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Resilient system performance in high-stakes settings, which includes the ability to monitor, respond, anticipate, and learn, can be enhanced for trainees through simulation of realistic scenarios enhanced by augmented reality. Active learning strategies can enhance simulation-based training, particularly the mental model articulation principle where students are prompted to anticipate what will happen next and the reflection principle where students self-assess their performance compared to a gold standard expert model. In this paper, we compared simulation-based training for trauma care with and without active learning strategies during pauses in the simulated action for progressively deteriorating patients. The training was conducted online and real-time without a facilitator, with 42 medical students viewing training materials and then immediately taking an online quiz for three types of trauma cases: hemorrhage, airway obstruction, and tension pneumothorax. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control condition in a between-subjects design. We compared performance in the control and experimental conditions based on: A) the proportion of cues correctly recognized, B) the proportion of accurate diagnoses, C) the proportion of appropriate treatment interventions, and D) verbal briefing quality on a 1–5 scale. We found that the training intervention increased recognition of subtle cues critical for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment interventions; the training did not improve the accuracy of diagnoses or the quality of the verbal briefing. We conclude that incorporating active learning strategies in simulation-based training improved foundational capabilities in detecting subtle cues and intervening to rescue deteriorating patients that can increase the readiness for trainees to contribute to resilient system performance in the high-stakes setting of emergency care in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with executive function deficits that are improved with medications. However, meta-analyses of stimulant effects on cognition have mostly tested single-dose effects, and there is no meta-analysis of non-stimulant effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis tested the clinically more relevant longer-term effects of Methylphenidate (20 studies; minimum 1 week) and Atomoxetine (8 studies; minimum 3 weeks) on reaction time, attention, inhibition, and working memory, searching papers on PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. The meta-analysis of 18 studies in 1667 subjects showed that methylphenidate was superior to placebo in all cognitive domains with small to medium effect sizes (Hedges g of 0.34–0.59). The meta-analysis of atomoxetine included 7 studies in 829 subjects and showed no effects in working memory, but superior effects in the other domains with medium to large effect sizes (Hedge's g of 0.36–0.64). Meta-regression analysis showed no drug differences on cognitive effects. The meta-analyses show for the first time that chronic Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine have comparable effects of improving executive functions in people with ADHD. • First meta-analysis of chronic medication effects on cognition in ADHD. • Cognitive domains included attention, inhibition, reaction time and working memory. • Chronic methylphenidate improved performance on all cognitive domains. • Chronic Atomoxetine improved performance on all domains except working memory. • Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine had comparable effects on improving cognition in ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Patient and healthcare professional perspectives. • Cognitive impairment in MS and its impact on employment. • Cognitive symptoms of multiple sclerosis. • Workplace adjustments for cognitive symptoms of MS. • Qualitative interview-based study. Cognitive impairment can considerably impact the work life of people who have multiple sclerosis (MS). Cognitive symptoms are associated with an increased likelihood of unemployment, changes in employment and decreased working hours. This qualitative interview-based study aims to gather real-word experiences and perspectives from both people living with MS and healthcare professionals, to explore how cognitive symptoms are experienced in the workplace, how their impact is addressed, and what can be done to support people in managing and minimizing this impact on employment. Semi-structured, one-to-one interviews were conducted with people living with MS who experience cognitive symptoms, and with healthcare professionals working in MS care. Participants were recruited from a healthcare market research agency based in the United States. The data obtained from the interviews were subsequently analysed using a Grounded Theory method, in order to identify the core themes that form the basis of this paper. A total of 20 participants (n = 10 people living with MS; n = 10 healthcare professionals) from the United States were interviewed. Overall, 9 themes were identified from the raw data, which were grouped into three core themes describing the perspectives and experiences reported by both people living with MS and healthcare professionals: (1) The implications of cognitive symptoms on work; (2) Challenges in addressing cognitive impairment and its impact on work in MS care; (3) Strategies and support for managing the impact of cognitive symptoms. The real-world insights of PwMS and HCPs gained from this qualitative study show that a multi-faceted approach to addressing cognitive impairment and its impact on the employment of PwMS is required. Workplace adjustments can range from self-implemented changes to changes put in place by employers to accommodate the various ways in which cognitive symptoms may impact a person's work. This study provides valuable information on how people living with MS can be affected by cognitive symptoms in the context of their employment; furthermore, that preparing early when possible and maintaining a proactive approach to managing their impacts on work are important for maintaining a good quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into Electroencephalogram (EEG) applications for assessing human experiences in thermal environments, focusing on thermal perception, cognition, and emotions. Our analysis categorizes EEG studies into statistical investigations and discrimination models. Statistical studies, encompassing various frequency bands and indices, yield inconclusive outcomes due to diverse findings. Discrimination models employ a diverse range of EEG features tailored to specific experimental conditions. The lack of a consistent knowledge foundation on EEG's spectral and topographical properties to distinct aspects of human thermal experience, along with the absence of a universally recognized thermal perception index and variations in defining cognition and emotion indices, contributes to this diversity. Through a thorough examination of methodological aspects, including experimental and data analysis approaches, our review exposes significant gaps and limitations in current thermal experience research. The paper proposes key recommendations to advance the field, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive environmental portrayal, standardized perceptual descriptors, multidomain studies, and dynamic thermal research. Advocating for investigations into individual thermal variable influences, within-subject experiments, and addressing cognitive interferences, the review also highlights the need for improved data granularity, standardized EEG protocols, and a broader exploration of EEG analysis methods. Addressing these aspects is vital for establishing a more consistent knowledge base, enhancing research reliability, and improving result communication. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of human thermal experience, providing recommendations to bridge identified gaps and limitations, fostering a more robust foundation for future research in this domain. • Systematic review of EEG uses for human thermal perception, cognition, and emotion. • Addressing inconclusiveness in the literature findings. • Critical assessment of methods: environmental, experimental, and data analysis. • Providing key recommendations to advance the field and research reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify what individual experiences contribute to the development of students' intercultural competence in study abroad contexts and how these experiences positively or negatively impact their intercultural development. Fifty-one students completed the IDI both before and after their year-long sojourn abroad. Upon their return, twenty-six students participated in focus group debriefing sessions in which they answered questions regarding their personal growth and intercultural development while abroad. Thirteen categories of experiences—ten related to intercultural gains and three intercultural regressions—were identified and further abstracted into three broad themes (cognitive, behavioral, and affective). These findings partially confirm existing frameworks describing intercultural competence but add more nuance and complexity. Through the exploration of both the positive and negative learning outcomes by focusing on students' experiences at the individual level during study abroad, this study answers key questions of why study abroad experiences can lead to positive changes in intercultural competence for some students but negative ones for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, new wireless applications and services are exploding. These new applications and services usually need wider bandwidth