using factor analysis. • Temperature of the gasoline as it approaches the carburettor was experimentally measured and compared with factor scores. • RON 98 (unleaded fuel) gave best comprehensive factor score of 0.126166 and lowest experimental temperature. • Unleaded motor fuels have ability outperform leaded fuels in terms of vapor lock characteristics. The danger of vapour lock, generation of vapor bubbles inside the aircraft fuel system, needs a well-documented understanding to establish safe operating confines at existing fuel temperature and pressures. The aim of the research is specifically to make contributions in the direction of the present scientific studies of UL aviation gasoline initiatives in piston aircrafts, globally specifically aiming on the vapor locking tendencies of aviation fuels, motor fuels and the blends and comparing the results both experimentally and statistically. Chemical and physical properties of the fuels were tested and categorised based on hydrocarbon types and properties. Study considered nine variables for vapor lock. Twenty-three aviation fuels from various literatures were collected, model equations derived, and respective comprehensive factor scores were calculated. The model was applied to the 14 fuels in this study and their respective comprehensive factor scores were calculated and ranked from the best to worst. The temperature of the gasoline as it approaches the carburettor was experimentally derived for comparative analysis with the comprehensive factor scores. Results showed that Kaiser's Measure of Sampling Adequacy (MSA) measure of sampling adequacy value is 0.728. Four common factors and their cumulative variance proportion of rotation sums of squared loadings has reached 95.530%. Based on the loadings of the rotated components, PC1 has strong significant correlation with VL index of value 0.917. Among the aviation rated fuels, for vapor lock tendency UL 82, UL 87, SWIFT UL 102, SWIFT Binary Blend and 100 SF have the highest factor score. Fuels AVGAS 100LL (D910), AVF1, AVF2, AVF4, AVGAS, Leaded 91/98, and UL 94 exhibited very poor vapor lock tendencies. RON 98 exhibited the best VL protection among all the tested fuels in this study with ccomprehensive factor scores of 0.126166 and the best experimental temperature of the gasoline as it approaches the carburettor was also exhibited by RON 98. The findings showed that RON 98 able to outperform the commercial AVGAS in terms of vapor locking characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea cucumbers are benthic marine invertebrates with immense ecological and commercial value. Processed sea cucumbers known as " Beche-de-mer " are a delicacy in southeast Asian countries with an ever-increasing demand depleting wild stocks on a global scale. Aquaculture techniques are well developed for commercially important species (e.g. Holothuria scabra) to aid in conservation and trade. In the Arabian Peninsula and Iran, where the major land mass is surrounded by marginal seas (Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea), studies on sea cucumbers are rather limited and its economic value is underestimated. Historical and current research trends indicate impoverished diversity (82 species) due to environmental extremes. Artisanal fisheries exist for the sea cucumbers of Iran, Oman, and Saudi Arabia, with Yemen and United Arab Emirates (UAE) playing a key role in collection and export to Asian countries. Stock assessment and data on export indicates depletion of natural stocks in Saudi Arabia and Oman. Aquaculture trials of high value species (H. scabra) were successful in Saudi Arabia, Oman and Iran with prospects for further expansion. Research on ecotoxicological properties and bioactive substances conducted in Iran demonstrates an immense research potential. Molecular phylogeny, biology, use in bioremediation, and characterisation of bioactive compounds were identified as potential gaps in research. Expanding aquaculture operations could revive exports and recuperate damaged stocks through sea ranching. Furthermore, regional cooperation, networking, training, and capacity building could help fill the gaps in sea cucumber research, which will aid in its effective conservation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Few studies are available about persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from LMICs. • Anti-nucleocapsid antibodies waned over a 7 month period post SARS-CoV-2 infection. • Anti S1-RBD antibodies were relatively stable. • Neutralizing antibodies were persistent up to seven months post-infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a serious pest of many economically important crops. Since this pest has become resistant to the conventional synthetic insecticides, newer compounds and formulations are being developed against this insect pest. Many natural compounds isolated from the plants were tested against this pest. Among them Hyptis suaveolens and Melochia corchorifolia showed insecticidal properties against H. arnigera. Based on bioefficacy studies, caryophyllene and β-sitosterol were isolated from H. suaveolens and M. corchorifolia respectively. The isolated natural compounds were further developed as formulations in various combinations with neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanj (Pongamia pinnata) oils. The present study indicated that the formulations influenced the karyomorphology of H. armigera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Enhanced Stacking Ensemble (ESE) Model: Novel two-layer framework for early anxiety prediction. • Unique Approach: Combines diverse classifiers, and introduces statistical-based ensemble pruning. • Promising Advancement: The innovative approach holds the potential for precise and timely anxiety level classification. Early anxiety prediction is essential because it facilitates the delivery of timely and appropriate medical services. Despite the recent development of a variety of severity scores and machine-learning algorithms for early anxiety prediction, such