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• Depositing catalysts on hydrogen gas-transfer membranes in-situ created a homogeneous bimetallic layer. • Bimetallic palladium plus indium nanoscale films on hydrogen gas-transfer membranes enabled nitrate reduction. • Nanocatalyst oxidation must be avoided to retain nitrate removal activity. • Irreversible nanocatalyst attachment was necessary for sustained nitrate removal. Catalytic hydrogenation of nitrate in water has been studied primarily using nanoparticle slurries with constant hydrogen-gas (H 2) bubbling. Such slurry reactors are impractical in full-scale water treatment applications because 1) unattached catalysts are difficult to be recycled/reused and 2) gas bubbling is inefficient for delivering H 2. Membrane Catalyst-film Reactors (MCfR) resolve these limitations by depositing nanocatalysts on the exterior of gas-permeable hollow-fiber membranes that deliver H 2 directly to the catalyst-film. The goal of this study was to compare the technical feasibility and benefits of various methods for attaching bimetallic palladium/indium (Pd/In) nanocatalysts for nitrate reduction in water, and subsequently select the most effective method. Four Pd/In deposition methods were evaluated for effectiveness in achieving durable nanocatalyst immobilization on the membranes and repeatable nitrate-reduction activity: (1) In-Situ MCfR-H 2 , (2) In-Situ Flask-Synthesis, (3) Ex-Situ Aerosol Impaction-Driven Assembly, and (4) Ex-Situ Electrostatic. Although all four deposition methods achieved catalyst-films that reduced nitrate in solution (≥ 1.1 min−1gPd−1), three deposition methods resulted in significant palladium loss (>29%) and an accompanying decline in nitrate reactivity over time. In contrast, the In-Situ MCfR-H 2 deposition method had negligible Pd loss and remained active for nitrate reduction over multiple operational cycles. Therefore, In-Situ MCfR-H 2 emerged as the superior deposition method and can be utilized to optimize catalyst attachment, nitrate-reduction, and N 2 selectivity in future studies with more complex water matrices, longer treatment cycles, and larger reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]