and higher speed. The voice of people calling for a fast and convenient network is getting stronger and stronger, and the wireless network must be the main development direction of the network in the future world. In order to make the development of wireless communication technology not limited by limited resources, resource optimization design has always been a research hotspot of scientists. Among them, the optimal resource algorithm can get the theoretical global optimal solution, while the sub-optimal resource allocation algorithm, as a supplement to the former, can be used to reduce costs and improve efficiency when the system structure is too complex. In this paper, a resource optimization method based on sparse clustering algorithm is proposed, and the matching relationship between spectrum resources and the services carried by cognitive terminals is established, so that the effectiveness of collaboration and cognitive systems is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the current demand of heterogeneous, cross domain, many service platforms, wide distribution and low-cost resource sharing platform construction of agricultural public welfare information service resources, this paper puts forward a set of standardized and orderly data acquisition and interpretation sharing methods. Methods combined with the characteristics of multi domain resource sharing, metadata semantic modeling based on cognition is proposed to establish the mapping between metadata cognition and metadata semantics to resource description model, build a basic framework of resource sharing, extract the minimum core metadata required for resource sharing, define the basic rules for the existence of resource sharing data, and give the resource sharing description model. At the same time, in order to clearly explain the semantic annotation information in the model, the construction method of shared resource semantics is introduced. In order to reduce the difficulty of resource description, sharing and publishing on heterogeneous platforms, a shared resource description tool based on "resource sharing semantic description model" is introduced. This method combines the advantages of existing methods. At the same time, through the production of description tools and the introduction of semantics, the development difficulty and development volume of each service platform are reduced, the development cost is saved, the data sharing efficiency is improved, and the requirements of low-cost, cross domain, light dependence, resource readability and machine solvability for the construction of agricultural public welfare information service resource sharing platform are better solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery in FLK West lowermost level 6 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) of a massive and symmetrical handaxe, at odds both with the other LCT specimens so far unearthed from this site and with the technological traits commonly reported for the earliest Acheulean ca. 1.7 Ma, challenges the hypothesis of a gradual development of technological and cognitive qualities during the Acheulean. This thought-provoking specimen points to a less sharp difference between the first and later phases of the Early Acheulean (i.e. between ca. 1.7 and 1.2 Ma) and supports a somewhat punctuated flourishing of the handaxe technical and cognitive conceptualization. In this regard, this paper provides a detailed descriptive study of the large olivine basalt handaxe, in the framework of both the FLK West L6 lithic collection and the LCT shaping strategies. This analysis includes a morphometric description of the specimen and a comprehensive analysis of the knapping and shaping sequencing, through a diacritical study. It also includes a techno-functional assessment of the final design and symmetry. Finally, this paper examines some of the most significant implications of this large tool for our current views on temporal divisions within the African Acheulean and the cognitive abilities of the individual that made it. • This paper deals with the technological and cognitive implications of an sceptional handaxes recovered from one of the oldest Acheulean sites in Africa. • The specimen is studied both in detail (an option that we consider useful for the audience) and in a broader FLK West context. • The characteristics of this specimen can bear significant implications in the way we understand gradualism in tool conceptualization during the Acheulean techno-complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is a fairly diverse and complex construct to operationalize in a scientific and naturalistic context. We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of reviews published in the last 5 years on poor sleep and developmental outcomes. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 42 articles (or 1117 studies) qualified. They reported outcomes related to poor sleep investigated as sleep disorders (38.1%), sleep 'in general' (26.2%), sleep duration (23.8%), in terms of circadian rhythm (4.8%), intra-individual variability (2.4%), and napping (2.4%). Sleep was primarily subjectively reported (30.2%), yet the methodology of sleep assessment was often neither tabulated nor discussed. Overall, most papers had a health-scope, being primarily weight problems expressed as body mass index. Its relationship with performance was measured with the Wechsler intelligence tests, the child behavior checklist and the continuous performance test, whereas meta-analytic papers specifically focused on cognition with sleep disorder (i.e. sleep-disordered breathing; 38.6%), on health (i.e. weight) with sleep duration (25%) and behavior with sleep 'in general' (15.9%), having a high true variance. Nevertheless, an aggregated effect size d of 0.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.27-0.42) suggests that poor sleep is moderately affecting a child's performance and health. In conclusion, poor sleep can no longer be disregarded, yet methodologies that are more rigorous and a scope beyond health may foster a better understanding of the role of (poor) sleep across childhood neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic mapping of the disparate literature on non-biomedical therapeutic modalities using co-word analysis. Non-biomedical modalities are defined in this paper as therapeutic modalities that exist in separation, but not isolation from, biomedicine. Bibliometric visualisation based on co-word analysis, a method sensitive to the configuration of socio-cognitive networks of knowledge, is employed to create a semantic topography of thirty years' literature from across different disciplines. The proliferation of terminologies to describe non-biomedical modalities from different disciplines raises important issues about the structure of scholarly knowledge about this area, particularly with regards to domains of meaning and conceptual spaces that lay dormant within this discourse. Drawing from a bibliographic dataset of 17,163 peer-reviewed publications written in English between 1987 and 2017 (retrieved on September 31, 2018), this paper presents a rigorous map with which to navigate the highly complex and interdisciplinary literature on non-biomedical knowledge and practices. Arguing that knowledge production about non-biomedical modalities in scholarly literature resembles that of problematic networks of interest, this paper substantiates the separation from biomedicine that contradistinguishes non-biomedical modalities. It does so by analysing the semantic trajectories of the most widely used terminologies in this domain, namely traditional medicine, alternative medicine, herbal medicine, and unclassified drug. Although all equally problematic, these contested terminologies are unlikely to replace one another in any form of paradigmatic shift in the foreseeable future. Their persisting conceptual usefulness is anchored in their own respective clusters of meaning, and researchers wishing to engage in the production of knowledge in this domain should be mindful of the pitfalls associated with their terminology use. Non-biomedical modalities as a term might be better equipped to capture the diversity as well as the historical continuities and discontinuities of therapeutic traditions and practices at the margin of mainstream scientific medicine. • A map of terminologies from 17,613 peer-reviewed publications over 30 years. • Problematic terminologies continue to be used across different knowledge domains. • Contested nature of common terminologies is analysed in relation to each other. • Definition of non-biomedical modalities is provided and substantiated with data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The validity of sporting talent is hotly contested by those working, watching, and participating in sport in its variety of forms. Despite considerable research attention to understanding talent development in sport settings, the overall utility of this concept is not known. One of the reasons for this is that sporting talent has not been adequately conceptualized. This paper aims to provide a broad foundation for exploring talent in sport. Critical review. Prior work from psychology, sport psychology and sport science more generally are reviewed to develop a new conceptualization of talent in sport. We propose a multi-faceted conceptualization of talent as: innate (i.e., originating in biological elements present at birth), multi-dimensional (i.e., consisting of capacities from a range of broad cognitive, physical, and psychological categories), emergenic (i.e., involving interactions among factors that combine multiplicatively), dynamic (i.e., evolving across developmental time due to interactions with environments and random gene