prediction is still difficult regarding accuracy and a few other performance indicators. The enhanced stacking ensemble strategy is suggested in this research to forecast and classify the level of anxiety. This framework involves two layers where the first layer experiments with very popular and diverse machine learning classifiers in the literature; the second layer consists of a selective fusion of top-performing base learners who have performed well among the pool of base classifiers. The selective fusion of top learners (ensemble pruning) involved in this framework is purely based on a statistical procedure and the subsequent fusion of decisions is been done using logistic regression as a meta -classifier. This proposal gives a new dimension to handle the concept of ensemble pruning using a statistical approach where effective anxiety level classification is done. To the best of the authors' knowledge, such research has not been reported earlier in the literature. Thus, the proposed statistical approach-based pruned ensemble named Enhanced Stacking Ensemble (ESE) Model lifts the overall ensemble's predictive performance. After analyzing the results, it is noticed that our proposed ESE model performed better than most of the conventional methods (bagging, boosting, and voting) based on an accuracy of 94.11 percent, precision of 97 percent, recall of 91 percent, and F1 score of 94 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects daily use devices to the Internet, such as home appliances, health care equipment, sensors, and industrial devices. Concurrently, numerous cyber-attacks target those objects and their backbone IoT networks consecutively. Therefore, several researchers have adopted Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms to develop efficient Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). However, the restricted resources of IoT devices hinder integrating those systems with those tiny devices. Hence, designing lightweight IDSs gets more interest from researchers to build efficient detection models to discard attacks in IoT networks. To give a holistic insight into this research domain, this paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to review and analyse the recent ML and DL techniques to lighten the IDS models for detecting attacks in IoT devices. In addition, the literature studies were retrieved from six scientific databases Google Scholar, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore®, Scopus, Web of Science, and Springer. From 4,703 identified records, 57 studies were adopted based on predesigned research questions and inclusion/exclusion criteria. The study's findings illustrate the most recently used ML and DL mechanisms and feature engineering techniques to lighten the proposed IDS models. It also shows the most attacks detected, datasets used, tools and network simulators employed, and evaluation metrics and parameters. Furthermore, it suggests the research challenges and future direction after discussing the limitations of the currently proposed techniques. This study shows that most selected studies are journal articles published in IEEE Xplore®. Furthermore, the most used feature engineering techniques are filter-based, as they deliver better performance and lightness than the developed models. Most studies use correlation algorithms as a feature selection technique. Finally, the most discussed attack in the selected studies is the DoS attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms possess therapeutic attributes such as anti-cancer, immunomodulation, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, antiviral, antibacterial, hepatoprotection, and antidiabetic effects. In the family Pleurotaceae , Pleurotus spp. is the second most important commercial mushroom. The most widely cultivated Pleurotus spp. is Pleurotus ostreatus , followed by Pleurotus pulmonarius. Several bioactive compounds of Pleurotus spp., such as carbohydrates, glycoproteins, lipids, or secondary metabolites, could be attributed to its health properties. However, in most studies focusing on the therapeutic effects of Pleurotus spp., traditional extraction methods were used to obtain its extracts. Most conventional extraction methods, such as maceration, hot water extraction, and Soxhlet extraction, can be time-consuming and require a larger volume of solvents. Alternative extraction methods often have shorter extraction times, decreased solvent volume, and sometimes allow for the extraction of thermolabile constituents. This review discusses the bioactive compounds of Pleurotus mushrooms, highlights important considerations for extraction processes, explores both conventional and alternative extraction techniques to obtain bioactive compounds from Pleurotus spp., discusses their advantages and limitations, as well as evaluates their impact on extract bioactivities and therapeutic properties. [Display omitted] • Pleurotus spp. are among the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms. • Bioactive compounds in Pleurotus are mostly extracted by conventional methods. • Alternative methods using reduced extraction time, temperature and solvent is key. • These efficient and eco-friendly methods can target selected compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) is the first important step in ensuring appropriate management of the disease. A multitude of tests involving assessment of biomarkers help in assessment of severity and grading of osteoarthritic damage. However, most tests are time consuming and are limited by the paucity in synovial fluid volume. In majority of OA effusions, calcium containing crystals are found. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether a correlation existed between the amount of calcium containing crystals present in synovial fluid and severity scoring of OA to propose a quick and inexpensive technique for disease assessment. Monosodium-iodoacetate was used to induce high- and low-grade knee OA in adult New Zealand white rabbits (n = 6 joint each group). At 16 weeks, synovial fluid and joints were harvested for histopathological analysis. OA grading was established based on OARSI scoring. Synovial fluid calcium crystal count was assessed by light microscopy (Alizarin red) and confirmed by Fluo-4, AM imaging and polarized microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student t-test and Pearson correlation. The clumps counted in low-grade OA were significantly lower than high-grade OA, in addition to showing a positive correlation (coefficient: 0.65; P=0.021) between calcium crystal count and the grade of OA created. Fluo-4, AM staining, and polarized microscopy were indicative of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. This is the first study to suggest that Alizarin red could serve as an effective and rapid, bed-side method for screening and assessing disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CSDH is the most common neurosurgical presentation among the elderly. • No information exists regarding long-term health outcome in survivors. • CSDH leads to decreased cognitive, functional and mental health in survivors. • CSDH survivors require long-term, comprehensive, patient-centered care. Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is the most common neurosurgical presentation among the elderly. Although initially considered a non-threatening event, recent studies have highlighted poor long-term survival post-CSDH. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding long-term health outcome in survivors after CSDH post-intervention. The objective of this research was to assess long-term functional, cognitive, and mental health outcome after CSDH. CSDH patients were administered a telephone-based assessment including a Demographic Questionnaire, Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument (COGTEL), Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results were obtained in n = 51 patients. CSDH patients were assessed at 5.5 + 2.1 years after CSDH and results were compared to age/gender matched controls (n = 52). Comorbidities were significantly greater in CSDH patients at the time of assessment (χ2 = 35.47, P <.01). CSDH patients demonstrated a significant reduction in functional independence (FAQ, P <.001) and Verbal Short-Term Memory (COGTEL, P =.048). Potential negative trends were observed for Verbal Long-Term Memory (P =.06) and Inductive Reasoning (P =.07). CSDH patients also demonstrated significantly poorer emotional, psychological and social well-being (MHC-SF: Emotional, P =.003; Psychological, P =.001; and Social, P <.001), with increased depressive symptomatology (GDS, P <.001). In addition to known decreased long-term survival, CSDH survivors demonstrated poorer long-term functional, cognitive and mental health outcomes than controls. Pre-existent comorbidities were also more prevalent. CSDH is therefore a sentinel health event: survivors represent a vulnerable group who require long-term, comprehensive, person-centred care. This is the first study of long term CSDH health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a Surface Plasmonic Resonance based D-shape oval open loop Photonic Quasi-Crystal Fiber (SPR-PQF). There is necessary to concurrently measure the changes in transport fuels temperature and Refractive index for onsite fuel quality measurements. However, the sensing methods and material selectivity significantly impact the sensor performance. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a good choice for solving the propagation characteristics of the modes using Maxwell equations. The composite coating of Silver (Ag) and Graphene Oxide (GO) in the open loop D-PQF-structure effectively tunes the SPR condition in the external sensing approach. This FEM-based numerical study reaches the high-temperature sensitivity (22 nm/ ∘ C), wavelength Sensitivity (150000 nm/ RIU), amplitude Sensitivity (-6000/ RIU), Figure of Merit (FoM) (1457.85), and detection accuracy (0.66 mg/L, 1.4 mg/L) in the RI range of 1.4185 to 1.448. This sensitivity response is six times larger than the existing SPR PCF sensor in the literature. Hence, this sensor has enormous potential in the petrochemical sensing applications. • High Sensitivity (Wavelength, Amplitude, and Temperature). • Independent Sensing capabilities (Temperature and adulteration sensing). • Multi-analyte sensing (Petrol and diesel). • High Refractive index sensing opportunities (RI 1.4185 to 1.448). • Finite Element Method based Flexible design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Down syndrome is a genetic anomaly that manifests when there is a mistake during cell division, resulting in an additional chromosome 21. Down syndrome can impact cognitive capabilities and physical development, giving rise to diverse developmental disparities and an elevated likelihood of certain health issues. The iPSC line NCHi010-A was generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a 6-year-old female with Down syndrome and without congenital heart disease using Sendai virus reprogramming. NCHi010-A displayed a morphology of pluripotent stem cells, expressed pluripotency markers, retained trisomy 21 karyotype, and demonstrated potential to differentiate into cells representative of the three germ layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Evaluate human allogeneic platelet rich plasma (PRP) as a biological scaffold for articular cartilage chondroprogenitors in cartilage repair. • PRP was able to sustain chondroprogenitor viability and differentiate towards tri-lineage under appropriate culture conditions. • There was positive extracellular matrix production in scaffolds cultured without chondrogenic supplementation. • PRP - synergistic bio-active scaffold in supporting cell proliferation, maintaining viability and favouring extracellular matrix production. Abstract Limited self-restorative ability of the cartilage has necessitated the use of cell and tissue engineering based therapies. Recent advances in the isolation, expansion and characterization of articular cartilage derived chondroprogenitors(CPs) has gained popularity in its role for cartilage repair. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a reliable biological scaffold for in-vitro and in-vivo studies with reported therapeutic applications in cartilage and bone pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether human allogeneic PRP could serve as a biological scaffold for chondroprogenitors (CPs) in cartilage repair. CPs were isolated from the superficial layer of three osteoarthritic knee joints by fibronectin adhesion assay and characterized using flow cytometric analysis. Allogeneic citrated blood was harvested from three subjects to obtain PRP. CPs at a concentration of one million cells per ml were gelled with PRP using calcium chloride. The PRP-CP scaffolds were subjected for adipogeneic, osteogenic, chondrogeneic differentiation and processed for post differentiation-staining studies (Oil Red O, Von Kossa, Alcian blue staining), immunofluorescence (collagen II) and live dead assays (Calcein AM-Ethidium Homodimer). We show that PRP was able to sustain CP cell viability and differentiate towards adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage under appropriate culture conditions. We also noted positive extracellular matrix production in PRP-CP scaffolds cultured without chondrogenic supplementation. Our results suggest that PRP could be a promising bio-active scaffold due to its synergistic effect in supporting cell proliferation, maintaining cell viability and favoring extracellular matrix production. PRP can be used as biological scaffold for the delivery of CPs in cartilage healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hearing loss (CHL) is caused by the disruption of the sound conductive chain that, in turn, may be due to diseases of the external and middle ear. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate CHL because of its excellent spatial resolution. Along with clinical and otoscopic findings, CT also helps in the diagnosis and preoperative planning. This pictorial review aims to illustrate the CT features of common conditions causing CHL that may arise from the external and middle ear, as well as highlights some of the key imaging features that are helpful in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride modified with silver bromide (AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 ) composite was prepared by modified deposition-precipitation method. The phase structure, optical property, thermo stability, morphological structure, elemental composition, surface area and surface charge of AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 composite were characterized using various analytical techniques. XRD spectrum for AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 composite reveals that cubic phase of AgBr crystal is deposited on the surface of g-C 3 N 4 . The AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 composite showed slightly enhanced visible light active, which was confirmed from UV- vis absorbance spectra. The BET surface area of pure AgBr, g-C 3 N 4 and AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 composite were 4.802 m 2 /g, 12.74 m 2 /g and 15.52 m 2 /g respectively. Subsequently, the photocatalytic activity of AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 composite was evaluated towards the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) under UV light irradiation. The effects of reductants, pH, catalyst dosage and stability were also studied. The maximum production yield of methane (61.52 μmol/g), hydrogen (58.89 μmol/g) and acetone (3.32 μmol/g) in triethanolamine (TEA) medium was observed at pH 9 and catalyst dosage 3 g/L. It was inferred that AgBr/g-C 3 N 4 composite has the highest photocatalytic activity than that of pure g-C 3 N 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study highlights the importance of cyanobacteria in plant growth promotion and screened the effect of biomass wet extract (BWE 1% and BWE 10%) of twenty cyanobacterial strains on the morphometric parameters of Pisum sativum L. seedlings after germination. Cyanobacterial BWE treatment significantly increased the radicle, plumule and total seedling length along with percentage of response than the control treatment with water. At BWE 1% treatment, Scytonema bohneri MBDU 104 showed 73.3% of the total seedling response, whereas Dolichospermum spiroides MBDU 903 showed increased total seedling length of 5.69 cm among other strains tested. All the tested strains varied among themselves at different parameters. To identify the most potent isolate, all the tested morphometric parameters were evaluated using a multi – criteria decision analysis (MCDA) of PROMETHEE-GAIA software. The isolate Scytonema bohneri MBDU 104 was selected as the potent plant growth promoting cyanobacteria and its BWE was purified using preparative – HPLC and analysed by LC-MS/MS for identifying possible plant growth elicitors. Phytohormones like indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) and cinnamic acid along with free volatile fatty acids were identified and implicated for plant growth promotion by cucumber seed germination bioassay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical asymmetric capacitor is a device fabricated with a dissimilar electrode configuration possessing a pseudocapacitive (Faradaic process) or capacitive (non-Faradaic process) nature with different charge storage mechanisms leading to high power and long cycle life. However, the energy density and power density are improved by increasing the specific capacitance and the operating voltage of the device through novel materials processing. In this perspective, electrochemical techniques (in different cell configurations) will be analyzed to divulge the electrochemical aspects of supercapacitors (SCs). The two different active materials for cathode and anode in SCs using abundant, low-cost, environmentally friendly materials processed via facile experimental methods, exploiting green energy transition, are presented. In view of these