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Micro-organisms on the eggshell surface of affect the quality of the egg. Sometimes, these microbes even pose a serious threat to the health of the egg's consumer. Bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer region were sequenced to analyze the microbial diversity on the shell surface of the eggs collected from 4 distinct regions of China: Guyuan (GY ; 1.5 million hens), Langfang (LF ; 0.1 million hens), Beihai (BH ; 1.2 million hens), and Dongguan (DG ; 0.2 million hens). The results showed a higher bacterial and fungal abundance on the eggs collected from the northern and southern China farms, respectively. The dominant bacterial phylum detected across all egg samples was Firmicutes. In addition, the shell surfaces of the DG and LF samples harbored abundant levels of Proteobacteria. The dominant fungal phyla detected across all egg samples were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The bacterial compositions on eggshell surfaces differed significantly across all geographic regions, and the fungal composition differed significantly between samples collected from the southern and northern farms (P < 0.05). The abundance and composition of microbial colonies on the eggshell surface varied based on their geographical location (climate and environment) and farming scale (management). Our findings provide an important reference for optimizing the cleaning and disinfection methods for fresh eggs collected from different sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 28 out of 57 target PFAS were detected in paper products from China. • 9 groups of PFAS with 1–3 confidence levels were identified by non-target analysis. • Ethanol in food simulants can increase the migration of PFAS. • Long-chain PFAS in popcorn bags can be degraded by microwave heating. • PFAS in some paper products exceeded the recommended daily intake values. The contamination characteristics, migration patterns and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in 66 Chinese paper products by using target and non-target screening methods. Among 57 target PFASs, 5 and 6 PFASs were found in the hygiene paper products (

The establishment of the latest Permian geomagnetic polarity time scale has been inhibited by the inconsistent polarity patterns published by different teams for the section at Meishan, which hosts the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSPs) for the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) and base of the underlying Changhsingian Stage. We have analyzed the magnetostratigraphy of the Shangsi section, the former candidate for the PTB GSSP, and the alternate Chaotian section in South China to compile a reliable geomagnetic polarity timescale spanning the late Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian (Late Permian) to early Induan (Early Triassic). The late Wuchiapingian to early Changhsingian is dominated by normal polarity (chron "LP2n" of Hounslow and Balabanov, 2018) with three reversed-polarity subchrons (LP2n.0r to LP2n.2r) within the Clarkina wangi conodont Zone. The mid to late Changhsingian is dominated by reversed polarity, with the onset of this chron "LP2r" in the C. changxingensis Zone. The biostratigraphic placement of the brief normal-polarity chron "LP3n" of the late Changhsingian is within the C. yini Zone. The reversed-polarity chron "LP3r" of the latest Changhsingian (late C. yini to C. meishanensis Zones) is succeeded by the normal-polarity chron "LT1n" that spans from the very latest Changhsingian into the early Griesbachian substage of the basal Triassic. The onset of this chron LT1n coincided with the lowest occurrence of Hindeodus changxingensis , which is just after the onset of the latest Permian mass extinction in South China and slightly prior to the PTB. The integration of conodont biozones, carbon isotope excursions and the revised magnetostratigraphy composite from the Shangsi and Chaotian sections produces a high-resolution consistent sequence of the latest Permian mass extinction (LPME), the onset of chron LT1n and then the PTB; thereby enabling high-resolution global correlation of these latest Permian to basal Triassic events. • Changhsingian magnetic polarity timescale compiled from integrated stratigraphy at Shangsi. • High-resolution polarity and δ13C enable global correlations of the Permian-Triassic interval. • The polarity chron (LT1n) is after mass extinction and prior to the Permian-Triassic boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in China to identify predominant lineages and their associations with clinical data and antimicrobial resistance profiles. We performed a national prevalence study of patients with S. aureus infections in 22 tertiary hospitals in China from 2015 to 2017. Clinical data from patients and the antimicrobial phenotypes were collected for each isolate. Genome sequencing was performed on a proportion of isolates and a phylogenetic analysis was undertaken. Genotypic and phenotypic β-lactam susceptibilities were compared. A total of 1900 patients with S. aureus infections were included, of which 40% involved MRSA. Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections were 24% of the total isolates. Genomic data showed that more than three-quarters of the MRSA were from three dominant lineages CC239 (25%, 116/471), CC5 (21%, 96/471) and CC59 (33%, 154/471) with CC59 accounting for more than half of the CA-MRSA isolates. Penicillin susceptibility genomic features were observed in 53% (251/470) of MRSA, including almost all of the CC59 (152/154) lineage, and 96% (242/251) of these isolates demonstrated in vitro susceptibility to penicillin or amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the CC59 lineage can be divided into six lineages with all Asian CC59 isolates likely arising from an ancestral Mainland China lineage. This study showed a high prevalence of CA-MRSA in China, largely due to the widespread presence of CC59. As almost all isolates in this lineage possess genetic variants leading to increased β-lactam susceptibility, we suggest that to improve antibiotic stewardship combinations of penicillins and β-lactamase inhibitors should be included in the antibiotic susceptibility testing panels used to inform treatment decisions and research undertaken on this combination therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The principle of difference information and the principle of minimum information are discussed. • The proposed method can deal with the environment problem in other regions. • The unequal adjacent accumulation multivariate grey model is used to forecast the public concern about air pollution. In grey theory, the principle of difference information holds that difference is information. To mine the difference information between data, the unequal accumulation is proposed in this paper. The unequal accumulation reduces the loss of difference information and improves the forecasting performance of the grey model. Based on the unequal accumulation, the unequal adjacent discrete multivariable grey model is proposed. According to the comparison with other models, the proposed model has good forecast performance and algorithm efficiency. To further prove the practical significance of the model, it is used to predict the public concern about air pollution in three cities of China. The results show that the public concern about air pollution in cities with different air pollution conditions is quite different. Environmental protection departments could pay attention to the public concern about air pollution to better control air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A growing body of literature suggests that early life circumstances can influence mental health throughout the lifespan. However, how these early life circumstances cumulatively contribute to depression in old age is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of eight factors with depression among community-dwelling older adults.Methods: Data were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We included 8,239 community-dwelling individuals who were ≥60 years, completed the life history questionnaire, and had assessment of depression. An early life disadvantage index was established using risk factors that were significantly associated with depression. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of each early life risk factor and the index with depression.Results: Of 8239 individuals included, 2,055 (24.9%) had depression. In bivariate analysis, each of eight early life risk factors was significantly associated with depression. Except for maternal and paternal education, all risk factors persisted to be associated with depression after multivariable adjustment. In the multivariable-adjusted model, a one-point higher in the early life disadvantage index (range: 0-6) was associated with a 45% (95% CI: 37%, 53%) higher odds of depression.Limitations: Depressive symptoms were measured in our study only by the CES-D scale. Some early life experiences might not be fully reliable due to recall bias.Conclusion: There was a strong association between early life environments and depressive symptoms among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Adverse early life circumstances could contribute cumulatively to depression in old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is associated with increasing morbidity, mortality and decreasing health and life span. Accumulating epidemiological and experimental evidence has shown that exposure to ambient air pollutants such as particulate matters (PM) and gaseous components [eg, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3)] has detrimental effects on sleep quality. We conducted this comprehensive review to explore the association between ambient air pollution and sleep quality. A systematic search was conducted with the databases of PubMed and Web of Science from inception to November 2019. Overall, 15 studies with 133,695 subjects that evaluated the association between ambient air pollution and sleep quality were conducted in 10 different countries (ie, USA, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Germany, Iran, Mexico, and Turkey). Most included studies in the current review have shown that one or more air pollutants have negative influences on sleep quality. Air pollutants might be one of the triggers for poor sleep quality via disparate mechanisms including but not limited to the central ventilator control centers, central nervous system, allergic and non-allergic mechanisms. The possible association between air pollution and select chronic diseases (eg, mental illnesses, cardiovascular diseases) and behaviors (eg, impulsivity) may also play important roles in explaining the association between ambient air pollution and sleep quality. The associations and underlying mechanisms between ambient air pollutants