expression) and symbiotic (i.e., cultural and social factors will determine the ultimate value of an individual's talent). We also suggest several avenues for future research to determine the validity of talent in sport. • Talent remains the foundation of most athlete development systems. Yet, there is no sport-specific conceptualization of what talent is. • This paper uses the latest research from psychology, sport science and education to propose a multi-factorial model of talent in sport. • This model will help develop stronger and more robust research designs to determine the long-term validity of talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In essence, information retrieval is a cognitive process, which is the matching process between the reader's or user's cognition and the system's pre-set cognition. At present, cognitive view has become a research hotspot in the field of information retrieval. The research of information retrieval cognitive model has laid a theoretical foundation for the development of information retrieval system. Based on scarcity theory, this paper analyses the dynamic change of user's cognitive ability and constructs a cognitive model of information retrieval based on scarcity theory. After analysis, this paper evaluates the effect of information retrieval cognitive model based on scarcity theory, and clarifies the specific problems that the model can solve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Process-based framework depicting effects of culture on individual creativity. • Culture impacts information-processing strategies involved at every step of a creative action. • Cognition, motivation and attribution serve as key mechanisms driving cross-cultural differences in the creativity process. Global innovation capabilities including effective leverage of employee's creative potential across various cultural contexts have become increasingly important. Although widely recognized among researchers and practitioners, cross-cultural differences in creativity are yet to be comprehensively explored. The paper examines differences in creativity from a process perspective and identifies distinct mechanisms that underlie differences in creativity across cultures. Specifically, the theoretical framework depicts the effects of motivational, cognitive and attribution preferences on information processing strategies at every step of the creativity process and outlines how these differences result in a qualitatively different creative outcome. The perspective presented in the paper traces differences in the degree of novelty and usefulness of a creative idea to the information processing strategies that occur at every given step of the creative process. The proposed model complements prevalent social or normative approaches in the cross-cultural creativity field to provide a process-based explanation for the differences in the degree of creativity that were observed by researchers in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper elucidates some cognitive mechanisms of expertise in sport that have emerged from recent studies of three topics in psychology: motor imagery; flow and "clutch" states; and the "quiet eye" phenomenon. A selective narrative review was conducted of research on the three preceding topics. Special consideration was given to recent studies by European researchers on these topics. Following a brief overview of theoretical approaches to sport expertise, the paper examines certain cognitive mechanisms of elite athletic performance that have emerged from recent studies of motor imagery; flow and "clutch" states; and the "quiet eye" phenomenon. In the final section, conclusions are drawn about theoretical progress in understanding the cognitive mechanisms of expertise in sport. The mechanisms underlying sport expertise reflect both task-specific and universal cognitive processes (e.g., mental representations). Considerable progress has been made in identifying the cognitive mechanisms underlying expertise in sport but additional research is required to address certain unresolved issues in this field. Recent years have witnessed a profusion of research on athletic expertise - or the characteristics, skills, and knowledge that distinguish elite performers from less skilled counterparts. Unfortunately, relatively few studies have been conducted on the cognitive mechanisms (i.e., interaction between basic cognitive processes) underlying expertise in sport. Therefore, the present paper elucidates some mechanisms of expertise that have emerged from recent research (mainly by European investigators) on three topics in sport psychology: namely, motor imagery; flow and "clutch" states; and the "quiet eye" perceptual phenomenon. The final section of the paper presents some conclusions about the progress and prospects of research on the cognitive mechanisms of expertise in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review and discussion paper is to advance the debate on competence in nursing, simulation education, and literacy in simulation education pedagogy. Building on our previous patient-safety critical translational research work on drug dosage calculation-competence modelling, and safeMedicate ® virtual learning and diagnostic assessment environment design, we introduce three new concepts. First, we re-conceptualise the cognitive and physical modalities of a theory-practice gap, created by the traditional organisation of health professional education practice. Second, that simulated clinical environments occupy the liminal spaces between the ordered, symbolic and abstract world of the classroom, and the situated, messy world of clinical healthcare practice. Third, technology-enhanced boundary objects (TEBOs) function as simulation pedagogy modalities that (a) support students' transition across the liminal space and boundaries between classroom and practice setting, and (b) support competence development and integration in nursing. We use a constructivist-based clinical simulation education model as a guiding pedagogical framework for applying TEBOs and an integrated nursing competence model. The e-version of the paper has embedded animation and illustrative video content to demonstrate these constructivist principles, using technology and computer animation to make complex education ideas accessible to experienced educators and clinicians, early-stage educators, and nursing and healthcare students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aims of this paper are to conduct: 1) a systematic review of the effects of mastication on sustained attention, and 2) a meta-analysis of the effects of mastication on the performance of participants undertaking cognitive tests. Papers were obtained from MEDLINE and PsycInfo using a systematic approach incorporating defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-one papers linking mastication and sustained attention were reviewed. Meta-analysis detected a weak, but statistically significant, improvement in levels of sustained attention when chewing with low between-study heterogeneity (mean Cohen's d = −0.1479 standard deviations, 95% CI [−0.2913, −0.0045], p = 0.043 & I2 = 0.00%), and a tendency for feelings of alertness to decrease less during cognitive demanding tasks when chewing (mean Cohen's d = 0.3797 standard deviations, 95% CI [−0.0053, 0.7647], p = 0.052 & I 2 = 70.94%). To better understand the effects of mastication on sustained attention and alertness, further research is required which refines existing protocols, eliminates confounding effects such as gum formulation and constituents, and investigates the effects of contiguity, rate, and intensity of chewing. Highlights • Mastication significantly improves levels of sustained attention in cognitively demanding tasks. • There is a tendency for mastication to attenuate decreases in alertness in cognitively demanding tasks. • Sustained attention studies should focus on task duration, chewing contiguity, demand characteristics, and gum attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper takes as its point of departure David Olson's contention (as expressed in The Mind on Paper , (2016) CUP, Cambridge) that writing affords a meta-representation of language through allowing linguistic elements to become explicit objects of awareness. In so doing, a tradition of suspicion of writing (e.g. Rousseau and Saussure) that sees it as a detour from and contamination of language is disarmed: writing becomes innocent, becomes naturalised. Also disarmed are some of the concerns given rise to by the observation made in the title of Per Linell's book of a 'written language bias in linguistics' (2005, Routledge, London) with its attendant criticisms of approaches (e.g. Chomsky's) that assume written language to be transparent to the putative underlying natural object. Taking Chomsky's position (an unaware scriptism) as a representative point of orientation and target of critique, the paper assembles evidence that problematises the first-order, natural reality of cardinal linguistic constructs: phonemes, words and sentences. It is argued that the facticity of these constructs is artefactual and that that facticity is achieved by way of the introjection of ideal objects which the mind constructs as denotations of elements of an alphabetic writing system: the mental representation of language is transformed by engagement with writing and it is this non-natural artefact to which Structuralist/Generativist linguistics has been answering. Evidence for this position from the psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic literature is presented and discussed. The conclusion arrived at is that the cultural practice of literacy re-configures the cognitive realisation of language. Olson