facts, manganese dioxide (MnO 2) with the occurrence of a redox reaction (diffusion-controlled kinetics), and activated carbon (AC) with the electrostatic contribution (surface-controlled kinetics) are paired as positive and negative electrodes that can be principal electrode materials for SCs. MnO 2 can be synthesized using different techniques, the electrochemical technique yields the highly pure electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). On the other hand, AC is synthesized via the thermochemical conversion process of carbonization and activation. Here, a brief description of the procedures and schematics of the methods to produce EMD and AC in bulk has been summarised. The electrochemical analysis of materials processing inspires and enables simple modifications to the synthesis that could catalyze changes in storage properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persons with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (PwS) smoke more, and have twice the rate of mortality, with 10–25 years lower life expectancy than the general population. Evidence-based tobacco cessation interventions would help in quitting. To evaluate the effectiveness of a personalized tobacco cessation intervention package for patients attending the outpatient psychiatry department. The study adopted a two-group experimental design in PwS, using a simple randomization method. Eligible participants were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (n = 85) receiving the intervention package or the control group (n = 85) receiving brief advice to stop tobacco. The study outcomes were measured at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. SPSS 23 was used for data analysis. Intention-to-treat analysis was used to manage missing data. The p-value of < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. At 6 months, there was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in 7 days point-prevalence abstinence (28 % vs 10.8 %), reduction of tobacco by at least 50 % (62.4 % vs 40.9 %) with an attrition rate of 15.3 % vs 30.5 % in intervention and control group respectively. Reduction in nicotine dependence and tobacco craving, an increase in motivation level, quit attempts and clinical improvement favored the intervention group. 16.5 % of participants expressed interest in pharmacotherapy for tobacco cessation, 3.5 % were referred to a specialized tobacco cessation center, two control group participants were hospitalized for drug default, and withdrawal symptoms reported were mild. Implementing a tobacco cessation intervention based on the stage of motivation aids in abstinence and reduction of tobacco use in PwS. • Rates of nicotine use are higher in persons with schizophrenia and related disorders (PwS) compared to general population • We compared a tobacco cessation intervention package with brief advice using a two-group experimental study design in PwS • A significant difference in 7 days point-prevalence abstinence, was observed at 6 months favouring the intervention • Reduction in nicotine dependence, tobacco craving, an increase in motivation and quit attempts favored the intervention group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical formulae are commonly used to estimate intra-cranial haematoma volume. Such formulae tacitly assume an ellipsoid geometrical morphology. Recently, the ‘ XYZ /2’ formula has been validated and recommended for chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) volumetric estimation. We aimed to assess the precision and accuracy of mathematical formulae specifically in estimating CSDH volume, and to determine typical CSDH 3-D morphology. Three extant formulae (‘ XYZ /2’, ‘ π /6· XYZ ’ and ‘2/3 S · h ’) were compared against computer-assisted 3D volumetric analysis as Gold standard in CTs where CSDH sufficiently contrasted with brain. Scatter-plots ( n = 45) indicated that, in contrast to prior reports, all formulae most commonly over-estimated CSDH volume against 3-D Gold standard (‘2/3 S · h ’: 44.4%, ‘ XYZ /2’: 48.84% and ‘ π /6· XYZ ’: 55.6%). With all formulae, imprecision increased with increased CSDH volume: in particular, with clinically-relevant CSDH volumes (i.e. >50 ml). Deviations >10% of equivalence were observed in 60% of estimates for 2/3 S · h , 77.8% for ‘ XYZ /2’ and 84.4% for ‘ π /6· XYZ ’. The maximum error for ‘ XYZ /2’ was 142.3% of a clinically-relevant volume. Three-D simulations revealed that only 4/45 (9%) CSDH remotely conformed to ellipsoid geometrical morphology. Most (41/45, 91%) demonstrated highly irregular morphology neither recognisable as ellipsoid, nor as any other regular/non-regular geometric solid. Conclusions: Mathematical formulae, including ‘ XYZ /2’, most commonly proved inaccurate and imprecise when applied to CSDH. In contrast to prior studies, all most commonly over-estimated CSDH volume. Imprecision increased with CSDH volume, and was maximal with clinically-relevant CSDH volumes. Errors most commonly related to a flawed assumption regarding ellipsoid 3-D CSDH morphology. The validity of mean comparisons, or correlation analyses, used in prior studies is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae) has wide applications in traditional folk medicine. The methanol extract of C. inophyllum exhibited good antibacterial activities (17 ± 1.73 to 24 ± 1.15 mm) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioactive constituents of this seed oil were purified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds such as Benzene, 1-bromo-4- (1, 3-dichloropropyl), furan −2 –carboxaldehyde 5 – (3-nitrophenoxy) and (4 – iodopyrazol-1-yl) acetonitrile were predominant (28.14%) followed by 2-ethylacridine, 2-methyl-7-phenylindole, 5-methyl-2-phenylindolizine (9.18%) and then by E−11-hexadecenal, Cis -9-hexadecenal and 9, 17-octadecadienal (z) (8.90%). Further, preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectroscopic studies such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with CSEARCH spectral similarity search demonstrated that the bioactive