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Rationale: The naturally occurring age-dependent decline in lung function accelerates after menopause, likely due to the change of the endocrine balance. Although increasing evidence shows suboptimal lung health in early life can increase adult  susceptibility to insults, the potential effect of poor childhood lung function on menopause-dependent lung function decline has not yet been investigated.Objectives: To study whether menopause-dependent lung function decline, assessed as forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), is determined by childhood lung function.Methods: The Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study, a cohort born in 1961, underwent spirometry at age seven.  At ages 45 and 50 serum samples, spirometry and questionnaire data were collected (N = 506). We measured follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones to determine menopausal status using latent profile analysis. The menopause-dependent lung function decline was investigated using linear mixed models, adjusted for anthropometrics, occupational level, smoking, asthma, asthma medication and study year, for the whole study population and stratified by tertiles of childhood lung function.Measurements and Main Results: The overall menopause-dependent lung function decline was 19.3 mL/y (95%CI 2.2 to 36.3) for FVC and 9.1 mL/y (-2.8 to 21.0) for FEV1. This was most pronounced (pinteraction=0.03) among women within the lowest tertile of childhood lung function [FVC 22.2 mL/y (1.1 to 43.4); FEV1 13.9 mL/y (-1.5 to 29.4)].Conclusions: Lung function declines especially rapidly in postmenopausal women who had poor low lung function in childhood. This provides novel insights into respiratory health during reproductive aging and emphasizes the need for holistic public health strategies covering the whole lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • More residential greenspace was not associated with better lung function. • Increased NDVI was associated with a slightly faster decline in FVC. • Residing near green spaces might be associated with a faster decline in FEV 1 and FVC. The few studies that have examined associations between greenspace and lung function in adulthood have yielded conflicting results and none have examined whether the rate of lung function decline is affected. We explored the association between residential greenspace and change in lung function over 20 years in 5559 adults from 22 centers in 11 countries participating in the population-based, international European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured by spirometry when participants were approximately 35 (1990 – 1994), 44 (1999 – 2003), and 55 (2010 – 2014) years old. Greenness was assessed as the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in 500 m, 300 m, and 100 m circular buffers around the residential addresses at the time of lung function measurement. Green spaces were defined as the presence of agricultural, natural, or urban green spaces in a circular 300 m buffer. Associations of these greenspace parameters with the rate of lung function change were assessed using adjusted linear mixed effects regression models with random intercepts for subjects nested within centers. Sensitivity analyses considered air pollution exposures. A 0.2-increase (average interquartile range) in NDVI in the 500 m buffer was consistently associated with a faster decline in FVC (−1.25 mL/year [95% confidence interval: −2.18 to −0.33]). These associations were especially pronounced in females and those living in areas with low PM 10 levels. We found no consistent associations with FEV 1 and the FEV 1 /FVC ratio. Residing near forests or urban green spaces was associated with a faster decline in FEV 1 , while agricultural land and forests were related to a greater decline in FVC. More residential greenspace was not associated with better lung function in middle-aged European adults. Instead, we observed slight but consistent declines in lung function parameters. The potentially detrimental association requires verification in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]