takes writing to be a map of the territory; however, it is suggested that the literate mind re-constructs the territory to answer to the features of the map. Highlights • The facticities of the phoneme, word and sentence are artefacts of alphabetic writing. • Chomskyan linguistics answers to these artefacts, they are not natural kinds. • Writing is a cognitive niche which transforms mental representations of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper we explore the interrelationship between the sociotechnical-pedagogical culture of e-learning, the emerging disciplines of Web science, Social Sensing and that of Cognitive Computation–as an emerging paradigm of computation. We comment in particular on the importance of this relation for the development of learning-analytics discourse. Moreover, we present an initial relational framework between these disciplines and suggest how these relations can be exploited to solve problems in each area. This paper argues for (a) the particular importance of the abstract class of 'learning machines' for Web science, (b) understanding cognitive computation as a necessary practical framework for the increasingly dominating, situated informal learning context, and (c) the potential benefit of Web science frameworks for investigating both, contemporary research questions in e-learning and the development of theories for informal ubiquitous learning. Finally, we argue that exploring links between these disciplines is necessary for improving practical research, for the purpose of developing learning-analytics methodology for evaluating the growing types of modern e-learning contexts such as the informal situated learning context. Highlights • Web Science, Cognitive Computing, E-learning and Social Sensing are connected. • Informal situated-learning is becoming the most prevalent form of e-learning. • Situated learning argued to be significant form of social machine (from Web Science). • Progress in learning-analytics depends on exploiting relations with these disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The focus of the paper is on the semantics of the Croatian prefix uz -, or, more specifically, on its contribution to the verbal semantics and the resulting network of senses realized by all the ' uz- ' prefixed verbs in standard Croatian. We first offer a brief overview of the extant analyses, both those that employ traditional and those that employ cognitive approaches, of this prefix in Croatian. This is complemented by a brief review of the corresponding Russian prefixes vz- and voz- and a comparison of the main senses expressed by these prefixes in Croatian and Russian. The central part deals with a detailed and systematic analysis of the semantic components and the syntactic requirements of all the Croatian uz- prefixed verbs. This approach, which takes into account both the semantic components and the syntactic behavior of verbs, allows us to create a much more finely-grained semantic network of senses compared to those presented in previous research. In the conclusive part of the paper we systemize the syntactic behavior of ' uz- ' prefixed verbs and present the obtained semantically motivated network of senses of ' uz- '. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite increased attention to social and historical dimensions in language teacher cognition research, the second language writing teacher cognition literature remains dominated by the cognitivist tradition that separates teachers' beliefs from their practices. To address this mismatch, this paper proposes to view second language writing teacher cognition through the lens of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, particularly its genetic method and concept of mediation. Based on these frameworks, the study aims to reveal the major shifts in a Vietnamese English language teacher's cognition about second language writing and the mediating resources involved. Following the narrative design, the participant's professional life story was first constructed with data from a series of interviews and various national and institutional documents. Her narrative was then subject to thematic analysis guided by the sociocultural theory concepts. It was found that her cognition changes followed a complex, non-linear trajectory, and there were dialectical interrelationships between these shifts. Moreover, these shifts were mediated by humans, concepts, and artifacts, whose influence was simultaneous and dialectical. Via analytic generalization in case studies, the paper proposes two models to illustrate firstly the chronological developments and secondly the socially mediated and dialectical nature of second language writing teacher cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present paper seeks to find a notionally neat category for the pragmatic idiom That's what she said. While this may seem like a trivial goal at first glance, this paper will systematically uncarve the internal and contextual complexities of this formula and the challenges entailed in this aim. While That's what she said merges features and functions that have been defined and labelled by scholars of Pragmatics, Cognition and Psychology as well as the highly interdisciplinary field of Humor Studies, these approaches have not been sufficiently aligned. The present discussion thus forms part of a larger-scale issue, i.e. that humor-related utterances on the one hand and aspects and frameworks of formulaic speech on the other hand have so far not explicitly been brought together. The present paper aspires to do exactly that, putting forth an extended formulaic continuum that does not only fit That's what she said in particular, but potentially other similar formulae that may not yet have been assigned their place on e.g. Kecskés's continuum in its present form and scope either (2000, 2003, 2010, 2013). The present paper therefore proposes the new notion of Isolated Formulaic Punchlines for such formulae, acknowledging their supposedly incoherent or isolated occurrence in the discourse, their formulaic makeup and their humorous potential. Highlights • This paper deals with the That's what she said , a pragmatic idiom which has so far hardly received any attention. • An extended formulaic continuum is proposed offering classificational space for That's what she said. • The notion Isolated Formulaic Punchline is introduced as an additional subcategory to pragmatic idioms. • This is done so to ultimately bridge the gap between the state-of-the-art formulaic framework by Kecskés on the one and the wide range of formulaic verbal humor strategies on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web personalization has been widely adopted in the mobile shopping context to improve shopping experience and consumer loyalty. Timing is a crucial issue of the implementation of web personalization, a topic not yet adequately investigated in the extant literature. Web personalization could classify into two forms, namely Before-search Web Personalization (BSWP) and After-search Web Personalization (ASWP), in the mobile shopping context. Besides, motivations are the critical factors in mobile shopping, and seldom research has studied the effects of motivation on consumer's use of web personalization in the mobile shopping context. To advance understanding of the timing issue of web personalization, this paper employs the Uses and Gratifications method to investigate how mobile shopping motivations influence consumers' use of BSWP and ASWP, respectively. Furthermore, this paper also investigates the role of an important personal disposition (i.e. need for cognition). Empirical results indicate that shopping motivations could have significant effects on web personalization use; furthermore, BSWP use and ASWP use are predicted by different shopping motivations. Besides, need for cognition is found to positively moderate some effects of mobile shopping motivations on web personalization use. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper discusses how natural language could be supported in further developing the Common Model of Cognition following the TalaMind approach toward human-level artificial intelligence. These thoughts are presented as answers to questions posed by Peter Lindes, Paul Rosenbloom, and reviewers of this paper, followed by a description of the TalaMind demonstration system, and a general discussion of theoretical and strategic issues for the Common Model of Cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Emotions play an important role in human cognition and therefore need to be present in the Common Model of Cognition. In this paper, the emotion working group focuses on functional aspects of emotions and describes what we believe are the points of interactions with the Common Model of Cognition. The present paper should not be viewed as a consensus of the group but rather as a first attempt to extract common and divergent aspects of different models of emotions and how they relate to the Common Model of Cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The paper considers the well known cognition emotion primacy debate between Zajonc and Lazarus in the period 1980-1982. The paper also considers the less known contribution to that debate, given in the same time, in 1981, by an Artificial Intelligence system, the Crossbar Adaptive Array (CAA) artificial neural network. The CAA system was the first artificial neural network that implemented cognitive processing together with emotion processing. While Zajonc proposed that emotion is computed first, and Lazarus proposed that cognition is computed first, the CAA architecture suggested that both emotion and cognition are computed simultaneously. This paper reviews the cognition-emotion primacy