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This research study is one of the significant to offer an inclusive investigation of the impact of green finance correlated policies by applying text analysis approach and panel data from 28 states and 8 union territories between 2010 and 2020. The paper uses the SDID and illustrates that overall, India's green finance associated with policies have directed a substantial decrease in industrial CO 2 emissions during the study period. Furthermore, the paper determined that the Fintech growth pays to the reduction of SO 2 (sulfur dioxide) emissions and positively influences environmental safety and investment enterprises. India is a great competitor worldwide in green finance strategy operation, and controllers need to accelerate the design of green finance products and boost the volume of financial institutions to provide green credit facilities. Though minimalizing the risk fintech stances, policymakers should inspire fintech's to take part in environmental quality protection inventiveness that encourages green consumption actively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing penetration of renewable electricity in the power systems coupled with reduction in its cost has resulted in increased interest in green hydrogen globally. Industry has been using fossil fuel-based hydrogen as an input for several decades. This paper makes an assessment of existing hydrogen production capacities in petroleum refineries and ammonia synthesis units in India along with estimating the potential for installing solar photovoltaic (SPV) powered alkaline electrolysers for producing green hydrogen and SPV capacity required for this purpose. Levelised cost of hydrogen production in these industries in India has been analysed and found to be competitive. The paper also discusses about water requirement, land requirement for SPV power plants, CO 2 emissions avoided and likely investment to be made for establishing infrastructure for green hydrogen production. With launching of national hydrogen mission in India, a transition to green hydrogen by the industry appears to be a near term possibility. • Hydrogen production capacities assessed for petroleum refineries and ammonia synthesis units in India. • Capacities of electrolysers and solar photovoltaic system to be installed for replacing existing hydrogen systems estimated. • Values for levelised cost of hydrogen estimated for such a combination of technologies. • Estimation made for water and land requirement for green hydrogen production, CO 2 emission avoided and investment needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas emissions and PM2.5 pollution from vehicular exhausts and the consequent negative externalities underline the urgency of investigating low-carbon pathways for the freight sector. This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis to determine the implications of a modal shift in the freight sector for the environment, energy systems and the economy. Stakeholder consultations are used to develop the qualitative narratives that are further used to set the parameters in energy-economy optimization models for deriving quantitative pathways. Our analysis includes four scenarios: Current Policy (CPS), Road Focused (FROAD), Rail Technology (TRAIL) and Harmonized Multimodal (HMML). The HMML scenario follows a balanced approach harmonizing the twin goals of reducing imported fuels and carbon emissions that can simultaneously assist in achieving development and decarbonization targets. Our results show that the HMML scenario based on the multimodal approach of creating a level playing field for all modes can reduce fossil fuel imports by 87.6% and CO 2 emissions by 96%, relative to CPS in 2050. The HMML scenario also envisages significant macroeconomic benefits – the cost of logistics as a percentage of GDP falls to 11%, and there are cumulative foreign exchange savings of 3.8 trillion USD from 2016 to 2050. However, electrification, the leading technology for the respective decarbonizing modes, will need policies that enhance research and innovation on batteries and infrastructure investments for charging along national and state highways. The main policy insight from our analysis is that multimodal logistics policy needs to be designed in alignment with clean energy-based electrification policy and national rail plans so that uniform rules from the origin govern all modes to the destination of goods transport. • Modelling energy economy to analyse implications of modal shift. • Combining stakeholder consultations with quantitative evaluations. • Multimodal approach achieves development and mitigation goals at the same time. • Over 80% of savings on imports of fossil fuels are possible by 2050 relative to the current policy scenario. • Cumulative foreign exchange savings of 3.8 trillion USD can be achieved from 2016 to 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper forecasts the