Search

Abstract: In libraries and archives some of the time-acidified items are so brittle that they cannot be handled without risking loss of material. Currently used deacidification processes do not impart improved mechanical properties to the paper. The use of alcoholic solutions of three different types of aminoalkylalkoxysilanes was studied for the deacidification of paper-based items. It was shown that in addition to deacidifying and improving the stability of papers by providing an alkaline buffer the treatment also significantly improved their mechanical resistance, as measured by the folding endurance and tensile breaking resistance. Essential for the appraisal of the deacidification process, the behaviour upon ageing of the materials treated was investigated. Accelerated ageing methods involving heat/humidity and nitrogen dioxide atmosphere were used separately. It was shown that the reinforcement effect of the three aminosilane compounds tested persisted throughout the ageing, and in one case the mechanical properties even improved after ageing. Two of the aminosilanes tested were studied for their impact at the macromolecular level, on the molar masses of cellulose, using size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering detection. Their effectiveness in protecting paper from acid hydrolysis occurring during ageing was found significant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Numerous socio-legal factors make the process of surrogate decision-making for people living in dementia very complicated in Japan. In this discussion paper, we argue that the lack of early consultation between patients, surrogate decision-makers and healthcare providers and the overreliance of patients and their families on doctors to assume the decision-making role lead to healthcare practices that may not align with the patient's wishes. Further, we argue that lack of laws on surrogate decision-making, changing family structure and the liabilities associated with the care of people living with dementia contribute to the complexity of the decision-making process in Japan. Finally, given the rapidly changing social and healthcare norms in Japan, we call for greater involvement of nurses and care workers in the decision-making process to ensure patient-centric treatment and care are adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study concentrated upon refining an in-situ FTIR method to study accelerated ageing of paper under controlled conditions. The standardisation method applying the CH band at 2900cm-1 allowed comparison of different samples from various experiments. To distinguish the features present in the spectra in the carbonyl region coming from carbonyl vibrations not disturbed by water vibrations, bound water present in paper was desorbed and the spectra were recorded at an elevated temperature. An oxidation index of paper defined as a ratio of integrals of bands at 1730cm-1 to that at 1620cm-1 has proved amenable to follow the degradation of cellulose aged under various conditions. The boundary conditions of experiments selected by us were able to discriminate between hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds and oxidation of carbon atoms in a glycopyranose anomer. Following the changes of the spectrum in the carbonyl range proceeding with oxidation time various intermediates of the cellulose partial oxidation were distinguished starting from the least oxidized monocarbonyl groups, through diketones to aldehydes and carboxyls. Assuming a parallel–consecutive mechanism of the cellulose oxidation the spectra were resolved by fitting with multiple Gaussian–Lorentzian functions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Europe's and Italy's population is ageing. • Frailty in older adults is considered a Public Health Issue. • There is the need for early identification because frailty is linked to institutionalization, hospitalization, and mortality. • Tool Development: Short Functional Geriatric Evaluation, a short, multidimensional questionnaire, aids frailty screening. • CFA Validation: The study confirms SFGE's validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. This paper explores the ageing population in Italy, where older adults account for more than 14 million individuals (in January 2023) and constitute 24.1 % of the total population. Frailty, a condition encompassing biological, psychological, social, and economic challenges, is recognised as a significant public health issue. The study introduces the Short Functional Geriatric Evaluation (SFGE) as a large-scale screening tool for frailty in community-dwelling older individuals. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on the SFGE. The CFA scrutinises the construct validity of SFGE using a sample population from the "Long Live the Elderly!" program in Italy. Initial results indicate an acceptable fit, prompting the incorporation of Modification Indices to enhance model performance. The refined CFA demonstrates that the SFGE model effectively captures the multidimensional nature of frailty. The text underscores the timeliness of identifying frailty, emphasising the need for simple, fast, and predictive tools to screen large populations efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major concerns of infrastructure engineering is related to improve the quality and durability of asphalt pavements, and because of its large availability and antioxidant properties, the lignin, a biopolymer and byproduct from pulp and paper industry, have been tested as an additive for asphalt mixtures through the last years. The objective of this work is to properly mix Kraft lignin with asphalt binders, and to evaluate the effects on the physical, rheological and anti-ageing properties of the binders. The samples were submitted to penetration, softening point, Brookfield viscosity, and elastic recovery tests to evaluate the material's consistency and elasticity. Then, they were aged through RTFO test, and analyzed by DSR to evaluate the rheological properties and by FTIR to measure the level of oxidation suffered. The tests showed that, in general, lignin increased the consistency of the material, but suggested a beneficial effect against oxidation and also increased the binder's elasticity and its resistance to plastic deformations. • Contents of 3 wt%, 6 wt%, and 9 wt% of Kraft lignin were mixed in the asphalt binder. • Solubility of lignin in the asphalt binder was studied. • Acetone improved the lignin dissolution in asphalt binder. • Lignin-modified binder showed a higher elasticity and rutting resistance than the conventional binder. • Lignin additions of 6 wt% and 9 wt% decreased the carbonyl and sulfoxide index of the RTFOT aged binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of ageing on pavement performance are significant, particularly in terms of fatigue cracking. South Africa has the 10th longest road network in the world, requiring innovative approaches to road construction due to severe budget constraints. Innovative solutions such as thin asphalt concrete layers for surfacing, result in unique ageing rates of the layers, which, in general, have a higher incidence of fatigue cracking than, for example, thicker asphalt concrete layers used in other parts of the world. The objective of this paper is to evaluate how ageing mechanisms affect various asphalt binder properties, and whether they affect them to the same extent or not. Furthermore, the objective of the paper is also to determine the accuracy of the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) in simulating short-term ageing in the field. The RTFOT provides a relatively good indication of short-term ageing, according to this multi-decade ageing study, and the effect on the asphalt binder properties used as ageing indices depends on the specific property chosen for comparison before and after ageing. • From 2001 to 2012, the prevalent surfacing in South Africa was a dense-graded asphalt mix with 50/70-grade asphalt binder. • Asphalt binders were consistent over 2001 to 2012, originating from four South African refineries. • A short-term ageing method in the laboratory cannot emulate the reaction kinetics during manufacturing and placement. • Binder properties such as penetration and softening are affected to different extents in an oxidation / ageing environment. • The rolling thin film oven provides a good indication of ageing under typical conditions of manufacturing and laying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ascertain the prevalence and predictors of physical health comorbidities in older adults with bipolar disorder. The authors conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed journal articles reporting on physical health comorbidities in older adults (aged ≥50) with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) assessed study quality. 