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Abstract: Vernacular residential houses in Thailand were not heated nor cooled. The walls of such houses were constructed from wood and other light natural materials. Air-conditioning to cool interior spaces is now common and brick and concrete has replaced natural materials for walling. Even when a house is designed for air-conditioning, no insulation is used on the enclosing walls. It is generally believed that thick and heavy walls reduces cooling load in a space but insulation may not and is too costly. This paper presents results from an experimental and simulation study on comparative thermal performance of walls enclosing spaces that are used to serve three residential functions of bedroom, living room, and studio room. The study considers different levels of insulation and its placement at the interior and exterior surfaces on walls with and without windows, and for each functional use of a space. Use of external shading and blinds or curtain is not considered in this study. In all cases, the study concludes that insulation placed at interior wall surface improves wall thermal performance and is superior to that of exterior placement. The latter part appears to contrast with what have been found in similar studies taken under cool climate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]