growth of freight transport emissions in India's trucking sector until 2050. We use the ARIMAX time series model to project the commercial vehicle population under various economic growth scenarios. CO 2 emissions are estimated using emission factors, distance traveled, and the projected commercial vehicle population. We use the validated forecasting model to investigate how emissions can be curbed through vehicle scrappage policies or fleet electrification to realign with the 2015 Paris Agreement's targets. Compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, 10-year and 15-year vehicle scrappage policies are estimated to reduce freight emissions by 6–11% and 1–2%, respectively. Fleet electrification has more pronounced effects as it results in a 35% and 70% reduction in carbon emissions for heavy and light goods vehicles in 2050, respectively, compared to the BAU scenario. These findings provide crucial insights for devising policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in India's trucking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study aims in finding the combined effect of using rectangular fins, gravels (G) and phase change material (PCM) on the performance of pyramid solar still. Two solar stills, one of conventional type (CSS) and other of modified solar still (MSS) which uses fins and PCM inside the basin, are fabricated. Experiments are conducted at Greater Noida (28°28′N, 77°30′E) of Uttar Pradesh, India, during May 2023. The influence of solar still design modifications (CSS and MSS) and adding gravels (CSS + G and MSS + G) on the performance of solar stills is investigated in terms of productivity, energy, exergy, economic, and environmental parameters. Experimental results show an enhancement of about 84 %, 38 % and 32 % in daily productivity for MSS + G, CSS + G and MSS, respectively, than CSS. The MSS + G shows the highest improvement in energy (81.1 %) and exergy efficiency (273 %) with significant reduction in costs per liter of yield produced (29.2 %) and payback period (29 %) when compared with CSS. About 76 % rise in carbon credits earned is observed for MSS + G than CSS while mitigating the CO 2 emission of 19.14 tons. Conclusively, the innovative design (MSS + G) not only offers cost-effective yield production but also plays a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability by reducing CO 2 emissions. • This paper develops and tests a modified solar still that uses PCM and fins. • The combined effect of fins, gravels and PCM is investigated. • The experiments conducted in Greater Noida, India, during May 2023. • MSS + G improved daily productivity by 84 %. • MSS + G reduces costs/l of water by 29 % and mitigates CO 2 emissions by 19.14 tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Physical, Regulatory and Brand value risks due to climate change challenges are foreseen by businesses globally. This paper is oriented towards these challenges and prepared a comprehensive Greenhouse gases (GHG) footprint plan and identification of mitigation opportunities for ONGC, a fortune 500 and national oil company of India. Internationally recognized standards and guidelines like Greenhouse Gas Protocol, ISO-14064, and American Petroleum Institute compendium have been referred for quantifying carbon emissions in nearly real 400 + operation control facilities. The GHG inventory is based on Operational Control approach to identify the boundary for which emissions are to be quantified and two significant scopes of emissions viz Direct Emissions and Indirect Emissions are identified and quantified. The quantification concluded that GHG emission footprint for the year 2016–17 is in the range of 9 million tons of CO 2 equivalent. GHG emissions mainly account due to stationary combustion, fugitive emissions and wastewater treatment, which share the around 56% of total emissions. Another 24–26% of emissions are contributed due to flaring, processes by glycol dehydrator, acid gas removal units, and by electricity purchased from the grid. As a result, it has been found that ONGC emits 187 kg CO 2 e emissions per tonne throughput and also compared with its global peer organizations. At the organization level, "Key Industrial Sites" have been identified as contributing higher GHG emissions and accordingly key "hot-spots," a list of 15 GHG mitigation opportunities have been proposed in the paper. Two GHG mitigation initiatives based on solar energy and bioenergy application undertaken at ONGC has also been briefed on case studies. Highlights • Comprehensive carbon footprint plan and identification of mitigation opportunities for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), a fortune 500 and national oil company of India. • Guidelines like Greenhouse Gas Protocol, ISO-4064 and American Petroleum Institute compendium are referred for quantifying carbon emissions from direct and indirect sources. • Green policy, incentives and mandatory compliance. • CO2e emissions