antibacterial compound in the active fraction is 4- (3-methylazetidin-1-yl) pentan-2-ol. [Display omitted] • Solvent extraction of Calophyllum inophyllum seeds. • Assessment of antibacterial activity of the extract. • Purification of bioactive compounds by TLC, column chromatography, and (GC-MS). • Characterization by FTIR and NMR. • Identification of the novel antibacterial compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcome after chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is invariably assumed favourable: however, little data regarding long term survival (LTS) exists. One study reported excess mortality restricted to year 1, but with expected actuarial rates thereafter. We aimed to determine LTS after CSDH in a retrospective analysis relative to actuarial data from age-matched controls. Data was obtained in n = 155, (M:F 97:58, 69.3 ± 2.3 years). Follow-up maxima was 14.19 years (mean: 4.02 ± 3.07 years, median: 5.2 years). Mortality in-hospital, at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years was n = 13 (8.39%), n = 22 (14.19%), n = 31 (20.35%), n = 42 (27.1%) and n = 54 (34.84%). LTS was significantly worse than controls (5.29 ± 0.59 years vs. 17.74 ± 1.8 years, hazard ratio [HR]: 3.52, P < 0.0001). Death most frequently related to pneumonia/sepsis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Median modified Rankin score (mRS) in those discharged home (n = 94, 60.65%) was 2 [IQR: 1–3]. Discharge mRS in those who died at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years was 5 [IQR: 3–6], 5 [IQR: 4–6], 3 [IQR: 1–3], 4 [IQR: 2–5]. Discharge mRS was significantly worse with year 1 mortality ( P = 0.014). LTS related to discharge mRS (HR: 37.006, P < 0.001), post-operative motor-score (HR: 0.581, P = 0.0026), IHD (HR: 5.186, P = 0.005), warfarin-use (HR: 5.93, P = 0.036) and dementia (HR: 5.39, P = 0.031). No long term recurrences (LTR) were recorded. Although most were discharged home with mRS = 2, LTS was markedly less than previously reported: peers lived 12.4 years longer. Although greater in year 1, excess mortality was not restricted to year 1, but continued throughout prolonged follow-up. LTS related to discharge disability and dependence, and co-morbid risk factors for cerebral atrophy. No LTR suggests that, once ultimately closed, the ‘subdural space’ remains closed. CSDH patients represent a vulnerable group who require continued long-term medical surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report that silver nanoparticles supported on commercial diamond nanoparticles functionalized with hydroxyl groups (D3) is a cost-effective heterogeneous catalyst for the decolorization of different synthetic dyes (Methylene Blue, Orange II, Acid Red 1 or Rhodamine B) using H 2 O 2 as oxidant under natural Sunlight irradiation. Importantly, the photocatalytic activity of Ag/D3 is higher than that of analogous catalysts based on Ag NPs supported on graphite or activated carbon and similar to that of costly Au/D3 catalyst or the benchmark Ag/TiO 2 material. Ag/D3 stability was established by performing consecutive reuses, without observing either decrease of the catalytic activity or metal leaching, while particle size increase occurs in a low extent. Productivity tests allow determining a minimum TON for dyes and H 2 O 2 of about 500 and 6000, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito vectors spread severe human diseases which lead to millions of deaths every year. Vector management is ultimately aimed to develop the health of every individual’s life by reducing the mosquito diversity. Control of vectors in growing counties is an important issue with various aspects. The advancement of green nanotechnology will attribute the solution for vector controlling policy. To identify the larvicidal property of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Belosynapsis kewensis ( B. kewensis ) leaf extract against the Anopheles stephensi ( A. stephensi ) and Aedes aegypti ( A. aegypti ) in vitro study (LC 50 and LC 90 ) was analyzed. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–vis. (Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), and XRD (X-ray Diffraction). Green AgNPs have a maximum absorption at 411 nm. The FTIR spectrum showed prominent peaks in (3863.55, 3759.02, 3361.01, 2926.81, 1575.12, 1388.16, 1034.79, 821.96, 717.07, 590.92, 534.32 and 472.42 cm −1 ) in the region of 4000–400 cm −1 . The XRD peaks shown at 27.4°, 35.90°, 37.20°, 51.23° and 71.10° correspond to (3 1 1), (1 0 0), (1 0 1), (1 0 4) and (0 0 6) planes for face centered cubic (FCC). The TEM image showed the NPs with an average size of 24 ± 1.6 nm. In vitro larvicidal activity of AgNPs was used against the fourth instar of A. stephensi and A. aegypti . The LC 50 and LC 90 values of AgNPs showed to be effective against A. stephensi (LC 50 = 78.4; LC 90 = 144.7 ppm) followed by A. aegypti (LC 50 = 84.2; LC 90 = 117.3 ppm). These results recommend that the green synthesized AgNPs have a potential to be used as a candidate for the control of A. stephensi and A. aegypti through eco-friendly and cost effective approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main intention of wireless sensor network is to provide the information about the spatiotemporal characteristics of the observed physical world. In many wireless sensor network applications, namely forest fire detection, animal tracking etc., it is important to locate the sensor with accuracy. Locating the sensors after they have deployed is termed as localization. Most of the localization algorithm relies on the availability of reasonably accurate location information. This is valid only in few networks which has location sensing devices, such as GPS receivers are available at all nodes. In real time, equipping GPS with all sensor nodes are rare due to its cost, power. To overcome these limitations various path have been proposed to derive approximated locations of all nodes using the mobile beacon. In existing systems, Localization techniques that are proposed for sensor nodes