problem stated by Zajonc and Lazarus in 1980-82, and also reviews the 1981-82 CAA solution of that problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health disorders (MHD) in elite athletes is a topic that has received increased attention in recent years. The overall aim of this position statement is to enhance awareness of this important topic and to critically discuss optimal service provision for athletes who suffer from MHD. In the first part of the paper a short overview of the research on MHD in elite athletes is provided. Elite athletes seem to have comparable prevalence rates for the most common MHD when compared to non-athletic peers, but there are still many disorders that have not been investigated in athletes. Sport specific situations such as injuries, periods of overtraining and career termination may put athletes at an increased risk of developing MHD. In the second part of the paper, models of service provision for elite athletes suffering from MHD from six European countries are presented, focusing on 1) professional service providers, 2) support systems, 3) diagnostic assessment, 4) clinical treatment, 5) performance during treatment, 6) screening, and 7) education systems. It emerges that competencies, certification issues, and professional boundaries of the involved service providers, as well as the structure of the National Health Care systems differ strongly across European countries, which makes defining a golden standard difficult. In the third part of this paper, the authors provide general recommendations for athletes and coaches, clubs, federations, organizations and scholars that hopefully will inspire stakeholders to optimize their support systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of deficits in cognitive functions which has significant implications for quality of life. Psychostimulants are demonstrated to improve symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, however, their impact on cognition remains incompletely characterized. Herein, the aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the extant literature reporting on the effects of psychostimulants on cognitive function in individuals with ADHD. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to July 2021 was conducted. Additional studies were identified through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were original studies that evaluated the cognitive function of individuals with ADHD taking psychostimulants drugs. We assessed the quality of the included papers using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS). A total of 10 studies involving 753 subjects with ADHD and 194 healthy controls were identified and eligible for inclusion. Nine studies evaluated the impact of methylphenidate on cognitive function and one study investigated the use of lisdexamfetamine. Results indicated that attentional deficits such as memory, vigilance, divided attention, phasic and tonic alertness, and focused attention were improved in ADHD patients treated with psychostimulants. The efficacy of psychostimulants in improving other domains of cognition remains inconclusive due to conflicting evidence or insignificant findings (ie. academic performance and executive function). Overall, results indicate that psychostimulants may improve only select domains of cognition (ie. memory and attention). Psychostimulants are reported to improve several disparate aspects of cognition among individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between cognition and behavior in ADHD, as well as the impact of medication on these distinct aspects of functioning. Further research is also needed to determine whether the pro-cognitive effect of stimulants would be transferable to other mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a host of psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems. As mortality rates have declined for severe TBI, attention has turned to the cognitive, affective, and behavioral sequelae of injuries across the severity spectrum, which are often more disabling than residual physical effects. Moderate and severe TBI can cause personality changes including impulsivity, severe irritability, affective instability, and apathy. Mild TBI, once considered a largely benign phenomenon, is now known to be associated with a range of affective symptoms, with suicidality, and with worsening or new onset of several psychiatric disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Repetitive head impacts, often in athletic contexts, are now believed to be associated with a number of emotional and behavioral sequelae. The nature and etiology of mental health manifestations of TBI (including a combination of brain dysfunction and psychological trauma and interrelationships between cognitive, affective, and physical symptoms) are complex and have been a focus of recent epidemiological and mechanistic studies. This paper will review the epidemiology of psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems after TBI in military, civilian, and athletic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing an initial belief rule base (BRB) expert system typically relies on expert knowledge. However, the heterogeneity in knowledge arising from variations in expert cognition directly impacts the accuracy and robustness of BRB. Furthermore, the existing research lacks a discussion on building the initial BRB under multi-expert knowledge. In response to this challenge, a novel game-based belief rule base (GBRB) is proposed in this paper. First, a consensus matrix is introduced to formalize the interaction among expert knowledge, which is the foundation for constructing a multi-expert evolutionary game. Subsequently, the replicator equation for population dynamics is employed to simulate the dynamic process of the multi-expert evolutionary game. Finally, optimal expert knowledge, which refers to referential values and belief degrees, is determined based on the evolution results to participate in establishing GBRB. Case studies are conducted to illustrate the construction process and effectiveness of the GBRB. The experimental results are compared with machine learning-related methodologies. The comparative results demonstrate the good performance of GBRB in modeling effectiveness and prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the tremendous success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision, the mechanism of CNNs still lacks clear interpretation. Currently, class activation mapping (CAM), a famous visualization technique to interpret CNN's decision, has drawn increasing attention. Gradient-based CAMs are efficient, while the performance is heavily affected by gradient vanishing and exploding. In contrast, gradient-free CAMs can avoid computing gradients to produce more understandable results. However, they are quite time-consuming because hundreds of forward interference per image are required. In this paper, we proposed Cluster-CAM, an effective and efficient gradient-free CNN interpretation algorithm. Cluster-CAM can significantly reduce the times of forward propagation by splitting the feature maps into clusters. Furthermore, we propose an artful strategy to forge a cognition-base map and cognition-scissors from clustered feature maps. The final salience heatmap will be produced by merging the above cognition maps. Qualitative results conspicuously show that Cluster-CAM can produce heatmaps where the highlighted regions match the human's cognition more precisely than existing CAMs. The quantitative evaluation further demonstrates the superiority of Cluster-CAM in both effectiveness and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I believe consciousness is a property of advanced nervous systems, and as such a product of evolution. Thus, to understand consciousness we need to describe the trajectory leading to its evolution and the selective advantages conferred. A deeper understanding of the neurology would be a significant contribution, but other advanced functions, such as hearing and vision, are explained with a comparable lack of detailed knowledge of the brain processes responsible. In this paper, I try to add details and credence to a previously suggested, evolution-based model of consciousness. According to this model, the feature started to evolve in early amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) some 320 million years ago. The reason was the introduction of feelings as a strategy for making behavioral decisions. • A model for the evolutionary trajectory and advantages of consciousness. • The evolution of consciousness started in amniotes some 320 Mya. • The rationale was the introduction of feelings as a strategy for behavioral decisions. • Nonamniote animals are unlikely to harbor consciousness. • Advanced consciousness is not a feature with a high fitness value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of cognitive intelligence, concept cognition for knowledge graphs aims to clearly grasp the typical characteristics of the things referred to by the concept, which can provide prior knowledge for machine understanding and thinking. Different from concept learning and formal concept analysis that learn new concepts from data and the general decision rule that comes from an independent decision table, this paper cognizes an existing concept by decision rules that come from multiple granularities. Specifically, 1) concept cognition for knowledge graphs is realized from the perspective of mining multi-granularity decision rule. 2) Decision tables corresponding to four granularities form a multi-granularity decision table group, and then the result from coarser granularity can guide and help obtaining the result from finer granularity. 