per tonne throughput and also compared with its peer global organisations. • Key hot-spots, with a list of 15 GHG mitigation opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents extensive monitoring, detailed long term operational performance and on-field degradation measurement of utility scale grid connected 10 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) plant in real operating conditions. Different performance indices are evaluated incorporating IEC standard 61724 guidelines based on actual plant monitoring data (incident solar irradiation, ambient and module temperature and generated electrical energy) from January 2016 to December 2020 (period of five years). The annual average reference, array and final yield, performance ratio, capacity utilization factor, array capture and system losses, PV array and system efficiency of the plant were found to be 6–6.7 h/day, 4.83–5.1 h/day, 4.69–4.86 h/day, 72–74%, 19–20%, 1.02–1.33 h/day, 0.15–0.156 h/day, 12% and 11% respectively. Degradation of fielded modules is assessed by visual inspection and I-V curve tracing. Correlation of I-V characterization with electrical parameters of visually degraded installed PV modules is also presented. The calculated linear degradation rates varied from 0.97 to 1.52%/year in modules with considerable bird dropping, 1.33 to 1.61%/year in modules with light EVA discoloration, 1.6 to 1.86%/year in modules with glass breakage, 2.31 to 3.94%/year in modules with glass breakage and dark EVA discoloration, and 2.97 to 5.8%/year in modules with glass breakage and cell cracks. The annual linear degradation rates were found to be in the range of 0.9 to 1.1%/year for normal fielded modules with no visible degradation and 0.97 to 2.9%/year for visually degraded modules with mean and median values of 1.8%/year and 1.6%/year with six years operational period. The levelized cost of electricity, simple and discounted payback period and return on investment were found to be 4.05 Rs, 5.5 years, 11 years and 62.22% respectively. Annual CO 2 savings of the plant is around 16,000 tons and CO 2 emission reduction potential of installed pc-Si technology is found to be 1.6 tons/kW p. • Prolonged operational performance of utility scale 10 MW PV plant is evaluated based on real time plant monitoring. • Extensive degradation investigation is presented based on on-field experimental measurement in hot semi-arid climate. • Correlation of identified degradation modes and failures with electrical performance of degraded PV modules is presented. • Detailed financial and environmental analysis is presented in terms of LCOE, SPP, DPP, NPV, ROI & cumulative CO 2 savings. • Results provide important insights on PV plant operation in hot climate and in in improved operation of future PV plants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Advanced clean coal technologies and CCS could provide promising solutions for reducing CO 2 emissions up to 45% in comparison to BAU by 2050. • Coal demand changes to 1100-1400 Mt in 2030 and 1132-2200 Mt in 2050 under alternate future scenarios • CO 2 emissions from coal changes to 45-69% in 2030 and 34-67% of the total emissions in 2050 under alternate future scenarios. • Mitigation measures first decarbonize the power sector due to availability of flexible choices. Simultaneously it decarbonizes the other economic sectors. • Analysis shows that energy security and deep GHG emission mitigation is possible. Rapid shift from traditional energy intensive pathways is required to pace-up economic growth before exhausting remaining carbon budget under 2 °C global stabilization target. Within this larger context, in this paper we have used AIM/End-use, a bottom-up, techno-economic model to analyze India's energy security and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the year 2000 to 2050 with a focus on possibilities of coal continuance in India. Our analysis shows that by adopting advanced coal technologies and carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) options, up to 45% CO 2 emission reduction can be achieved over business-as-usual scenario (BAU) by 2050. This is possible even when coal use would increase to nearly 2200 Mt in 2050 as against 870 Mt in 2017-18. Without CCS, coal use could peak at 1200 Mt with 22% CO 2 reduction over BAU in 2050 but in that case nuclear and renewable energy would become pivotal in meeting energy demand. The paper concludes that a win-win integration of energy security and deep GHG emission mitigation is possible through a large-scale integration of advanced coal technologies and CCS in Indian energy systems. We have also provided a brief PESTLE analysis for finding the enabling environment necessary for achieving the results discussed in various scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