are calculated by receiving the mobile beacon signal with their coordinates by incorporating the various path planning scheme like SCAN, DOUBLE SCAN, HILBERT and Z curve for trajectory of mobile beacon. Those path planning strategies resulting in existence of collinear problem and localization error of nodes. In this paper, a novel Tree - Climbing path planning mechanism is proposed. The proposed path ensures to overcome collinear problem by travelling in a tree based path. The performance of a novel tree climbing is analysed using the NS2 simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXenes have gained significant importance in many applications in the fields of energy, environment and healthcare. The versatile features of MXenes enable them as a wonder material for their wide category of applications. Tunable surface chemistry and nano-dimensional layered features of MXenes are accounted for their improved multifunctional properties among the other two-dimensional materials. Of various applications, MXenes show the relevant properties toward antimicrobial disinfection of bacteria, fungi and viruses including the SARS responsible for COVID-19. Therefore, the development, characterizations and mechanism of MXenes-based materials are important to bring these advanced materials for their real-time antimicrobial applications. In this context, this review presents a glimpse of MXenes in terms of their synthesis processes, characterizations, antimicrobial properties, and elucidate their mechanism of actions toward antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Finally, it concludes with a future perspective of MXenes towards their biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Tunable surface chemistry and nano-dimensional layered features of MXenes enhance their multifunctional characteristics. • MXenes must be examined and bio-functionalized to fine-tune the bioavailability and stability for large-scale applications. • This review presents a glimpse of MXenes synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of nanotechnology or nanoscience encompasses research and development in the applied sciences at the atomic or molecular levels and has a huge impact on nearly every aspect of human health and well-being, including pharmacological studies, clinical diagnosis, and supplemental immune system treatments. The numerous dental uses of nanotechnology have led to the development of the field of nanodentistry. The efficacy of dental operations and the field's possibilities have grown greatly over the years as a result of extensive research in the fields of biomaterials and nanotechnology. Materials with nanoscale dimensions can display features not found in their larger-scale equivalents. Endodontic procedures are time-consuming and usually require multiple visits to attain the best results. The eradication of primary bacterial infection from dental root canals is still a serious concern in dentistry. Nanoparticles have been shown to be more efficient than standard materials and to have superior capabilities in terms of surface chemistry and bonding. Their antimicrobial characteristics are also promising in all medical procedures, particularly in endodontics. Because of their versatility, nanomaterials are a useful tool in dental clinics for a variety of operations including pulp regeneration, drug administration, root restoration, cleaning, obturation, and canal filling. This review provides an overview of the synthesis and characteristics of nanomaterials and their potential applications in dentistry and describes future perspectives of nanotechnology in dentistry with an updated literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe a simple and convenient conversion of aryl aldehydes to symmetrical dibenzyl ethers through reductive etherification. Similarly, unsymmetrical dibenzyl ether was obtained from aryl aldehyde and TES-protected benzyl alcohol. Triethyl silane with catalytic amount of InCl 3 was found to be an efficient condition for the reductive etherification. Moreover, it exhibits remarkable functional group compatibility with yield ranging from good to excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at directly producing biodiesel using oil extracted from wet cells of marine microalga, Chlorella salina . The protocol involved cellulase for oil extraction and lipase for oil conversion to FAME during interesterification immobilised on magnetic nanoparticles. Anaerobically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using TEM and XRD Spectroscopy. Studies were also carried out to learn the effect of immobilised enzymes on their respective operations and water content for FAME synthesis. The investigation showed that 2 g of each immobilised enzyme- cellulase and lipase was found to be optimum for oil extraction and FAME conversion respectively and 60% water was required for biodiesel production. A maximum yield was observed as 93.56% under optimised conditions along with standard parameters. Experiment on stability and re-utilization of immobilised materials revealed that they remained intact without any loss in their functions even after 10 cycles of repeated usage. The overall study represented that it is a rapid and economical prospect for producing biodiesel commercially in a greener way causing negligible harm to ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although pathologies affecting stomach are commonly encountered in computed tomography imaging of the abdomen, they are frequently overlooked. Their etiologies are often diverse; however, most of them have certain well-documented imaging characteristics. Conventionally the stomach abnormalities were classified according to their etiopathogenesis. This article aims at providing the readers with an easy approach by categorizing abnormalities of stomach using a novel image appearance-based classification. An attempt to illustrate various gastric pathologies using this new classification by means of pictorial examples is made. Basic computed tomography imaging anatomy