3) We propose a framework for mining multi-granularity decision rules, which involves going from a multi-granularity decision table group to the frequent maximal attribute patterns to the decision rules to the credible decision rules. Finally, we verified effectiveness of dividing positive and negative data, monotonicity of attribute patterns in a multi-granularity decision table group, and downward monotonicity of credibility, and observed the impact of the parameter min_cov and min_conf on execution times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human vestibular system is adversely affected by the aging process. Recent evidence indicates that vestibular information and cognitive functions are related, suggesting that age-related vestibular loss may contribute to cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive, home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on cognitive functions in healthy older adults. Twenty-one participants (age = 64.66 ± 2.97 years, 12 females) were randomly allocated to either a home-based GVS or an active control group. The GVS intervention lasted 20 min per session, five times a week, for two weeks (10 sessions). Cognitive functions were assessed before and after the intervention using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A&B, and Dual-Task (digit recall and paper-pencil tracking test). Our findings revealed a significant group-by-time interaction effect for the tracking accuracy (F (1,18) = 7.713, p = 0.012, η p 2 = 0.30), with only the home-based GVS group showing significant improvement (t = −2.544, p = 0.029). The proposed home-based GVS protocol offers a promising non-pharmacological avenue for enhancing visuospatial ability in healthy older adults. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of different GVS protocols on various cognitive functions, particularly in older individuals with different health conditions. • Home-based GVS is feasible for older adults. • Repetitive GVS improves visuospatial ability in healthy older adults. • GVS is a promising non-pharmacological tool for improving cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image captioning requires not only accurate recognition of objects and corresponding relationships, but also full comprehension of the scene information. However, existing models suffer from partial understanding and object hallucination. In this paper, a Cross-modal retrievAl and viSual condiTioning model (CAST) is proposed to address the above issues for image captioning with three key modules: an image–text retriever, an image & memory comprehender and a dual attention decoder. Aiming at a comprehensive understanding, we propose to exploit cross-modal retrieval to mimic human cognition, i.e. , to trigger retrieval of contextual information (called episodic memory) about a specific event. Specifically, the image–text retriever searches the top n relevant sentences which serve as episodic memory for each input image. Then the image & memory comprehender encodes an input image and enriches episodic memory by self-attention and relevance attention respectively, which can encourage CAST to comprehend the scene thoroughly and support decoding more effectively. Finally, such image representation and memory are integrated into our dual attention decoder, which performs visual conditioning by re-weighting image and text features to alleviate object hallucination. Extensive experiments are conducted on MS COCO and Flickr30k datasets, which demonstrate that our CAST achieves state-of-the-art performance. Our model also has a promising performance even in low-resource scenarios (i.e. 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% of MS COCO training set). • An image–text retriever is proposed to search contextual information for captioning. • An image & memory comprehender is proposed for further understanding the scene. • A dual attention decoder is proposed to alleviate object hallucination. • The cross-modal retrieval and visual conditioning model achieves SOTA performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite assumptions that wearable self-care technologies such as smart wristbands and smart watches help users to monitor and self-manage health in daily life, adherence rates are often quite low. In an effort to better understand what determines adherence to wearable self-care technologies, researchers have started to consider the extent to which a technology is perceived as being part of the user (i.e., technology embodiment) and the extent to which users feel they can influence reaching their health goals (i.e., empowerment). Although both concepts are assumed to determine adherence, few studies have empirically validated their influence. Furthermore, the relationships between technology embodiment, empowerment, and adherence to wearable self-care technology have also not been addressed. Drawing upon embodied theory and embodiment cognition theory, this research paper introduces and empirically validates 'embodied empowerment' as a predictor of adherence to wearable self-care technology. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis on a dataset of 317 wearable self-care technology users, we find empirical evidence of the validity of embodied empowerment as a determinant of adherence. We also discuss the implications for research and practice. • We introduce embodied empowerment to explain adherence to self-care wearables. • Embodiment and empowerment reinforce each other and function in conjunction. • Embodied and empowerment predict adherence to wearable self-care technology. • The results are consistent for male versus female and younger versus older users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cognition elaboration cues play critical roles in the innovation diffusion process of Internet innovative products. This paper aims to theorize and examine how central cognition elaboration cue and peripheral cognition elaboration cue impact users' continuance intention of mobile health applications in the context of the developing markets.Design/methodology/approach: Applying the elaboration likelihood model as the basic theoretical framework, this paper proposed the hypotheses and research model to explore the internal formation mechanism of users' continuance intention of mobile health applications. And the moderating effect of privacy concern was especially studied under the context of the developing market. The empirical investigation (N = 284) collects research data through questionnaire by selecting a certain mobile health application from Chinese markets.Findings: The results show that, both perceived usefulness and trust positively affect users' continuance intention. For central route, doctor's service quality and doctor's information quality positively influence perceived usefulness. For peripheral route, app's reputation and app's institution assurance significantly promote users' trust. What's more, for the moderating effect, privacy concern can enhance the impact of perceived usefulness on continuance intention and strengthen the effect of trust on continuance intention to a great extent.Originality/value: This paper is one of the first studies to focus on users' continuance intention of mobile health apps with the moderating effect of privacy concern in the developing markets. It is valuable to develop the study from the perspective of process-oriented to persuasion to explore users' behavioral intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Research has investigated the attitudes of a range of professional and paraprofessional staff who are exposed to men who have sexually offended. The evidence emerging from this work suggests that many factors appear to have an effect on the attitudes that staff develop, including the number of years in their job, gender, or parental status. Objectives The aim of this review is to explore these factors to determine the influence they have on the attitudes of care staff and how these attitudes subsequently influence the care and treatment provided to men who sexually offend. Method An electronic search of seven bibliographic databases was conducted to identify primary research studies in addition to scanning reference lists of existing studies and contacting experts in the field. The search generated 13,987 hits. After scanning the titles and abstracts, 51 papers were subject to the exclusion criteria. A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis process. Results A number of factors appear to be important when exploring the relationship between attitudes and the care and treatment provided to men who sexually offend. These include factors within the domains of cognitive, affective and behavioural attitudes. Conclusions The papers highlighted a range of factors that influence attitudes. These factors appear to influence the flavour of attitudes and the nature of attitudes is seen to be an influencing factor in terms of the quality of relationships between men who commit sexual offences and professional staff. However the definition of attitudes needs to be more carefully applied to empirical research. Results collected from the studies provide suggestions regarding the clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Advances in hardware technology have enabled more integration of sophisticated software, triggering progresses in development and employment of Unmanned Vehicles (UVs), and mitigating restraints for onboard intelligence. As a result, UVs can now take part in more complex mission where continuous transformation in environmental condition calls for higher level of situational responsiveness. This paper serves as an introduction to UVs mission planning and management systems aiming to highlight some of the recent developments in the field of autonomous