of a HOMER based techno-economic assessment of an electricity supply option based on a hybrid system comprising of a PV component, a diesel generator (DG) and electricity grid have been presented in this paper. The study includes analysis of electricity unavailability data for 132 locations in India spread over state capitals, district headquarters, municipal areas and villages. The values of Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost of Electricity (CoE) have been estimated for 25 selected locations in the country and a comparison with corresponding values for conventional alternative (grid+DG) has also been presented. The study internalizes all relevant location specific parameters. The values of NPC and CoE are lower in the range of 9.5%–36.6% and 16%–33.6% respectively for the proposed system (grid+PV+DG) as compared to conventional system at all 25 locations considered. The inclusion of PV component results in reduced purchase of grid electricity and much lower hours of operation of DG. • Analyzed real-time hourly grid power supply outage status for outdoor telecom towers at 132 locations • Designed optimal hybrid systems for powering BTS in telecom towers at 25 selected locations in India, • Presented a detailed techno-economic comparison of solar PV based hybrid system for powering BTS • The values of NPC and CoE are lower in the range of 9.5%–36.6% and 16%–102.4% respectively for the hybrid system • The PV component results in reduced purchase of grid electricity, DG operation, electricity fed to grid, and CO 2 emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development in technology and changing food habits have drastically altered the cooking method in recent years. Electric ovens are dominating the cooking sector in bakeries, restaurants, and domestic cooking. India holds the second position in terms of revenue generated by the sales of cookers and ovens. The electrical energy requirements are also adding up with electricity-based cooking. In addition, solar energy-dependent solar cooking appliances are available in the market, but they come with their own set of merits and demerits. This paper discusses the new concept and development of an Electric-Solar hybrid cooking appliance. The implemented control mechanism in the fully-featured hybrid OTG (Oven, Toaster, & Griller) oven shows the simplicity and ease of using solar energy in conjunction with electrical energy. The experimental and numerical results show that the temperature distribution inside an electric-solar hybrid oven saves energy up to 51% and takes much less cooking time than electric ovens and solar cooking appliances when operating in hybrid mode. The STEPCO (Solar Thermal-Electric Powered Cooking Oven) oven has demonstrated potential for a relatively quick return on investment, with a payback period of around 2.3 years in hybrid mode and 3.7 years in solar mode. Experimental testing has shown that the hybrid mode of the STEPCO oven achieves an impressive efficiency of 63%, which is significantly higher than that of the electric and solar modes, which are only 35% and 4.0%, respectively. Additionally, the STEPCO oven has the environmental benefit of emitting very little CO 2 during the cooking process when used in hybrid mode and zero CO 2 emissions when used in solar mode. • A novel cooking oven is designed and developed to operate in three modes. • CFD analysis is used to validate the temperature inside the oven in hybrid mode. • The hybrid oven saves up to 51% of energy and reduces annual CO 2 emissions. • The oven has shorter payback times of 2.3 and 3.7 years in hybrid and solar modes. • STEPCO oven has an efficiency of 63% in hybrid, more than solar and electric modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the climate emergency, it is necessary to model and forecast road transport emissions for implementing more effective climate policy. This paper fills an important research gap by quantifying the challenges, barriers and remedies of achieving road transport emission reduction and air quality improvement in developing countries. It contributes to the debate on top-down and bottom-up approaches to reconcile carbon and other transport related emissions. China and India are chosen as case studies. Using various official statistics and proxy variables, we estimate and compare the road transport carbon emissions of the two countries systematically from 2009 to 2020. Insights from detailed mode-specific estimations of the bottom-up approach are valuable for targeted policies and measures. An analysis of the major components of road transport carbon emissions points to strategies of promoting electric vehicles, reducing transport demand, accelerating modal shift to low-carbon modes, and cleaner electricity to achieve climate policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • India's emissions and intensity are driven by private consumption, followed by investment and exports. • India's emission increase comes from final demand and production structure changes. • India's increase of household indirect emissions mainly comes from per capita income