23 papers reporting on 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. The literature on diabetes, obesity and renal disease was inconclusive. There was some tentative evidence to higher rates of cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer in older adults with bipolar disorder in comparison to the general population, but this requires further investigation. We identified no studies looking at oral health. The quality ratings of the identified research were generally low. Very few studies included a comparison sample from the general population or controlled for key covariates in their analysis. Existing literature provides tentative evidence that some physical health comorbidities are elevated in older adults with bipolar disorder. Clinicians should consider interventions that improve the physical health of this group, alongside the chronic mental health difficulties they experience. • Literature on diabetes, obesity and renal disease was inconclusive • Tentative evidence to higher rates of cardiovascular disease in older adults with bipolar disorder • The quality ratings of the identified research were generally low • Few studies included a 'healthy' comparison sample or controlled for key covariates in their analysis. • Physical health should be a focus of interventions for older adults with bipolar disorder [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ageing of working population is the byproduct of the global recognized trend of the general population ageing. The decline of elder human operators' capabilities is a main subject concerning industrial engineering and management in the ongoing 4th Industrial revolution and the introduced new technologies. In this paper, the concept of human factor sustainability inside manufacturing line is explored. It is discussing the theoretical fundamentals of a complexity based states loop to be tested inside 4.0 frame. This is pointing on advanced ICT technologies for ageing workforce management in manufacturing lines. The paper starts with a systematic literature review on the ageing workforce inside industries highlights the human capabilities deterioration, knowledge and experience management of ageing workers. The review is used as the key trace of the modified human factor sustainability concept including Physical, Behavioural, Mental and Psychosocial dimensions. Those are related with the age factor while discussing about traits and entropy based information probability. Furthermore, the proposed formula of Human Factor (HF) probability with a context based application is discussed. Finally, some conclusion remarks will be given, and the future agenda will be proposed based on the collaborative work scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the recent population development of Moravian rural micro-regions. It divides all 72 micro-regions into four categories according to the relation of natural demographic balance and net migration in the period of 2012–2016. It showed that all size categories of the Moravian rural municipalities till 5000 inhabitants are gaining population by migration whereas small towns lose inhabitants. No relation between the demographic type of the countryside and unemployment was observed. It shows, that the Moravian rural areas are not depopulating in general, its demographic development does not depend on the unemployment. However, the Moravian countryside is differentiated. There are some extremely peripheral parts of Moravia often lacking any real urban centre, where the depopulation is the problem. Depopulating micro-regions can be found in the northern, south-western and eastern periphery of Moravia. Such territories should be solved individually according to the local conditions. • The paper investigates the recent population development of 72 rural micro-regions. • Only the most peripheral micro-regions without any town centre are threatened. • Rural unemployment is in no case higher than the indicator in the related town centre. • The Moravian countryside is not depopulating, neither ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Review paper covering the engineering and material science involved in vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) relevant to refrigerators. • The factors affecting solid, gaseous and radiative conductivity are discussed in detail. • VIP thermal conductivity, ageing mechanisms and commercially available VIPs are described. Globally, the electrical energy consumption of domestic refrigerators is approximately 6% of the total consumed. Typically, refrigerators are insulated with materials, such as foams (thermal conductivity >20 mWm−1K−1). Alternatively, using Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) (thermal conductivity < 7 mWm−1K−1) would significantly reduce their overall energy consumption and improve their energy efficiency index whilst maximising the usable inner volume. This paper reviews previous published research into VIPs covering core, envelope, heat transfer phenomena and ageing. The choice of core material significantly affects both the heat transfer coefficient and the overall cost of a VIP. To improve cost effectiveness and ageing properties, research has focused on the development of alternative core materials. This development requires a fundamental understanding of the effect of several interfering factors on the performance of VIPs. In this paper, these factors have been extensively reviewed and the results presented in a systematic manner. The factors are grouped into three sections viz. material properties (pore/particle size, particle's mechanical strength and conductivity), design properties (sealing pressure, compaction density) and operating conditions (mean operating temperature, relative humidity). The effect of each factor, on heat transfer modes, radiation and conduction, has been thoroughly discussed, along with the physics involved, by objectively reviewing studies reporting these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In the past, dispersion due to ageing has been analyzed at the module level. • The paper presents novel submodule-level measurements of PV modules which are 7, 8 and 9 years old. • The dispersion of the maximum power point current exhibits higher values, with respect to previous literature. • A new statistical model to account for the distribution of the maximum power point currents is proposed. • The new model predicts that the recoverable energy due to submodule-level mismatch is in the range of 4–6%. Photovoltaic (PV) ageing is known to cause a linear degradation of the short-circuit and maximum power point currents, which results in the corresponding power loss. Nonetheless, besides of degradation, also a dispersion of these currents has been reported in the past. Such a dispersion induces significant mismatches in the PV system, even in the absence of partial shading, further increasing the power loss. Such a phenomenon has attracted the interest of investigators, as the fraction of power loss due to mismatch is recoverable. Nonetheless, all previous works have considered module-level ageing data, whereas the recoverable power at the submodule level may be larger. This paper investigates the effects of ageing at the submodule level, and compares the results with previously reported data. It is shown that previous works have underestimated the amount of recoverable power, and that the lifetime improvement of the energy yield may add up to 4–6% of the total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify factors that influence the acceptance of technology for ageing in place by seniors in the post-implementation stage. This review is among very few that focus on acceptance in post-implementation phase.Methods: A literature review. We searched six databases (Cinahl, Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus). Inclusion criteria were: 1) original and peer-reviewed research written in English, 2) Articles published in 2010-2018, 3) Empirical research papers, 4) Research in which participants are seniors aged above 60 years, 5) Research aimed at investigating factors that influence the acceptance of digital technology for ageing in place, 6) Research conducted in home environment, 7) Focus on post-implementation stage.Results: Twenty-three out of 2181 papers were included. The results show that acceptance of technology in the post-implementation stage is influenced by 36 factors, divided into six themes: concerns/problems regarding technology (technical errors, etc.), experienced positive characteristics of technology (e.g., ease of use factors, privacy implications), expected benefits of technology (e.g., increased safety, companionship, increased security, etc.), need for technology (e.g., perceived need to use), social influence (e.g., influence by peers, family or surroundings) and characteristics of older adults (e.g., past experiences/attitudes, physical environment). The articles considered different types of technology: health monitoring, ADL, safety and communication. The level of technology readiness for digital technologies supporting ageing in place in post-implementation stage is still low within the scientific literature, since only seven out of 23 articles studied mature technologies (TRL 8-9 of the technology readiness level scale). The majority of the studies were conducted in Western Europe or the US, and only two were conducted in other regions (Australia, and Taiwan). Qualitative and quantitative methods were equally used in the analysed articles.Conclusions: Acceptance of technology in the post-implementation stage is influenced by multiple factors. An interesting finding was that the seniors' views of technology change between the pre- and post-implementation stages. Some negative concerns that appeared in the pre-implementation stage appear as positive characteristics in the post-implementation stage. In the post-implementation stage, seniors realize the wide variety of benefits that technology can have on their lives. We expect that findings of this review can be utilised by academics and policy-makers for gaining insights for further research and successful implementation of technology for ageing in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relationship between rural depopulation and territorial financial exclusion. We provide a replicable statistical methodology to identify the existing patterns at municipal level based on the degree of financial exclusion caused by the absence (named as Type I financial exclusion) or paucity (named as Type II financial exclusion) of bank branches. Firstly, the extent to which the sociodemographic characteristics of a municipality influence its degree and type of financial exclusion is analyzed by using panel data regression models. Secondly, by means of cluster analysis techniques, a typology of municipalities is provided that takes into account their sociodemographic characteristics as well as their availability of bank branches. Within this context, this paper explores the case of Aragón (Spain), a European region with significant depopulation and over-ageing problems. Our results show a lack of homogeneity across Aragonese municipalities, both in the processes of depopulation and financial exclusion. This heterogeneity has led us to propose financial inclusion measures tailored to the population size as well as the degree of ageing, the employment possibilities, and labor dynamism of each group of municipalities. In other words, this