underwater and aerial vehicles in addition to stressing some possible future directions and discussing the learned lessons. A comprehensive survey over autonomy assessment of UVs, and different aspects of autonomy such as situation awareness, cognition, and decision-making has been provided in this study. The paper separately explains the humanoid and autonomous system's performance and highlights the role and impact of a human in UVs operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-extended machine cognition is a specific form of artificial intelligence in which the casually-active physical vehicles of machine-based cognitive states and processes include one or more human agents. Human-extended machine cognition is thus a specific form of extended cognition that sees human agents as constituent parts of the physical fabric that realizes machine-based cognitive capabilities. This idea is important, not just because of its impact on current philosophical debates about the extended character of human cognition, but also because it helps to focus scientific attention on the potential role of the human social environment in realizing novel forms of artificial intelligence. The present paper provides an overview of human-extended machine cognition and situates the concept within the broader theoretical framework of active externalism. The paper additionally shows how the concept of human-extended machine cognition can be applied to existing forms of human–machine interaction, especially those that occur in the context of the contemporary Internet and Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question “Are we alone?” lingers in the human mind since ancient times. Early human civilisations populated the heavens above with a multitude of Gods endowed with some all too human characteristics – from their outer appearance to their innermost motivations. En passant they created thereby their own cultural founding myths on which they built their understanding of the world and its phenomena and deduced as well rules for the functioning of their own society. Advancing technology has enabled us to conduct this human quest for knowledge with more scientific means: optical and radio-wavelengths are being monitored for messages by an extra-terrestrial intelligence and active messaging attempts have also been undertaken. Scenarios have been developed for a possible detection of extra-terrestrial intelligence and post-detection guidelines and protocols have been elaborated. The human responses to the whole array of questions concerning the potential existence, discovery of and communication/interaction with an extra-terrestrial intelligence share as one clear thread a profound anthropomorphism, which ascribes classical human behavioural patterns also to an extra-terrestrial intelligence in much the same way as our ancestors attributed comparable conducts to mythological figures. This paper aims at pinpointing this thread in a number of classical reactions to basic questions related to the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence. Many of these reactions are based on human motives such as curiosity and fear, rationalised by experience and historical analogy and modelled in the Science Fiction Culture by literature and movies. Scrutinising the classical hypothetical explanations of the Fermi paradox under the angle of a potentially undue anthropomorphism, this paper intends to assist in understanding our human epistemological limitations in the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence. This attempt is structured into a series of questions: I. Can we be alone? II. Who are we looking for? III. Or what are we looking for? IV. Where is everybody? V. What if we make contact and VI. So, what now? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper investigates the application of the dual-process (psychological) model of risk perception to the prediction of flood preparedness intentions at the household level in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. In particular, the paper aims to explore the mechanisms by which cognitive and affective appraisals are related and integrated in risk judgments. Covariance-based Structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques were used for data analysis. The findings indicate that both cognitive and affective appraisals of risk are significant predictors of individuals’ willingness to undertake private precautionary measures against floods. At the end, it was concluded that the dual-process model provides an adequate fit to the data and has potential to inform more tailored approaches to flood preparedness efforts and advance risk communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the foundations of the theory of socionics, including the rationale behind Aušra Augustinavičiūtė’s model of information processing by the human psyche, and the philosophical thought behind the concept of information metabolism elements. Socionics was developed in the former Soviet Union and may be regarded as analogous to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator typology of personality. The main goal of this paper is to present socionics to the English-speaking community, in order to better take advantage of its explanatory potential in the fields of interpersonal communication and psychological disorders. Reviewed topics include aspects of Jungian analytical psychology and Kępiński’s information metabolism theory, upon which Augustinavičiūtė based her model. After the model is presented, its theoretical implications are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The review focuses on Aβ, p-tau, NfL, GFAP, NDEs, and TDP-43 as blood AD biomarkers. • Progress in the area was accelerated in part due to advanced analytic platforms. • Blood biomarkers enable broad initial screening, succeeded by in-depth assessments. • Blood biomarkers can evaluate the impact of AD-modifying treatments. • Equitable diagnosis across socioeconomics is needed to mitigate disparities. The field of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has advanced at an incredible pace, especially after the development of sensitive analytic platforms that can facilitate large-scale screening. Such screening will be important when more sophisticated diagnostic methods are scarce and expensive. Thus, blood-based biomarkers can potentially reduce diagnosis inequities among populations from different socioeconomic contexts. This large-scale screening can be performed so that older adults at risk of cognitive decline assessed using these methods can then undergo more complete assessments with classic biomarkers, increasing diagnosis efficiency and reducing costs to the health systems. Blood-based biomarkers can also aid in assessing the effect of new disease-modifying treatments. This paper reviews recent advances in the area, focusing on the following leading candidates for blood-based biomarkers: amyloid-beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau isoforms (p-tau), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP) proteins, as well as on new candidates, Neuron-Derived Exosomes contents (NDEs) and Transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), based on data from longitudinal observational cohort studies. The underlying challenges of validating and incorporating these biomarkers into routine clinical practice and primary care settings are also discussed. Importantly, challenges related to the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged persons must be considered. If these challenges are overcome, a new time of cost-effective blood-based biomarkers for AD could represent the future of clinical procedures in the field and, together with continued prevention strategies, the beginning of an era with a lower incidence of dementia worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling reading comprehension processes is a critical task for Learning Analytics, as accurate models of the reading process can be used to match students to texts, identify appropriate interventions, and predict learning outcomes. This paper introduces an improved version of the Automated Model of Comprehension, namely version 4.0. AMoC has its roots in two theoretical models of the comprehension process (i.e., the Construction-Integration model and the Landscape model), and the new version leverages state-of-the-art Large Language models, more specifically ChatGPT, to have a better contextualization of the text and a simplified construction of the underlying graph model. Besides showcasing the usage of the model, the study introduces three in-depth psychological validations that argue for the model's adequacy in modeling reading comprehension. In these studies, we demonstrated that AMoC is in line with the theoretical background proposed by the Construction-Integration and Landscape models, and it is better at replicating results from previous human psychological experiments than its predecessor. Thus, AMoC v4.0 can be further used as an educational tool to, for example, help teachers design better learning materials personalized for student profiles. Additionally, we release the code from AMoC v4.0 as open source in a Google Collab Notebook and a GitHub repository. • Introduce the Automated Model of Comprehension version 4.0 that integrates state-of-the-art Large Language models - ChatGPT. • Perform 3 in-depth psychological validation studies to support the model's adequacy in modeling reading comprehension. • AMoC v4.0 aligns with theoretical frameworks, namely Construction-Integration and Landscape models. • The model outperforms its predecessor and replicates results from human psychological experiments. • AMoC v4.0 can serve as an educational tool for designing personalized