and sleep quality need to be clarified with long-term, multi-centered cohort studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is the first of its kind in China to explore the factors influencing the stigma of depression in persons living with MDD from the multidimensional perspective of individuals, their families, and society. • The study investigated the association of IS and PS with medication adherence based on a longitudinal cohort. • This study introduces a testable hypothesis from our data, proposing that strategies targeting IS in individuals with major MDD could significantly increase adherence to antidepressant treatment. This study sought to evaluate internalized stigma (IS) and perceived stigma (PS), in persons (n = 522) living with major depressive disorder (MDD), with a view to analyzing the association of IS and PS with medication adherence in a cohort of participants with MDD in China. Perceived stigma is the awareness of societal negative views and attitudes towards depression, and IS is applying others' attitudes to oneself, both measured by the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS). Medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). We observed that 76.0 % of participants reported IS and 84.5 % reported PS. Factors associated with increased IS included older age, marital status, disease history, and a higher baseline Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Higher education level, family income, and scores on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were associated with lower levels of IS. Higher education levels, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) scores, and living with others were also associated with higher PS, while engagement in exercise and higher number of prior episodes were associated with lower PS. IS had a negative association with medication adherence, whereas PS did not significantly associate with adherence. In conclusion, a testable hypothesis is derived from our data that strategies targeting IS amongst persons with MDD may improve overall rates of adherence to antidepressant treatment, a necessary prelude to improving recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Gubaoquan doleritic dike swarm intruded at ∼282–286 Ma. • The Early Permian paleomagnetic pole for the Beishan region is obtained. • No broad ocean existed between Beishan and Dunhuang in the Early Permian. • The southern CAOB presented a WNW-ESE distributed paleogeography in the Early Permian. To provide further constraints on the tectonic transition and paleogeography of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic, a paleomagnetic study has been conducted on the Early Permian Gubaoquan doleritic dike swarm in the Beishan region, NW China. Rock magnetic analyses coupled with scanning electron microscope observation show that titanium-poor magnetite is the main magnetic remanence carrier without obvious alteration. Plagioclase 40Ar/39Ar dating results reveal that the doleritic dike swarm intruded at ∼282–286 Ma, having undergone no intense posterior thermal overprint. Characteristic remanent magnetizations with single reverse polarity are isolated, constituting eight independent directional groups. The isolated remanence is suggested to be primary and averages out the paleosecular variation based on several lines of evidence. Hereby, an Early Permian paleomagnetic pole for the Beishan region is calculated at 82.8°N, 285.6°E, A 95 = 9.2° with N = 8 direction groups. This new pole fills spatially the Early Permian paleomagnetic data gap in the southern CAOB. The comparison with published contemporaneous paleomagnetic poles in the southern CAOB indicates that (1) the Early Permian paleomagnetic poles of the Beishan region and Dunhuang Block are indistinguishable, indicating insignificant relative movement since then, negating a broad Early Permian ocean between them; (2) the southern CAOB presented a WNW-ESE distributed paleogeography with either a residual ocean or a rift basin in its eastern part in the Early Permian; (3) large-magnitude strike-slip displacements have played a key role in the tectonic activity of the southern CAOB since the Early Permian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's antidrug measures have been slowly shifting from police-intervention and punitive approaches to supportive services. However, the system is still highly stigmatizing. Helpline services emerged to engage drug users, families, and friends and provide needed support as they seek rehabilitation. This study aimed to explore service needs expressed during helpline calls, operators' use of techniques when responding to different needs, and operators' experiences working at and views toward the helpline. We conducted a qualitative mixed-method study using two sources of data. One source was 47 call recordings collected at a drug helpline in China, and the other was five individual and two focus group interviews conducted with 18 helpline operators. Using a six-step thematic analysis method, we explored the patterns of needs expression and response, and the operators' experiences of interacting with callers. We found that typical callers were drug users and their relatives or friends. Interactions between the callers and operators involved the expression of and response to needs that emerged from involvement with drugs. Informational and emotional needs were the most common. Operators would respond to these needs with