paper reveals the need to propose measures that accommodate each territory's peculiarities, which could contribute to the achievement of sustainable territorial development in Aragón. • Financial exclusion must be approached from a sociodemographic approach. • Panel data models are applied to municipality sociodemographic data. • Cluster analysis techniques are used to determine a municipal classification. • Maps support the visualization of territorial imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the absence of the term 'senescence' in recent social science literature on ageing. The significance of this omission is considered in light of the emerging standpoint of gero-science, which argues that the central processes defining ageing are concerned with the rising probability of functional decline, development of degenerative disease and death. From this perspective, the separation of ageing and senescence sustains the myth that there exist forms of ageing that are exempt from senescence. The persistence of this myth underlies ageing studies, the sociology of later life and most social gerontology. While there have been undoubted benefits arising from this bracketing out of senescence, the argument of this paper is that the continuing advances associated with this standpoint are outweighed by the need to seriously engage with the consequences of contemporary societal ageing and the centrality of the processes of senescence in establishing an adequate understanding of ageing, its correlates and contingencies and its personal and social consequences. • Senescence as a concept is missing from the social science literature on ageing • Separating ageing from senescence suggests that forms of ageing exist exempt from senescence • Gero-science sees ageing and senescence alike as processes underlying decline, disease and death • Recognising the social structuring of later life is important • Bracketing senescence out of social gerontology risks evacuating ageing of substantive meaning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The robustness of the sealings used for the solid oxide cell (SOC) stack technology is crucial to prevent gases from mixing and failure. With a desire to increase the internal operating pressure the mechanical performance requirement of sealings increases. The mechanical behaviour of a glass-ceramic joined steel (Crofer 22 APU) and glass-ceramic interfaces used in SOC stacks has here been studied. The shear strength was measured at room temperature using a torsion test of as joined and aged (700 h in air at 750 °C) hourglass shaped samples. The Crofer 22 APU steel samples were coated with alumina before joining and the joining process was designed on the basis of shrinkage measurements taken from hot stage microscopy. The glass-ceramic joining material was applied as a tape casted foil between two alumina coated half hourglass steel samples, and then joined at 800 °C in air. Cross-sections and fracture surfaces were investigated, by means of SEM-EDS, to understand the effect of ageing on the joined samples. XRD was carried out on the as joined and on the aged glass-ceramic materials to investigate the ageing effect on the amorphous and crystalline phases. The shear strength of the as joined and aged samples was measured on six samples per group, and values of 40 ± 6 MPa and 34 ± 6 MPa were obtained, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring must be a basic element in oenological processes, assuring the oenologist's confidence in the supervision of the different processes. In this article, an analysis was carried out on all the works reported in the literature for the monitoring of different wine parameters in each phase. As described in the paper, artificial sensors have been developed to monitor the evolution of the fermentation and maceration phases. Similarly, in the ageing phase, other authors have developed different systems to monitor the evolution of the wine colour and oxygen. Within the particular case of biological ageing, not many developments have been found to control it. Given the scarcity of developments in this field, it would be necessary to propose a greater number of studies in this field. • First review on sensors to follow the evolution of different oenological processes. • Three main oenological processes are analysed: fermentation, maceration and ageing. • It describes low-cost IoT sensors that enable real-time monitoring of oenological processes. • It shows the positive impact of applying IoT sensors to the wine industry. • It identifies a new area where more research is needed: sensors for biological ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multimodal strategies and interventions, e.g. healthy lifestyle (dietary and physical activity), can be recommended for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). • Gene study and gene-based therapy with a critical role in the detection and cure of AD will have a fundamental role. • Attempts to enhance clinical results are focused on several main areas including design and detection of more effective carrier molecules, selection of the best gene delivery methods, and detection of novel therapeutic targets. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still an important issue for scientists because it is difficult to cure with the available molecular medications and conventional treatments. Due to the complex nature of the brain structures and heterogeneous morphological and physiological properties of neuronal cells, interventions for cerebral-related disorders using surgical approaches, and classical and ongoing treatments remain hard for physicians. Furthermore, the development of newly designed medications attempts to target AD are not successful in improving AD, because abnormalities of tau protein, aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, inflammatory responses, etc lead to advanced neurodegeneration processes that conventional treatments cannot stop them. In recent years, novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic approaches have been developed to identify and cure early pathological events of AD. Accordingly, many gene-based therapies have been developed and introduce the therapeutic potential to prevent and cure AD. On the other hand, genetic investigations and postmortem assessments have detected a large number of factors associated with AD pathology. Also, genetically diverse animal models of AD help us to detect and prioritize novel resilience mechanisms. Hence, gene therapy can be considered an effective and powerful tool to identify and treat human diseases. Ultimately, gene study and gene-based therapy with a critical role in the detection and cure of various human disorders will have a fundamental role in our lives forever. This scientific review paper discusses the present status of different therapeutic strategies, particularly gene-based therapy in treating AD, along with its challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an essential requirement for all building products to ensure durability of their fire safety. Throughout the working life of products, intumescent coatings are aged by certain climatic factors. To predict a lifetime of several years, generally the behaviour of the intumescent coating is extrapolated based on accelerated artificial ageing. The established German and European procedures to assess the durability assume a working life of at least 10 years. For a longer period, additional evidence is required; yet the procedure and the specifications to justify this are not described. In addition to addressing this formal lack, from a scientific point of view it is necessary to investigate the degradation of intumescent coatings in detail and to propose a reliable test concept to assess durability for more than 10 years. This paper summarises the existing knowledge about the ageing of intumescent coatings. The results of various demanding weathering approaches are presented for two intumescent coatings tested in a joint research project. Moreover, formulations with a reduced amount of functionally relevant components were analysed to gain insight into the associated effects. Derived from these research results and knowledge, recommendations are proposed to assess the durability of intumescent coatings for more than 10 years based on a combination of verifications. • Durability of intumescent coatings. • Test concept proposal for a working life of more than 10 years. • Fire tests on accelerated artificial (short-term) weathered specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst considerable focus has been placed on mobility in rural and urban areas, there has been little attention to date on individuals' experiences and practices of mobility in the rural-urban fringe (RUF). This is surprising given that mobility is a defining feature of the RUF, and with such landscapes often experienced at speed. Through a focus on older people living in a RUF locality, the paper makes three important contributions. First, it highlights the range of mobilities and mobility infrastructures that may be available to older residents in the RUF, as well as their ability to access such features. Second, it also identifies the importance of 'proximity' in shaping older people's mobilities in the context of the RUF and how a rural-urban fringe (mobility) idyll may exist for many older people. Finally, the paper illustrates a paradox in that the very nature of the RUF as a transitory and chaotic space may undermine older people's mobility experiences and practices over time. • New insight into experiences and practices of mobility in the rural-urban fringe (RUF). • Highlights range of mobilities and mobility infrastructures in the RUF. • Identifies importance of 'proximity' in shaping older people's mobilities. • Discusses a rural-urban fringe (mobility) idyll. • Paradox in that the RUF as transitory and chaotic undermines mobility over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper is identifying age-related changes and their impacts on occupational health and safety. • Work ability index is a tool proposed to measure a person's ability and performance. • New emerging