of the stomach and imaging techniques that need to be adapted are also emphasized in the outset of the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous measurements of hydrographic, hydrodynamic, and water quality showed marked diurnal, tidal, and seasonal variabilities in Kuwait Bay, a stressed coastal system in the northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf. Advection of water masses and seasonality in vertical mixing regulated the Bay's hydrographic and water quality properties. Intensive stratification in summer had substantial implications on the Bay environment. Kuwait Bay constantly exports dense bottom water laden with dissolved inorganic nutrients and organic matter to the central basin of the Gulf. The export was largest in August under strong water column stratification. These in-situ findings agreed well with earlier studies that corroborated Kuwait Bay as an important area where the phenomenon of reverse estuarine circulation originates in the Gulf. Thus, Kuwait Bay is a significant source of nutrients and organic matter to the Gulf Deep Water that flows into the core of the oxygen minimum zone in the northwestern Indian Ocean. • Dynamic diurnal hydrographic and water-quality variations with marked seasonality • Advection of water masses and vertical mixing contributes to the variability • Constant export of dense water mass from Kuwait Bay to the Arabian/Persian Gulf • The largest export in August when the water column stratified [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass gathering events carry a risk of public health emergencies such as outbreaks of infectious diseases, stampedes, and injuries and pose an increased risk for individuals with non-communicable diseases. India celebrates many festivals mass gatherings. However, operational research on syndromic surveillance during such events is limited. In this context, we documented the use of information technology tools for syndromic surveillance during selected mass gatherings in South India during 2015-2018. We collaborated with health systems for syndromic surveillance during selected religious mass gatherings. We finalized priority syndromes and their surveillance definitions through stakeholder meetings. We used open-source software for surveillance data collection and trained the health care professionals and volunteers for data capture and collation. We consolidated, analyzed, generated near-real-time daily reports and shared them with health authorities for action. The number of participants in these mass gatherings ranged from 100 thousand to 3 million, and recorded out-patients seeking care for syndromic illness ranged from 4,000 to 25,000 per event. We used more than five platforms and captured information on 17 syndromes. We captured a total of 61,523 patient details during syndromic surveillance. The most frequently reported syndromes were injuries, fever, and diarrhea of the reported illness. These cost-effective open-source technologies are intuitive, adaptable, and inexpensive to maintain and operate in real-time. Therefore, enhanced syndromic surveillance could detect diseases early in mass gatherings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Environmental surfaces in health care facilities contaminated with Clostridium difficile spores can be a reservoir that contribute to transmission of hospital-acquired infections. Microfiber cleaning cloths may improve the effectiveness of surface cleaning. The objective of this study was to assess the removal and transfer of C difficile spores on surfaces cleaned by microfiber compared with cotton cloths. Methods C difficile spores (approximately 4.2 log 10 /site) were applied to ceramic surfaces. Microfiber or cotton cloths were used to wipe the surfaces that were sprayed with either buffer or a nonsporicidal cleaning agent. To ensure reproducible pressure and surface contact time, a drill apparatus was used. The pressure was 1.5-1.77 N, and the total number of rotations was 10. Viable counts were used to assess the efficiency of microfiber and cotton cloths in removing and transferring spores. Results Of 4.4 log 10 C difficile spores inoculated on a ceramic surface, microfiber and cotton cloths removed 2.4 and 1.7 log 10 , respectively. Microfiber cloths containing 4.2 log 10 C difficile spores transferred 1.7 log 10 C difficile spores when used to wipe a ceramic surface compared with cotton cloths that transferred 2.4 log 10 . Similarly microfiber wipes transferred fewer spores on consecutive surfaces wiped compared with cotton cloths (0.8 log 10 vs 1.80 log 10 ). Conclusion The use of microfiber cloths may reduce the risk of C difficile spore transfer during surface cleaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to develop an efficient and simple protocol for in vitro plant regeneration using cyanobacterial liquid medium. The ability of the unicellular cyanobacterium Aphanothece sp. MBDU 515 to produce the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the medium was demonstrated and chemically analyzed by Salkowski assay, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The effect of cyanobacterial extracellular product (CEP) for in vitro propagation was evaluated on two economically important plants Arachis hypogaea and Moringa oleifera . The effect of commercial phytohormones 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in shoot and root induction, respectively was compared with CEP in both the plants. In the present study, it was observed that 1 mL of CEP per 10 mL of MS basal medium showed an increase in % of shoot and root responses, shoot and root lengths and average number of roots per shoot compared to the control (MS basal medium). These effects of CEP are comparable to the commercial phytohormones — BAP and IBA, tested. The tested CEP markedly reduced the accumulation of phenolics in A. hypogaea explants. Our study suggests that CEP may be used for micropropagtion at industrial scale instead of commercially available phytohormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]