different counseling techniques, such as providing information, advising, normalizing, focusing, and instilling hope. The operators developed a system of practices, such as internal supervision, case summaries, and listening back, to enhance competence and ensure quality of services. The helpline work also prompted their critical reflections on the current antidrug system and gradually reshaped their views toward the population they serve. Antidrug workers who engaged in answering helpline calls employed varying techniques to facilitate callers' expressed needs. They helped by providing much-needed informational and emotional support for drug users, families, and friends. Helpline services opened a private channel for people involved in drug use to express their needs and seek formal help in China's still stigmatizing and punitive antidrug system. Experiences working with anonymous help-seekers outside the statutory rehabilitation system helped workers at the helpline to gain unique reflective insight into the antidrug system and drug users. • Helpline begins to fill a service gap outside China's punitive anti-drug systems. • Callers can safely seek hard-to-find informational and emotional support at helplines. • Operators use different verbal techniques in responding to callers' needs. • Team support and peer-supervision are important for sustainable helpline work. • Working with users outside formal systems prompts professionals' critical reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomiasis caused by parasitic flatworms of blood flukes, remains a major public health concern in China. The significant progress in controlling schistosomiasis in China over the past decades has resulted in the remarkable reduction in the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection to an extremely low level. Therefore, the elimination of schistosomiasis has been promoted by the Chinese national government. Hubei Province is the major endemic area, that is, along the middle and low reaches of the Yangtze River in the lake and marshland regions of southern China. Eliminating the transmission of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province is challenging. The current issue is to determine the distributions and clusters of schistosomiasis transmission. In this study, we assessed the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and the risk at the county level in Hubei Province from 2011 to 2015 to provide guidance on the elimination of schistosomiasis transmission in lake and marshland regions. Spatial database of human S . japonicum infection from 2011 to 2015 at the county level in the study area was built based on the annual schistosomias is surveillance data. Moran’s I , the global spatial autocorrelation statistics, was utilized to describe the spatial autocorrelation of human S. japonicum infection. In addition, purely spatial scan statistics combined with space-time scan statistics were used to determine the epidemic clusters. Infection rates of S. japonicum decreased in each endemic county in Hubei from 2011 to 2015. Human S. japonicum infection rate showed statistical significance by global autocorrelation analysis during the study period (Moran’s I >  0, P <  0.01). This result suggested that there were spatial clusters present in the distribution of S. japonicum infection for the five years. Purely spatial analysis of human S. japonicum infection showed one most likely cluster and one secondary cluster from 2011 to 2015, which covered four and one counties, respectively. Spatiotemporal clustering analysis determined one most likely cluster and one secondary cluster both in 2011–2012, which appeared in 4 and 5 counties, respectively. However, the number of clustering foci decreased with time, and no cluster was detected after 2013.The clustering foci were both located at the Jianghan Plain, along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and its connecting branch Hanbei River. Spatial distribution of human S. japonicum infections did not change temporally at the county level in Hubei Province. A declining trend in spatiotemporal clustering was observed between 2011 and 2015. However, effective control strategies and integrated prevention should be continuously performed, especially at the Jianghan Plain area along the Yangtze and Hanbei River Basin. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to investigate the risk of missing examinations, missing treatment, and unstandardized treatment events. The results showed that age, education level and Sanitary latrines are risk factors for missing examinations ( b >  0, OR >1), and treatment times in past and feeding cattle in village group are protective factors ( b  < 0, OR <1). We also found that age and education level are risk factors for missing treatment ( b  > 0, OR >1). Study of the risk for un-standardized treatment revealed that occupation is risk factors ( b >  0, OR >1), though, education level is protective factors ( b <  0, OR <1). Therefore, precise prevention and control should be mainly targeted at these special populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant Zijinshan Cu-Au deposit in the Zijinshan orefield, Fujian Province, southeastern China, is the first high-sulfidation epithermal deposit identified in mainland China. The Cu and Au orebodies occur as veins and pods in the NW-trending faults and breccias zones. Intensive and pervasive alteration is characterized by downward