risks must be considered in the development of an OHSMS. • Gaps in the field have been identified and a new research work is proposed. During the last decades, humanity experiences an increasing demographic change. The relative percentage of older people is growing, while fewer young employees are entering the labour force. This phenomenon is directly connected with ageing of the workforce. Older workers constitute a special group with characteristics that require special attention from the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) point of view. The aim of this paper is to address what changes occur in ageing workers as a result of physical and psychological processes and the possible impacts of these at work in relation to OHS and the concept of sustainable work and workplaces. In addition, this paper discusses factors affecting work ability and worker's performance in relation to the ageing phenomenon. Finally, based on the literature, the paper proposes measures to minimize age-related risks and increase awareness. These measures should be designed and adopted at the early stages of working life and continue until retirement. By reducing risk factors of employees, the rate of occupational accidents and occupational diseases may be decreased, thus saving costs for employers, health system and insurance costs, while simultaneously facilitating a healthier retirement for the working-age population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Being easy and intuitive to use are essential requirements in any design for older travellers. • Much displayed information is poor and/or insufficient and this must be addressed. • Obtain and use big data or citizen data to create or increase bespoke information and solutions. • User-centered inclusive design is important and should engage with older users and be personalisable where possible. • There is a need in older travellers not to lose control to the technology and for security and trust issues to be resolved Abstract The number of older people, especially those over 85, is set to increase right across the developed world, and with it their needs for mobility and transport in societies with growing dependence on technology. Whilst technology has the potential to deliver significant benefits to older people, enabling greater mobility and independence, it may also leave them unable or unwilling to engage with it, risking loss of independence. The aims of this paper are to consider what needs to change to enable greater numbers of older travellers to access transport technologies and what are the key barriers to engaging with new and emerging technologies for older people. Thus, the paper looks to extend the knowledge of how older people engage with technology in relation to their mobility and travelling. A thematic content analysis of interviews with 32 older people and 4 experts yielded findings relating to technology use, examples of good design, and characteristics of older people's interactions with technology. The recommendations relate to the two core research aims, including ergonomics and design, the need for security and trust, the traveller controlling the technology, the importance of user-centered design and the need for personalised and bespoke travelling arrangements for older travellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper seeks to contribute to the growing literature on how neighborhood amenities such as parks relate with active ageing. It draws attention to this relationship in the context of developing country - India where with changing demographics, population ageing is emerging as a major challenge. It builds on empirical evidences from a neighborhood park in the city of Pune - a metropolis of 3.5 million people in western India. Employing a mixed research approach, the paper explains how a neighborhood park plays a significant role in promoting healthy living among older persons by offering various perceived health benefits. Although various physical characteristics of park encourage physical activities, it is found that social connections such as groups formed in the park encourage regular participation in physical activities and thereby provide psychological health benefits and social support for older users. The paper argues for considering the important role of parks in fostering social participation critical for active ageing while designing cities that are friendly and supportive to ageing populations. Highlights • Parks help in active ageing by offering physical, mental and social benefits • In neighborhood parks, older persons are dominant and regular users with women outnumbering men • Older persons use parks differently at different times of the day and prefer absence of noisy activites • Park use facilitates social participation at various levels leading to perceived health benefits • Social interaction in parks follows existing groupings amongst people of same age, gender and status [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foot problems are common in older people. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether foot problems increase the risk of falling in community-dwelling older people.Methods: Electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2018. To be eligible for inclusion, papers needed to (i) include community-dwelling older participants, (ii) document falls either retrospectively or prospectively, and (iii) document or assess the presence of foot problems. Screening and data extraction were performed by two independent assessors, with disagreements resolved by consensus.Results: A total of 146 papers were screened by title and abstract, and nine met the inclusion criteria. An additional six eligible papers were identified by searching the reference lists of included papers, resulting in a total of 15 papers. Quantitative synthesis indicated that older people who fell were more likely to have foot pain, hallux valgus, lesser toe deformity, plantar fasciitis, reduced ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, reduced toe plantarflexion strength, impaired tactile sensitivity and increased plantar pressures when walking. Meta-analysis indicated that fallers were more likely to have foot pain (pooled odds ratio [OR] 1.95, 95% CI 1.38-2.76, p < 0.001), hallux valgus (pooled OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.19-3.00, p = 0.007) and lesser toe deformity (pooled OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.07-2.59, p = 0.020).Conclusion: Foot problems, particularly foot pain, hallux valgus and lesser toe deformity, are associated with falls in older people. Documentation of foot problems and referral to foot care specialists should therefore be a routine component of falls risk assessment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spatial Performance Assessment for Cognitive Evaluation (SPACE) is a novel iPad serious game designed to identify differences in spatial ability indicative of early signs of cognitive impairment. This paper reports on the development of SPACE and presents the results from three usability studies across different ages. Study 1 compared the traditional tap and swipe control interface with a semiautomated interface. Study 2 investigated the benefits of a UI widget that displayed the rotation performed in the Virtual Environment (VE). Study 3 evaluated the effects of a simplified configuration of landmarks explored in the VE. Findings across the studies indicated that age was the primary factor influencing performance. Younger participants consistently outperformed older ones across various tasks and reported higher usability and lower workload. Despite notable performance improvements for the tasks in SPACE, the new control interface, UI widget, and simplified configuration only had a minimal impact on usability. Younger participants rated SPACE above the level of mature products, while older participants found it useable but not always engaging. Critically, the significant interactions between age and experimental conditions indicated that younger and older participants benefited differently from the design modifications. Here, the semi-automated control, the simplified configuration, and, to a lesser extent, the UI widget showed promise in mitigating age-related performance differences while maintaining the level of challenge necessary to assess differences in cognitive status. This research showcases the potential of SPACE as a serious game and emphasises the importance of balancing simplicity with task demands for future unsupervised deployment. • SPACE is a novel iPad serious game that identifies deficits in spatial ability indicative of cognitive impairment. • A new semi-automated and user-friendly control interface improved the performance of older adults in the tasks in SPACE. • A UI navigation aid enhanced the performance of younger adults but increased the cognitive load of older adults. • A simplified spatial configuration boasted the best performance and usability while providing a sufficient level of challenge. • The simplified configuration mitigated age-related performance differences, making it suitable for assessing cognitive status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to overcome the main mechanical drawbacks of GFRP profiles, namely their high deformability and proneness to instability phenomena, several GFRP-concrete hybrid solutions comprising bonded connections with epoxy adhesive have been proposed. Although being able to provide almost full interaction at the GFRP-concrete interface(s) (at least in the short-term), there is very little information about the durability of such connection systems, which raises concerns about the long-term performance of hybrid structural solutions. This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on the durability of adhesively bonded connections between pultruded GFRP profiles and steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). GFRP-SFRSCC specimens were first subjected to accelerated ageing, involving thermal and wet-dry cycles, and then subjected to push-out tests. The accelerated ageing did not have significant influence on the strength of the GFRP-SFRSCC