increase. • India's aggregate embodied intensity by final demand category all increased. • India's aggregate embodied intensity changes mainly determine by production structure changes. Abstract India is the second largest developing country and fourth largest carbon emitter in the world. It has registered the rapid economic growth (7–9%) in the last decade. However, both its total carbon emissions and emission intensity (CO 2 emissions per GDP) kept increasing during period 2007–2013. There are few studies using input-output (I-O) analysis for India's energy/emissions in the literature. This paper tries to fill in the gap by using I-O framework to study India's total emissions and intensity changes and its driving forces with the latest data available and newly proposed techniques. The results show that India's carbon emission were mainly driven by private consumption (50–55%), followed by investment (25–26%) and exports (14–19%). During period 2007/08–2013/14, India's total emissions increased by 56.6%, where total final demand change resulted in emissions increasing and the shift of demand from raw material industry to high-value added manufacturing industry helped to reduce the emissions. When measuring India's relative emission efficiency, its aggregate embodied intensity (AEI) indicator in aggregate was mainly determined by private consumption (47–49%), followed by investment (23–24%) and exports (15–18%). From 2007/08 to 2013/14, the AEI values in aggregate and by final demand category all increased except the AEI of inventory change, mainly caused by production structure change. The emission efficiency improvements helped to reduce India's total emissions and carbon intensity, but the contributions were small. The policy implications of our findings are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's electricity requirements will continue to grow with its increasing population and urbanization. Climate change, increased carbon emissions, and the depletion of nonrenewable energy resources have forced India to shift to renewable energy resources. India's solar potential is large enough to provide 100-percent of its current electricity requirements if photovoltaic arrays and energy storage infrastructure of sufficient size is deployed. In this paper, we modeled the dynamics of net electricity input and output from a photovoltaic electricity (PV) system as it is built out to provide the entire electricity demand by 2050. The results showed that building a PV system large enough to meet the nation's entire electricity demand by 2050 is possible; however, it will require a rapid increase in the deployment of solar PV and the associated storage infrastructure over the next few decades. Such rapid expansion of the PV system will require substantial electricity allocation away from general societal use and towards building the photovoltaic system equipment and integrating it with existing infrastructure. This will lead to a short-term lack of electricity supply for general use by society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India ranks third globally in overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with power and transportation first and third, respectively, in terms of India's sectoral GHG contributions. Motivated by India's Nationally Determined Contribution goals and stated intent to drive renewables growth and vehicle electrification, this paper explores the connections between India's power and road transportation sectors by investigating the benefits of flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging on a set of hypothetical 2037 Indian power grid infrastructures. Using two production cost models, one simulating optimal unit commitment and hourly dispatch of available generation, the other simulating subhourly real-time dispatch operations, we examine the impact of flexible and inflexible EV charging regimes and vehicle-to-grid integration on generation profiles, peak load shaving, energy storage utilization, and overall emissions. Our techno-economic analysis shows that a number of future grid infrastructure scenarios, despite not specifically accounting for EV growth scenarios, may meet annual and hourly peak demand when combined with flexible EV charging; in contrast, inflexible EV charging, particularly during the early morning, will lead to substantial need for additional generation capacity. Coupled sectoral decarbonization remains tied to the grid generation mix, highlighting the need for continued policy focus on decarbonization of the rapidly growing power sector. • Flexible charging, grid decarbonization policies critical for EV adoption benefits. • Scenario analysis highlights pathways to efficiency gains + emissions reductions. • We quantify net CO 2 emissions from power + road transport with increasing EV load. • V2G reduces unserved reserves, prevents price spikes during extreme power outages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global