and outward zoning from intensively leached silicic alteration (or vuggy quartz, Q), through alunite-quartz-pyrite alteration (advanced aragillic alteration, Q-Alu) and the quartz-alunite alteration overprinting the sericite alteration (Q-Alu-Di-Srt), to sericite (or phyllic) alteration zone. Gold mineralization mainly occurs in the silicic alteration zone, while the copper mineralization is confined in the alunite-quartz alteration zone. On the basis of detailed petrographic study, an early porphyry type mineralization stage, characterized by chalcopyrite-bornite-molybdenite-pyrite-sericite assemblage is recognized at Zijinshan, which is subsequently and strongly overprinted by the sulfate alteration and high-sulfidation Cu-Au mineralization stages. A supergene stage is also identified at shallow depth of the deposit, with gold largely enriched but copper commonly leached. The ore-forming fluids related to the early sericite alteration and possibly porphyry type mineralization are high-temperature, high-salinity magmatic water, characterized by the presence of the halite-bearing inclusions. The CO 2 -H 2 O (C-type) inclusions are mostly vapor-rich and abundantly identified in the samples with advance argillic alteration (alunite alteration). They are regarded to be the buoyant vapor phase by fluid boiling of a single-phase, low- to moderate-salinity magmatic fluid at depth, where a separated saline phase and related porphyry mineralization might be expected. A group of secondary inclusions coexisting with enargite grains are recognized in the samples with alunite alteration and suggested to be trapped from the ore-forming fluids of the Cu-Au mineralization stage. The total homogenization temperatures and salinities of the secondary inclusions are below 300 °C (peaking at 260–280 °C) and under 10 wt% NaCl eqv., respectively. Intensive fluid boiling is the major mechanism for the formation of the giant high-sulfidation Cu (covellite-, digenite-dominated) orebodies in the Zijinshan deposit. It is a deep-seated high-sulfidation epithermal deposit according to the estimated depth of 1.4–2.1 km from the C-type inclusions in quartz grains from the alunite alteration zone. By fluid inclusion mapping of a nearly NW-trending cross section profile, the isotherms are extrapolated using the average total homogenization temperatures and the possible heat source is suggested. It is indicated that the heat source and possible concealed porphyry mineralization nearly coeval to the high-sulfidation Cu-Au mineralization at Zijinshan might be located at the southeastern Zijinshan deposit or the northern area between the Zijinshan and Wuziqilong deposits, where deep drilling is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ecological security were assessed by building ecosystem health framework. • Ecosystem health index were used to identify ecological source. • Ecological corridors, nodes and barrier were identified using circuit theory. With the rapid development of the social economy, habitat fragmentation is becoming more and more obvious, which seriously threatens regional ecological security and sustainable development. Understanding the ecological health status of mountainous cities is of great significance for improving the efficiency of ecological protection. However, the research on the ecosystem health and ecological network construction of mountain cities is still limited. Given the shortcomings of the research, this study constructed an ecosystem health assessment framework in Qujing City, identifying ecological sources with the help of health diagnosis results, simulating biological walking paths with circuit theory, and identifying ecological "nodes" and barrier points. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the ecosystem health level of Qujing City increased first and then decreased. The ecological risk spillover phenomenon existed in the urban center area, which was strongly affected by human activities. (2) Based on VORE model and landscape connectivity software consensus, 27 ecological sources were mainly composed of forest and grassland, and the total area was 7068.24 km2. (3) 53 ecological corridors were identified by the circuit theory, with a length of 734.33 km, 83 ecological sandwichs, a total area of 58.59 km2, and 49 ecological barrier points, among which the ecological sandwichs mostly coincided with the river corridor. The barrier points were concentrated in the north and southeast of the study area. This study can provide a scientific reference for the ecological restoration of mountainous cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large Yueyang Ag-Au-Cu deposit is commonly regarded as a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit in the Zijinshan orefield, Fujian Province, southeastern China. The Ag-Ag-Cu orebodies hosted in the Zijinshan granitic batholith are mainly stratoid and lens in shape, and controlled by a series of NW-trending listric faults with shallow dip angles. Four mineralization stages are recognized on the basis of mineral assemblage, ore fabrics, and crosscutting relationships of the ore veins, namely: pre-ore (pyrite + sericite + quartz ± chlorite), main Cu (chalcopyrite + pyrite + sericite + quartz ± bornite), main Ag-Au (Ag and Au minerals + pyrite + quartz + adularia ± calcite ± apatite ± chalcopyrite ± galena ± sphalerite) and post-ore (quartz ± chalcedony ± calcite) stages. Fluid inclusions (FIs) in the deposit include aqueous