connection; however, it had a very deleterious effect on its stiffness. The numerical study included the development of finite element models of the specimens tested. Using bi-linear bond-slip laws, it was possible to simulate the test results with good accuracy. In the final part of the paper, the influence of the interface stiffness reduction on the deformability of a real hybrid structure (the São Silvestre footbridge) is analysed. Although the stiffness of the GFRP-SFRSCC interface is considerably reduced by the ageing processes, this results in a very small increase of the overall mid-span deflections of the footbridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent of social isolation amongst older people has emerged as a major concern for health and social policy. Although the social and health outcomes of social isolation are well documented, evidence regarding the prevention of isolation in later life remains scarce. This article addresses this by presenting the findings from a literature review focusing on the identification, assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies relevant to social isolation in older age. The paper first addresses the issues of identification and assessment, using an ecological framework to identify the risk factors for social isolation at four levels: individual, relationship, community, and societal. It then reviews different types of interventions to reduce or prevent social isolation in later life, including one-to-one, group, service provision, technology-based, neighbourhood, and structural interventions. The paper discusses both the opportunities and the constraints associated with these different approaches. The discussion highlights future directions for research, emphasising the need for a cultural change from 'cure' to 'prevention' of social isolation across the life-course, and the importance of acknowledging greater diversity within the ageing population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesion plays a major role in the bonding of dental materials. In this study the adhesion of two glass-ceramic systems (IPS e.max and VITABLOCS) to a zirconia sintered substrate using a glass (for IPS e.max) and resin (VITABLOCS) before and after exposure to ageing for 14 days in distilled water at 37 °C are compared using two interfacial fracture mechanics tests, the 3 point bend Schwickerath (Kosyfaki and Swain, 2014; Schneider and Swain, 2015) and 4 point bend (Charalambides et al., 1989) approaches. Both tests result in stable crack extension from which the strain energy release rate (G, N/m or J/m 2 ) can be determined. In the case of the 3 PB test the Work of Fracture was also determined. In addition, the Schwickerath test enables determination of the critical stress for the onset of cracking to occur, which forms the basis of the ISO (ISO9693-2:2016) adhesion test for porcelain ceramic adhesion to zirconia. For the aged samples there was a significant reduction in the resin-bonded strengths (Schwickerath) and strain energy release rate (both 3 and 4 PB tests), which was not evident for the glass bonded specimens. Critical examination of the force-displacement curves showed that ageing of the resin resulted in a major change in the form of the curves, which may be interpreted in terms of a reduction in the critical stress to initiate cracking and also in the development of an R-curve. The extent of the reduction in strain energy release rate following ageing was greater for the Schwickerath test than the Charalambides test. The results are discussed in terms of; the basic mechanics of these two tests, the deterioration of the resin bonding following moisture exposure and the different dimensions of the specimens. These in-vitro results raise concerns regarding resin bonding to zirconia. Statement of Significance The present study uses a novel approach to investigate the role of ageing or environmental degradation on the adhesive bonding of two dental ceramics to zirconia. This continues to be a major clinical problem but current approaches, till now, have relied upon a myriad of strength based tests to quantify the extent of environmental degradation with time. In this paper we use two fracture mechanics approaches, based upon simple 3 and 4 point bend testing procedures that enable stable debonding crack extension to occur. The paper provides a more critical approach to evaluate the role of environmental degradation of adhesion for dental materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the approximate date that an ink was deposited on a document is an increasingly pressing judicial need. Standardised analytical methods are required for this that allow inks to be dated. Existing methods require a comparison and validation for different kinds of ink. This validation and comparison must be done using real samples of known age and in conditions of controlled storage. This paper will present the main existing dating methods that are being used in forensic laboratories, and they will be applied to six different blue and black inks for the Inoxcrom®, Montblanc® and Sigma® brands for ink samples deposited in a period of 0 to 2 years, stored in controlled conditions and analysed every month. These methods are based on determining solvents and dyes using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) respectively. Dating methods can be simple or combined, using either a single parameter or multiple parameters, enabling concentration ratios to be determined irrespective of the amount of the sample. The combined methods that determine both solvents and dyes are the ones that present the most reproducible results over longer periods after the ink has been deposited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents outcome of round robin exercise on usage of ball indentation technique to predict strength properties of three different materials which are used in Indian nuclear reactors. The main objectives were to evolve a standardized procedure of determining the mechanical properties by the Ball Indentation technique and quantification of the variation in strength and fracture properties due to ageing through such tests. Standard uniaxial tensile tests were also carried out to quantify the differences between strength properties predicted by ball indentation and those determined using conventional tests. Three different materials studied were, carbon-manganese steel (Grade: SA 333Gr.6), stainless steel (SA312 Type 304LN) and zirconium alloy (Zr-2.5Nb). The carbon-manganese steel and stainless steel materials were drawn from extruded pipes while Zr-2.5Nb was drawn from pressure tubes, used in Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors. Ball indentation tests were carried out on materials in as received and in aged conditions. The ageing was simulated artificially. The carbon-manganese steel and stainless steels were subjected to cold work while Zr-2.5Nb alloy was subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures with varying hold times and in some cases with charged hydrogen. The round robin exercise was conducted within different research centers of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), India. This was a blind exercise in which all the conventional tests were carried out by a group (who was not involved in Ball Indentation tests) after the completion of ball indentation tests by participants. The paper presents the prediction of strength properties, using ball indentation, by different participants. The reasons of scatter in the results among the various participants and differences with respect to conventional test results are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The article explores the effect of various factors on ageing of polymer composites. • Focuses the significance of practical tools for optimizing durability, including experimental and accelerated aging methods. • Discusses about reinforcing materials to enhance the overall performance and resilience of polymer composites. Polymer composites have become indispensable in modern engineering applications, presenting a unique blend of qualities, including lightweight design, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Despite the inherent strength of these materials, their sustained performance is intricately linked to the various factors influencing the ageing process. It delves into the realms of general degradation, the impact of environmental conditions, and the role of fabrication & and synthesis methods. Emphasizing the pivotal role of aging in defining the reliability and durability of these materials, the research unfolds critical insights. Beyond elucidating the aging factors, the paper navigates through various experimental methodologies and accelerated aging techniques. These insights provide tangible strategies to augment the long-term performance of polymer composites by incorporating reinforcements such as nanofiller or nano clays with polymer matrix. By consolidating and advancing the current knowledge base, this study serves as a valuable resource for engineers and researchers, offering practical tools to optimize the durability of polymer composites across a broad spectrum of applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An optimised headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method has been applied to the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a groundwood pulp book naturally and artificially aged. In order to assess the potentiality of HS-SPME for accessing the compounds produced during the degradation of paper, two different accelerated ageing treatments were applied on an early 20th century book. First, a dry heat ageing was used. Then, the humidity level was increased to take into consideration the role of the hydrolysis reactions in the degradation of paper. The influence of these parameters (temperature and relative humidity) on the reaction products characterized was evaluated separately and discussed. This HS-SPME/GC/MS method associated with accelerated ageing enabled the characterisation of 36 VOCs of which four—furfural, 5-methyl furfural, vanillin and guaiacol—can be considered as relevant carbohydrates and lignin degradation compounds. Their relative abundance has been followed during ageing treatments in order to evaluate their potential role as lignocellulosic degradation markers. HS-SPME/GC/MS appears to be a suitable method for investigating volatile compounds emitted by an old book, and for distinguishing some relevant degradation compounds. Moreover, the method allowed us to monitor their relative abundance. It would now be worthwhile trying to detect these four relevant compounds in naturally aged books using a non-destructive microextraction method and, likewise to suggest a new approach to evaluate the state of deterioration of old books. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been applied to the analysis of volatile organic compounds emitted from a naturally aged groundwood pulp paper originating from an old book in order to access the products produced through the decomposition reactions occurring in paper upon ageing. Two different extraction methods were developed and compared: headspace SPME and contact SPME. The influence of few extraction parameters were tested in order to define the best extraction conditions. An optimised non-destructive contact SPME method was elaborated and allowed the characterisation of more than 50 individual constituents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The use of ‘brain training’ games is often regarded as relating to wider ideals of self-improvement and youthfulness. Hence, use is intertwined with discourses of ‘active’ ageing. This paper analyzes how the use and users of brain training games were configured in the UK media, from 2005 to 2015, and examines how notions of active ageing relate to these representations. Game users were rarely constructed solely as gamers, and were more often presented as prudent individuals focused on a serious goal. This configuration related to assumed and enjoined motivations for brain training; specifically, users were commonly framed as seeking to enhance cognition and limit/delay cognitive decline. Scientific evidence about brain training was often deployed to explain how games might work; sometimes, however, it was used to undermine the utility of games and assert the significance and cognitive health-benefits of other activities. A minority of texts explicitly critiqued ideals of self-improvement, arguing that game playing was important for its own sake. Yet, even the pleasure associated with gaming was occasionally instrumentalized as a mechanism for ensuring prudent life choices. The analysis casts fresh light on how debates around health, ageing, and science correspond to configurations of technology uses and users. It presents evidence of the widespread cultural circulation of enjoiners regarding self-care and healthy ageing within British society. However, the paper also provides indications of the limits to such imperatives: discourses of pleasure co-exist with and perhaps supplant logics of prudence in (accounts of) practices ostensibly aimed at ageing ‘well’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ageing has become an important issue in the arts and humanities, there is a striking lack of coverage of old age and ageing as represented in Russian literature. This paper highlights a theme constantly recurring in Russian narratives of ageing: the memory of the past and a witness's testimony as constitutive of the identity of the narrated self. The article provides analyses of 20th-century Russian women's prose in which memory and testimony play a decisive role for the ageing protagonist and her sense of self. Drawing on Paul Ricœur's concept of “narrative identity”, this paper aims to show that, in these texts, age identity is constructed around the notion of “having remained the same” and that this, notably, applies to the intersection of ageing and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the special issue "Learning and Developing over the Life-Course: A Sociocultural Approach", which collects six papers stemming from the project "Ages for Learning and Growth: Sociocultural Perspectives" (AGILE), supported by the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction. Considering that sociocultural psychology has mainly focused on development and learning in children, adolescents or (young) adults, AGILE aims at exploring learning and development in older people's lives. To do so, theoretical concepts and methodological tools used in research on other developmental periods had to be reconfigured and enlarged. The article first presents the main theoretical and methodological assumptions underlying sociocultural psychology, and shows the challenges of applying them to older people. Each of the six papers (by Aleksander Baucal, Michèle Grossen, Pernille Hviid, Kyoko Murakami, Roger Säljö, Fabienne Tarrago Salamin, Isabelle Tournier and Tania Zittoun) is then briefly introduced. In conclusion, the article emphasises the importance of accounting for the situatedness of older persons' activities, the meaning they give to these, and their experience of ageing. Methodologies that recognise the expertise of the persons participating in a study, and include them as active participants, are also called for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pressure wave reflection time and augmentation index are mathematically derived. • A large part of the observed reflection time is caused at the reflection site. • Augmentation index flattening with age is due to flattening of the reflection time. • Increased delay at the reflection site can be misinterpreted as a shift in the reflection site. Reflected pressure waves are key to the understanding of vascular ageing, a prominent factor in major cardiovascular events. Several different metrics have been proposed to index the effect of wave reflection on the pressure waveform and thereby serve as an indicator of vascular ageing. The extent to which these indices are influenced by factors other than vascular health remains a matter of concern. In this paper, we use transmission-line theory to derive a mathematical model for the reflection time (T refl), and the augmentation index (AI), assuming a general extended model of the arterial system. Then, we test the proposed model against values reported in the literature. Finally, we discuss insights from the model to common observations in the literature such as age-related "shift" in the reflection site, the variation of AI with heart rate, and the flattening of T refl in older participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing retina is prone to ferroptosis due to the iron accumulation and impaired efficiency of intracellular antioxidant defense system. Ferroptosis acts as a cell death modality that is characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is distinctively different from other types of regulated cell death (RCD) at the morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Its prevalence and severity increase progressively with age. Recent reports have shown that ferroptosis is implicated in the pathophysiology of DR. Under hyperglycemia condition, the endothelial cell and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell will undergo ferroptosis, which contributes to the increased vascular permeability and the disrupted blood retinal barrier (BRB). The underlying etiology of DR can be attributed to the impaired BRB integrity and subsequent damages of the neurovascular units. In the absence of timely intervention, the compromised BRB can ultimately cause profound visual impairments. In particular, the ageing retina is vulnerable to ferroptosis, and hyperglycemia will accelerate the progression of this pathological process. In this article, we discuss the contributory role of ferroptosis in DR pathogenesis, and summarize recent therapeutic trials that targeting the ferroptosis. Further study on the ferroptosis mediated damage would enrich our knowledge of DR pathology, and promote the development of clinical treatment for this degenerative retinopathy. • Ageing retina is prone to ferroptosis due to iron accumulation and impaired antioxidant defense system. • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) acts as a common microvascular complication of diabetes with its prevalence increases with age. • The paper reviews the contributor role of ferroptosis in DR, and summarizes therapeutic trials that targeting ferroptosis. • Exploration of ferroptosis will enrich our knowledge of DR pathogenesis and promote the development of clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scientific interest has been directed towards age-related diseases, driven by the significant increase in global life expectancy and the growing population of individuals aged 65 and above. The ageing process encompasses various biological, physiological, environmental, psychological, behavioural, and social changes, leading to an augmented susceptibility to chronic illnesses. Cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, liver and oncological diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Moreover, ageing individuals demonstrate reduced regenerative capacity and decreased tolerance towards therapeutic interventions, including organ transplantation. Liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, have emerged as significant public health concerns. Paradoxically, these conditions remain underestimated despite their substantial global impact. Age-related factors are closely associated with the severity and unfavorable prognosis of various liver diseases, warranting further investigation to enhance clinical management and develop novel therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review focuses specifically on age-related liver diseases, their treatment strategies, and contemporary practices. It provides a detailed account of the global burden, types, molecular mechanisms, and epigenetic alterations underlying these liver pathologies. • The paper explores ageing's impact on the liver, emphasizing physiological changes and disease susceptibility. • Discusses old age as a risk factor for various liver diseases (MAFLD, ALD, viral hepatitis, drug-induced injury). • Presents modern