urban mobility projects faces multiple sustainability challenges related to the high carbon emission and gasoline consumption. Due to carbon-intensive mobility, many developed countries implemented various place-based decarbonisation (PBD) strategies to develop sustainable city environments, but the adoption of PBD strategies in developing nations is still lagging. Electric vehicles (EVs) based mobilities are considered a PBD strategy to reduce city transport externalities. In addition, developing nations' transport users have various adoption uncertainties in adopting EVs-based urban mobility. Therefore, the present study focuses on understanding transport users' preferences for adopting EVs-based mobility to promote decarbonization in multiple places in India. The proposed conceptual model is based on attribution theory to develop EVs' adoption intention and validate it with the users of different tier-1 cities of India. The PBD strategies of the considered cities differ entirely from developed cities of the world and have different EVs promotion strategies. A structured survey instrument is used to record 335 potential users' responses to validate the conceptual model. The proposed model's psychometric properties are analysed with the LISREL package of Structural Equation Modeling. The moderated-mediation model and proposed research model hypotheses are tested using PROCESS macro. The obtained results confirm two important relations; first, the EVs technical attributes mediated the relationship between users' financial attributes and psychological attributes for PBD mobility adoption; Second , financial attributes are positively related to psychological attributes for adopting EVs for users' PBD mobility. The other key finding of the research is that the financial attributes interacted with the existing EV infrastructure (first moderator) and familiarity (second moderator) to influence the technical attributes of EV adoption. Thus, the obtained results unfold the complex relationships among financial attributes, psychological attributes, technical attributes, EV infrastructure, and familiarity for developing positive intentions towards adopting EVs for city decarbonization. The above factors profoundly impact the psychological makeup of users, resulting in individuals' purchasing intention of EVs for PBD. These results contribute to sustainable development in public transportation system and paves way to decarbonise city mobility. This paper helps transport planners and city administrators to develop adeqaute policy instruments for improving decarbonization strategies in Indian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is anxiety that has been rising vis-à-vis the climate changes in the entire world. Notwithstanding this, the primary purpose of this paper is to examine the board characteristics and carbon emission performance. This study applied the fixed effect model, 2SLS, and multiple regression analyses data from 220 non-financial listed companies on the BSE index and covering a period of 7 years from FY 2014-15 to FY 2020-21. The estimated results confirmed that board size, board meetings, board gender diversity, CEO duality, and ownership concentration have a negative association with carbon emission performance. In addition, board independence and the environmental committee are found to be positively associated with carbon emission performance based on 2 SLS and multiple regression analyses, and these results imply that they improve carbon performance. Overall, this study's shreds of evidence suggest that governing boards tend to pay attention to company's carbon performance and without mitigating original carbon performance is not likely to reduced GHGs emissions. This study's outcomes have significant implications for policymakers, corporate bodies, creditors, and regulators regarding the efficiency of corporate governance mechanisms in communicating climate change risks. However, corporate boards can use these results to find positive aspects of companies and formulate possible corporate governance modifications in relation to carbon policies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Indian electricity demand reduced by 11 % vis-à-vis 2019 during the lockdown. • Sectoral demand reduction—73 % industrial, remaining 27 % commercial. • Pan India lights-off event—hydropower provides the bulk of the flexibility (60 %). • The plant load factor of coal dropped to a record low of 35 % during phase-1. • Power sector emissions reduced by 16 % (86 MtCO2) compared to 2019. This paper aims to understand the responsiveness of the power sector during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic beginning from March 25, 2020 and analyses its impact on the demand, operation and supply of electricity in the Indian power system. The role of the C&I load share in reducing the electricity demand of the different states in India has been examined using multi-sectoral regression analysis. The