learning materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) is an analytical decision-making framework which gathers the views of multiple experts, and they often assess alternatives by degree adverbs in realistic scenarios. In order to treat expert opinions well, q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROF) emerged as a data disposal tool, however, how to aggregate the information rationally remains a challenge. In this paper, q-ROF evidential reasoning methodology (q-ROF ERM) is proposed to guarantee the functionality in the case of conflicting, extreme information evaluations from experts and attributes. Second, the q-ROF attribute reduction (AR) framework is invented for attribute importance measurement. The flexibility and elegance of the model are boosted by the variation of the λ parameter and its lead to the elimination of redundant attributes. In addition to this, the q-ROF output three-way decision (TWD) framework is created to give the classification and ranking of alternatives. The relative output function derived from fuzzy distance measure and the adjustable utility pursuit coefficient τ afford both objectivity and subjectivity to the program selection, allowing the evaluation outcomes to be relevant to human cognition. Finally, the comparative experiments and sensitivity analyses of the two cases illustrate the scientificity and reliability of the presented framework in the MAGDM scenario. • A q-ROF contradictory information fusion method is proposed. • A similarity attribute reduction with λ method is established for q-ROF weights. • Q-ROF output three-way decision considers the utility pursuit τ is designed. • A q-ROF classification and ranking that fits human psychology is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day we trust other individuals as we engage in social interactions in which various desirable outcomes depend on others acting the way we hope, or they have indicated. Trust extends beyond specific individuals, however, as we might trust unknown others – individuals, institutions, corporations, and governments. Some also say that we trust various artifacts, such as machines. But what is the basis of trust, and can we really trust technology? Trust is intimately connected to the notion ethos from the study of rhetoric and human persuasion, which is often used to describe various characteristics of the speaker, the audience, the relationship between the speaker and the audience, and the wider context in which communication and interaction occurs. In this article I explore to what degree machines can be considered to have ethos, and consequently whether ethos is a useful concept for understanding persuasive and credibility-related situations in HMI and by extension key aspects of human-machine trust. This allows us to draw on a long lineage of research from, for example, rhetoric, communication studies, and cognitive and social psychology to better understand the usefulness – or not – of using the notion of trust to describe our relationship with machines. • Trust in machines partly parallels trust in humans, institutions, and artifacts. • Ethos, from rhetoric, relates to credibility and trust in human-machine interaction. • This paper explores if machines can have ethos, and how this relates to trust. • Machine ethos is about perceived credibility and not the machine's ethics. • Examining ethos enriches understanding of trust and design in HMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws a parallel between creative cognition and a multi-armed bandit problem involving learning from experience in an uncertain environment. Special emphasis is put on the optimal sequencing of divergent and convergent behavior by showing that divergence must be inhibited at one point to converge toward creative behavior so that excessive divergence is counterproductive. We test this hypothesis with a behavioral experiment, using measures of individual divergence and convergence components of creative potential in high school students. Results confirmed that a mix of divergence and convergence predicted high performance in a bandit task but not in a purely random task or in a simple repetitive task. These predictions are maintained after controlling for sex, personality, incentives, and other factors. As hypothesized, creative cognition was necessary for high performance under the appropriate conditions. However, it was not necessary to get high grades in a traditional school system. Relating to the goal of educators and public policies in the 21st century to make children and adolescents more creative, and schools more receptive to creative thinking, this research focuses on the creative potential and behavior of high school students. It provides an evidence-based policy argument in support of the screening and development by the educational sector of the creative potential of students. • We draw a parallel between creative cognition and the multi-armed bandit problem. • Divergence (exploration) must be inhibited at one point to converge toward creative behavior. • Adolescents with a high creative potential behave optimally as efficient explorers and convergers. • Creative cognition is necessary for high performance in these tasks. • Creative cognition was not necessary to get high grades in a traditional school system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most of the studies investigating the effects of breakfast on cognitive performance have compared performance in subjects who have or have not consumed this meal. However, characteristics of breakfast itself may influence mental abilities. Moreover, as far as the positive effects of having breakfast is more evident, research may focus on the specific characteristics of an adequate breakfast.Methods: To update an existing systematic review, published at the beginning of 2014, on the role of nutrient composition and/or energy intake at breakfast on the accomplishment of school-related tasks and cognition, we carried out a systematic review of the literature through PUBMED database.Results: From the literature search, we identified 39 papers, of which 2 were eligible according to our inclusion criteria. Both the selected papers concerned randomized crossover studies on the acute effect of breakfast carried out in a school setting in the United Kingdom. Both studies compared 2 iso-energetic breakfasts with a similar macronutrient composition; however, the alternative breakfasts were meant to differ in terms of glycemic index or glycemic load. The effects of breakfast composition were investigated on memory, attention, and information processing in both studies. However, different tests and subdomains were considered.Limitations: Studies on these issues are still inconsistent and quantitatively insufficient to draw firm conclusions.Conclusions: While the hypothesis of a better mental performance with breakfast>20% daily energy intake still needs confirmation, there does appear to be extra evidence that a lower postprandial glycemic response is beneficial to mental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Recent studies suggest that some of the health benefits traditionally attributed to breastfeeding may be overstated due to selection bias problems, since typically breastfeeding is more prevalent in more resourceful households. In this paper we argue that an important antidote against selection bias consists in analyzing data from contexts in which breastfeeding is not normativised, or where it is not systematically associated to socioeconomic advantage and best parenting practices. We estimate the effect of breastfeeding on the cognitive outcomes of Chinese children. Methods We use observational data from a representative sample of children aged 10–15 from the China Family Panel Study. We estimate province fixed effect linear regression models to predict the impact of breastfeeding on test scores. Results Our paper shows that there are no advantages in the results obtained by breastfed children when compared with those who were not breastfed, regardless of the duration of breastfeeding. Conclusions Some of the cognitive benefits associated to breastfeeding can be attributed to flaws inherent to the research designs usually adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the interplay among human cognitive processing differences (field dependence vs . field independence), alternative interaction device types (desktop vs . touch) and user authentication schemes (textual vs . graphical) towards task completion efficiency and effectiveness. A four-month user study ( N = 164) was performed under the light of the field dependence-independence theory which underpins human cognitive differences in visual perceptiveness as well as differences in handling contextual information in a holistic or analytic manner. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of results revealed that field independent (FI) users outperformed field dependent users (FD) in graphical authentication, FIs authenticated similarly well on desktop computers as on touch devices, while touch devices negatively affected textual password entry performance of FDs. Users' feedback from a post-study survey further showed that FD users had memorability issues with graphical authentication and perceived the added difficulty when interacting with textual passwords on touch devices, in contrast to FI users that did not have significant usability and memorability issues on both authentication and interaction device types. Findings highlight the necessity to improve current approaches of knowledge-based user authentication research by incorporating human cognitive factors in both design and run-time. Such an approach is also proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]