approaches for elderly liver diseases: pharmacological, lifestyle, and nutritional strategies. • Outlines personalized medicine for elderly liver diseases, covering genetic profiling, biomarkers, and advanced imaging. • Spotlights emerging therapies (stem cells, gene therapy, targeted drug delivery) for elderly liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study presents a synthesis of current research on joy among older people. • Social connectedness and participation in meaningful activities can bring joy. • Joy is a concept that could provide a meaningful person-centred outcome in research. To date there has been little focus on the concept of joy amongst older people in the literature. The objective of this scoping review was to understand the extent and type of evidence about joy and older people. Searches were run in ten databases in January 2022 (re-run January 2023). Eligible studies included people aged 65 and over living in their usual place of residence and described the experience or evaluation of joy. Screening was conducted independently by two reviewers and data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. We included 11 papers reporting both qualitative (n = 5) and quantitative (n = 6) studies involving 1,487 participants with a mean age of 81.6 years. Seven of the studies were based in care or nursing homes with four in community settings. Five studies reported the experience of joy, three reported on the assessment of joy, and three examined the association between joy and other factors. Social connections and participation in activities that are meaningful to the individual are important sources of joy. Joy amongst older people has received little attention in the literature despite it being highlighted as being important to older people themselves in relation to their health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the low-velocity impact performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fibre reinforced composites manufactured by fused deposition modelling. Moreover, the effect of ageing on the impact properties and visual damage is studied. This evaluation is crucial for understanding the long-term behaviour and durability of these materials, enabling better design and engineering decisions in various applications where impact resistance is paramount. Low-velocity impact tests were conducted on specimens aged 1, 7, 15 and 30 days. An instrumented drop-weight testing machine was employed for the tests. The dimensions and layup sequence of the composite specimens were designed following the recommendations outlined in the ASTM D7136/D7136M standard for unidirectional composite tapes. Results showed that the initial elastic part slightly reduces with age. In addition, the severity of visual damage in the specimens clearly varied with age. The older specimens present the less visible damage but also the lower impact energy absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many governments have sought to enhance patient choice in hospital by intensifying competitive pressure on hospital administrations that is expected to improve efficiency, quality, and innovation. However, there is mixed evidence on whether patients travel past their local hospitals to seek better quality care and whether higher-income patients are those most sensitive to respond to competitive pressures. Using detailed data from 17 million inpatient stays admitted in France during 2019, this paper explores patients' choice of provider where for-profit, non-profit, research hospital and local hospitals are allowed to compete with each other. We estimate the extent to which deprivation gradient plays on patient's choice of provider. We found that, in general, patients travel for their care, with just one-quarter of them going to the nearest hospital. In fact, the most vulnerable patients (i.e., those socio-economically deprived, and very aged) are mostly treated in local public hospitals with the lowest quality service level, and with large variability in quality as well, while those with less socio-economic deprivation seek care at higher-quality for-profit hospitals. Our counterfactual simulations show that admission to university hospitals attenuates existing inequalities. However, whether it delays the healthcare access sought by this population remains an open question. • Patients do not go to the closest hospital (26%); they go to the nearest hospital for given ownership (82%). • Healthcare quality and distance are typical factors, but social networks also affect the patient choice of hospital ownership. • Counterfactual simulations show treating in university hospitals is not sensitive to patient socio-economic deprivation. • Increasing the distance or reducing quality drives patients to be treated in university hospitals; in some ways, existing inequalities are attenuated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Improved IEC dynamic thermal model of liquid-immersed power transformers. • Introducing the dependence of the losses on the temperature. • Correction of top oil temperature rise versus ambient temperature. • Correction of hot-spot to top oil temperature difference versus top oil temperature. • Tests based on field data for shell-type 100MVA ODAF transformer. The paper presents the dynamic thermal model of shell-type transformers. The data from heat run test and field operation of single-phase shell-type transformer 512 kV / 13.8 kV / 13.8 kV, 100 / 50 / 50 MVA, with oil directed air forced (ODAF) cooling, and 9 built-in fibre-optics sensors, are used for the development and testing of the model. Starting model was standard IEC model with parameters determined from heat run test and transformer field operation data. For the computations supporting software in C# was developed, whereas Microsoft Solver Foundation (MSF) library was used for the estimation of the parameters from the recorded values during thermal transients. The following improvements of the IEC model were introduced: a) the dependence of the losses on the temperature, b) correction of top oil temperature rise based on ambient temperature and c) correction of hot-spot to top oil temperature difference depending on top oil temperature. The paper proposes a method based on the application of the safety margins, which guarantees the measured temperatures will be lower than calculated in high temperature region. The testing of the method was performed on one-year data set from transformer operation. © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of ageing time and temperature on the deformation mechanism and corresponding tensile properties are investigated in a γ/γ′ Ni-based superalloy, HAYNES 282. Through a systematic variation in duration (24 h and 216 h) and temperature of ageing (650 °C and 760 °C), a significant variation in strengthening microstructural features was achieved in the resulting microstructures. While in one case (650 °C, 24 h ageing condition), a microstructure with no γ′ was observed, for the rest of the cases, γ′ precipitates of varied sizes were observed. In one specific case (760 °C, 216 h ageing condition), very fine (4–6 nm) MC carbides were observed along with γ′ precipitates; in which these tiny MC carbides became the deciding factor for strength over γ′ precipitates. While common knowledge of smaller γ′ precipitates giving higher strength could explain the higher strength at 760 °C, 24 h ageing condition as compared to 650 °C, 216 h ageing condition, the further increase in strength in case of 760 °C, 216 h ageing condition, even with much larger γ′ precipitates was something quite interesting and counterintuitive. This paper elucidates this puzzling observation. The variation of tensile properties of these wide varieties of microstructures will be described in this paper in light of the underlying deformation mechanisms. A change in deformation mechanism from planar slip (microstructure with no γ′) to twinning (microstructure with γ′) and Orowan-looping (microstructure with γ′ along with fine nano carbides) as a function of microstructure explains the difference in strength, ductility, and strain hardening phenomena among the varied ageing conditions. • High temperature tensile deformation was studied as a function of ageing condition. • Deformation micro-mechanism explained the variation in tensile response. • Deformation is primarily through mechanical twinning along with slip. • Dominant role of fine nano carbides, present in a particular ageing condition. • Microstructure with no γ′ precipitate primarily deformed by planar slip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the concept of generativity to challenge the ageist view of older adults' reduced social and economic contributions in a neoliberal economy and support an age-integrated society. It revisits Erik Erikson's life cycle theory and brings forth the argument that the core quality of the seventh stage of human ego development, generativity vs stagnation, transverses all previous developmental stages and creates a forever-moving life cycle through intergenerational connections. Generativity is critical to human ageing as it is closely linked to notions of transfer of knowledge. This paper investigates generativity in relation to ego, libido and ageing. It discusses the ego as the medium of generativity and libido as its source of energy. It also explores how opportunities for intergenerational exchange, transfer of knowledge, and creativity are fashioned to suit the larger economic and socio-cultural context through sublimation. The paper concludes that generativity is the most promising route to an age-friendly society. • Erik Erikson's concept of generativity is crucial to an age-friendly society in the neoliberal world • Generativity captures the entirety of human life cycle through intergenerational exchange. • Libido is the energy source of generativity and ego is its medium through shared narratives. • Libidinal sublimation of generativity is bound by the neoliberal context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Social support interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia (PwD) are important because informal carers