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Abstract: In this study, we investigated chemical structure of lycium barbarum polysaccharides and its modulatory effect on oxidative stress in high-fat mice. The polysaccharides mainly contained xylose and glucose. Little amount of rhamnose, mannose and galactose was observed. The lycium barbarum polysaccharides had IR bands at 800–1200cm−1, 1450–1800cm−1, 2500–3000cm−1, and 3200–3600cm−1, which were distinctive absorptions of polysaccharides. Rats are fed with high-fat diet for 2 months. Results showed that blood and liver antioxidant enzymes activities and GSH level in model mice significantly decreased, and MDA level significantly increased (P <0.01) compared to normal control mice. Administration of lycium barbarum polysaccharides significantly increased antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased MDA level in mice (P <0.01) compared to model group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Imitation and innovation are the most common ways for people to learn and evolve. However, the combination of imitation and innovation not only inhibits the emergence of cooperation, but also leads to the fragmentation of cooperative clusters. In reality, cooperation exists widely in people's lives. This paper examines how cooperation is maintained in human interaction and what mechanism can eliminate the inhibition of heterogeneous strategy updating rules. To that end, we introduce a reputation mechanism into the traditional prisoner's dilemma model. In our version, the player's reputation is adapted dynamically, and fitness is determined by reputations and strategies. In addition, the players' strategy updating rules are divided into imitation and innovation. The results show that: under the heterogeneous strategy updating rules, the introduction of reputation is beneficial to the emergence of cooperation. Good reputation also enhances the capacity of cooperators to resist temptation. Our research provides insight into the role of reputation under heterogeneous strategy updating rules. • Reputation can eliminate the deterioration of cooperation caused by heterogeneity updating rules. • Good reputations can enhance the capacity of cooperators in both heterogeneity and homogeneity updating rules. • When the influence of reputation is small, innovation players will worsen the survival environment of cooperators. • Innovation players play a significant role in the emergence of cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]