impact of the pan India lights-off event on the short-term operational flexibility response of the power system has also been analysed using high-temporal resolution data. The results indicate that there has been a reduction of nearly 70 TWh of electricity demand during the lockdown period, an 11 % reduction compared to 2019. The top three states recording the highest reduction were Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu at 11 TWh, 10.6 TWh and 8.4 TWh, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that out of the total drop in load demand — 73 % is owed to the industrial sector, while the remaining 27 % is to the commercial sector. This demand drop also impacted the upstream electricity supply mix where 96 % of the reduction in supply was borne by the coal generating units, recording its lowest national plant load factor at 35 % with a 16 % reduction in overall CO 2 emission compared to the same period in 2019. In conclusion, a case study of Maharashtra has been used to analyse the impact of this reduction in electricity demand on the supply mix, hourly load profile and cost of supply under the different lockdown phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we evaluate opportunities to mitigate CO 2 emission from the power and industry sectors of India by carbon capture and storage. Results show that the total CO 2 emission from 630 power and industrial plants is 1.7 Gtpa. Of this, 0.9 Gtpa comes from power plants and 0.8 Gtpa from industry plants. There is 416.2 Gt of CO 2 storage capacity (mid case scenario) in India, enough to store 237 years of emission. Of this, 412.7 Gt (99%) comes from saline aquifers in 22 sedimentary basins, 1.9 Gt (0.44%) from six major gas fields, and 1.7 Gt (0.41%) from 37 major oil fields. The total mid CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery potential in India is 500 × 106 m3 with the biggest potential found in the following oil fields: Mumbai High (231 × 106 m3), Gandhar (13 × 106 m3), Mangala (17 × 106 m3) and Nahorkatiya (24 × 106 m3) in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Assam, respectively. Results of a CO 2 source-sink mapping exercise show that in most cases, CO 2 source-sink distance is less than 500 km, and many cases less than 100 km. • India's CO 2 emission is 1.7 Gtpa from the power and industry sectors. • There is 416.2 Gt of subsurface CO 2 storage capacity in India. • There is a total of CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery potential of 5.01 × 108 m3. • A CO 2 -EOR pilot is recommended for the offshore Mumbai High oil field. • Most CO 2 sources can be stored in sinks within a 500 km distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to bridge the gaps to produce sustainable energy cost-effectively and technically efficient. The paper explores the techno-economic-environmental viability of photovoltaic (PV)/biomass energy potential for a rural village, Sidhwanbet, Punjab, India. The data investigation was performed by HOMER Pro v3.14 software. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was designed, simulated and modelled to ensure the continuous energy supply for 770 households. The proposed optimal HRES consists of a PV module, biomass generator, converter and battery with the static specification and further improved by optimization. The optimal HRES out of the best five configurations was elected with Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) based on net present cost (NPC), cost of energy generation (COE), operating cost (ƠƇ), initial capital cost (ƗƇƇ), energy generation (ĖƓ), and a renewable fraction (Ȓϯ). The selected optimal HRES has been analyzed for economic, renewable energy and environmental aspects. The sensitivity study had performed while considering the discount and inflation rate. A simulation was performed for a 10-kW biomass generator, 1.1 kW solar array, five lithium-ion batteries, and a 3.96 kW converter. Results revealed that the PV's payback period (PBP) was 1.58 years, less than the useful life of optimal HRES. The cost of constructing an HRES for 25 years was equivalent to $21087, including initial cost, operating, replacement, and project costs. Thus, 35.6% of the necessary electricity is generated with PV and 64.4% biomass under optimal conditions for a 100% renewable energy integration. The CO 2 /year emission performance of optimal HRES is much better than Grid-only and PV-diesel generators. This technique may be used in rural regions in every other developing nation. [Display omitted] • Study of hybrid PV/Biomass/Battery energy for India rural area. • Design and optimization for off-grid electricity generation system using HOMER. • Technically and financially viable optimal configuration costs 0.0362 $/kWh. • System performance economically and environmentally analyzed by sensitivity analysis. • HRES reduced GHG compared to conventional grid and PV-biogas generator only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]