often rely on their social networks for support. This systematic review synthesises findings from research on social support interventions, and examines their methodological quality and effectiveness on caregiver social support and well-being variables.Methods: A systematic literature search utilised five databases. Papers were selected when the primary aim of the intervention was to improve social support. Quality of papers was assessed by the Level of Evidence grade and the criteria list from the Cochrane Back Review Group.Results: 39 papers were identified and classified into 4 social support intervention categories: befriending and peer support, family support and social network interventions, support groups, and remote interventions using the internet or telephone. Content, intensity, uptake, effectiveness and quality of interventions varied widely. In general, the level of evidence was low. Most studies measured effect on well-being variables, while few examined social support outcomes. Multi-component social support interventions were most effective. Evidence suggested, also a caregiver benefit from remote interventions. Generally, results were inconsistent; some papers demonstrated beneficial results, while others demonstrated no improvement on social support and well-being variables. Social support outcomes were more positively evaluated when qualitative outcome measures rather than quantitative measures were used.Conclusions: Although multi-component social support interventions may improve caregiver well-being, there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether a change in social support is the underlying mediating factor. The inclusion, validation and operationalization of caregiver social support measures deserve more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual response to an immune challenge results from the optimization of a trade-off between benefits and costs of immune cell activation. Age-related immune disorders may have several mechanistic bases, from immune cell defects to chronic pro-inflammatory status and oxidative imbalance, but we are still lacking experimental data showing the relative importance of each of these mechanisms. Using a proteomic approach and subsequent biochemical validations of proteomics-derived hypotheses, we found age-dependent regulations in the liver of 3-months and 1-year old-mice in response to an acute innate immune activation. Old mice presented a chronic up-regulation of several proteins involved in pathways related to oxidative stress control. Interestingly, these pathways were weakly affected by the innate immune activation in old compared to young individuals. In addition, old mice suffered from lower glutathione-S-transferase activity and from higher oxidative damage at the end of the experiment, thus suggesting that they paid a higher immune-related cost than young individuals. On the whole, our data showed that a substantial fraction of the liver costs elicited by an activation of the innate immune response is effectively related to oxidative stress, and that ageing impairs the capacity of old individuals to control it. Significance Our paper tackles the open question of the cost of mounting an innate immune response. Evolutionary biologists are familiar since a long time with the concept of trade-offs among key traits of an organism, trade-offs that shape life history trajectories of species and individuals, ultimately in terms of reproduction and survival. On the other hand, medicine and molecular biologists study the intimate mechanisms of immune senescence and underline that oxidative imbalance is probably playing a key role in the progressive loss of immune function with age. This paper merges the two fields by exploring the nature of the cellular pathways that are mainly affected by age when the innate immunity is triggered. To this purpose, a proteomic approach was used to explore liver protein profiles and provide for the first time convincing data supporting the idea that oxidative stress constitutes a cost of innate immune response in old mice, possibly contributing to senescence. Proteomics-derived hypotheses were furthermore validated using biochemical assays. This paper therefore illustrates the added value of using proteomics to answer evolutionary biology questions, and opens a promising way to study the inter-specific variability in the rates of immune-senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Frailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the clinical presentation of identifiable physical alterations and decreased physiological reserve. The assessment of frailty syndrome has been recently related with post-surgical outcomes and overall mortality in older individuals. Design and data sources We performed searches in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, SCIELO and IME (Spanish medical index) databases from their start dates to February 2014 for original papers about the identification of the relationship between frailty and pre-operative risk evaluation in people aged 65 and over. Review methods We followed criteria of systematic PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers extracted descriptive information on frailty criteria and outcomes from the selected papers: of the 77 articles retrieved from the searches, 32 met the study inclusion criteria. Results Severity of frailty syndrome significantly correlated with post-surgical mortality rates and with many although not all post-surgical complications. These relationships emerge in different type of surgical procedures and patients' features. The comparison of diagnostic tools to assess frailty in pre-operative risk evaluation are very few and to date, no recommendation can be made about the best scale to measure it. Conclusion Assessment of frailty syndrome should be added in the pre-operative risk assessment in older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With about one third of adults aged 65 years and older being reported worldwide to fall each year, and an even higher prevalence with advancing age, aged-related falls and the associated disabilities and mortality are a major public health concern. In this context, identification of fall risk in healthy older adults is a key component of fall prevention. Since dual-task outcomes rely on the interaction between cognition and motor control, some studies have demonstrated the role of dual-task walking performance or costs in predicting future fallers. However, based on previous reviews on the topic, (1) discriminative and (2) predictive powers of dual tasks involving gait and a concurrent task are still a matter of debate, as is (3) their superiority over single tasks in terms of fall-risk prediction. Moreover, less attention has been paid to dual tasks involving postural control and transfers (such as gait initiation and turns) as motor tasks. In the present paper, we therefore systematically reviewed recent literature over the last 7 years in order to answer the three above mentioned questions regarding the future of lab-based dual tasks (involving posture, gait initiation, gait and turning) as easily applicable tests for identifying healthy older adult fallers. Despite great heterogeneity among included studies, we emphasized, among other things, the promising added value of dual tasks including turns and other transfers, such as in the Timed Up and Go test, for prediction of falls. Further investigation of these is thus warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the experiences of older community-dwelling Australians evacuated from their homes during the 2011 and 2013 Queensland floods, applying the novel creative methodology of poetic inquiry as an analysis and interpretative tool. As well as exploring how older adults managed during a natural disaster, the paper documents the process and potential of poetic inquiry in gerontological research. The first and second poems highlight the different social resources older people have to draw on in their lives, especially during a crisis. Poem 1 (“Nobody came to help me”) illustrates how one older resident felt all alone during the flood, whereas Poem 2 (“They came from everywhere”), Poem 3 (“The Girls”) and Poem 5 (“Man in Blue Shirt”) shows how supported – from both family and the wider community – other older residents felt. Poem 4 (“I can't swim”) highlights one participant's fear as the water rises. To date, few studies have explicitly explored older adult's disaster experience, with this paper the first to utilise a poetic lens. We argue that poetic presentation enhances understanding of older residents' unique experiences during a disaster, and may better engage a wider audience of policy-makers, practitioners, the general community and older people themselves in discussion about, and reflection on, the impact and experience of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilisation of polyethersulfone (PES) based membrane is often achieved by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) leading to a physical blend of the two polymers. This paper shows that the most commonly used membrane for UF in dairy industry is a PES/PVP based one. Nevertheless if hydrophilisation limits the organic fouling, PVP is also the Achilles heel of these membranes. It is particularly true when membranes are exposed to hypochlorite as it is the case for cleaning/disinfection steps. Evidencing the disappearance of PVP from a pristine PES/PVP membrane can be easily achieved by FTIR-ATR analyses. But when one wants to study the ageing of a membrane used in UF it gets more complicated: regardless of the cleaning efficiency the membrane always remains fouled by some proteins. As both PVP and proteins own chemical bounds leading to absorption at the same wavenumber in FTIR-ATR, it thereby prevents the easy highlighting of the PVP degradation. The aim of this paper is to propose a simple treatment of raw FTIR-ATR spectra to dissociate these two contributions, allowing consequently the study of the degradation of a fouled membrane. Then the procedure is applied to a real case study on a spiral membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]