liquid-rich (WL-), aqueous vapor-rich (WV-), and minor carbonic (C-) and daughter mineral-bearing (S-) type ones. WL-subtype is the main inclusion type in the Yueyang deposit, accounting for more than 90% in proportion in each stage. Minor WV-subtype inclusions occur in both the main Cu and Ag stages, while the C-type and S-type ones are only observed in the main Cu stage. Fluid inclusion and H-O isotope study indicated that the ore-forming fluid of the main Cu stage is primarily magmatic vapor, which further underwent fluid boiling and mixing with meteoric water, while the ore-forming fluid of the main Ag stage is meteoric water-dominated, and the precipitation of silver and gold was mainly resulted from fluid boiling and the precipitation of other sulfides. On the basis of the aforementioned geological, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies, we proposed a two-stage model for the Yueyang deposit, including a magmatic vapor-related porphyry type Cu mineralization and meteoric water-related low-sulfidation epithermal Ag-Au-Cu mineralization, although the porphyry Cu mineralization is very limited in scale. The mineralization and exhumation depths of the Yueyang deposit are estimated to be 448‒527 m and 18‒97 m, respectively. By comparison with the exhumation depths of other deposits in the Zijinshan orefield, it is suggested that more epithermal deposits could be found in the southwest of the orefield due to less uplift and exhumation therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating the energy transition of rural households in mountainous areas is an important step to improve energy poverty and mountain ecosystems and to help achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This paper explores the transformation of rural cooking energy in mountainous areas based on field investigation data from six villages in Chongqing. It systematically reveals the transformation process, driving factors and carbon emission changes in household cooking energy consumption in mountainous areas in the past 20 years by using mathematical statistics, multinomial logit models and the emission coefficient method. The results are as follows. (1) There has been a significant transition in the consumption of rural household cooking energy in mountainous areas. There has been a significant change in the proportion of different energy sources, including fuelwood (59.2%–1.9%), coal (16.5%–0%), gas (12.6%–15.5%), natural gas (6.8%–51.5%) and electricity (4.9%–31.1%). (2) The main driving factors of the household cooking energy transition in mountainous areas are income per capita, householder age, and householder education level. (3) The average annual household carbon emissions from rural household cooking energy decreased remarkably. The average annual household carbon emissions decreased from 6.80 t to 2.62 t in fuelwood (5.40–0.91 t), electricity (0.19–1.28 t) and natural gas (0.03–0.25 t) emissions during the study period. The contribution of this study is to investigate how the household cooking energy transition contributes to carbon peaking and carbon neutrality from a micro perspective. At the same time, this paper explores the mechanisms between the cooking energy transition and the ecological dividend of urbanization and proposes future reform initiatives for rural energy in mountainous areas to help achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigating the performance of a GNSS + ROBS deformation monitoring method in harsh environment with severe blockage of GNSS signals. • A new Multi-sensor Coaxial Instrument (MSCI) was designed and developed firstly for the installation of multiple sensors on each single station. • The GNSS + ROBS model was then advocated, and its performance was assessed by an experiment at a concrete faced rockfill dam (CFRD) located in the center of China. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become one of the most essential deformation monitoring techniques for large structs due to its high precision, automatability, and continuity. Normally, excellent observation circumstances are required to achieve an accuracy of millimeter level. However, the monitoring stations are sometimes located in harsh environments, which results in accuracy degradation of GNSS positioning caused by signal blockage and corruption. In this study, GPS, BDS and ground ranging observations (GNSS + ROBS) are combined to achieve an accuracy of mm level in harsh environment, where the ROBS could be obtained from a ranging technology. Experiments were carried out at a concrete faced rockfill dam in central China. The results show that GNSS + ROBS can achieve positioning precision of 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, and 1.2 mm in the east (E), north (N), and up (U) directions, respectively. In comparison with GNSS-only positioning, the positioning accuracy of GNSS + ROBS is improved by an average of 25.4 %, 37.7 %, and 21.4 % in the E, N, and U directions, respectively. Additionally, it is found that the ROBS can bring up to 64 % improvement in positioning accuracy in the N direction, when the ROBS are located in the direction of GNSS signal shield. The results indicate that GNSS + ROBS have the potential to enhance precision and reliability of positioning in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qiangma gold deposit is hosted in the > 1.9 Ga Taihua Supergroup metamorphic rocks in the Xiaoqinling terrane, Qinling Orogen, on the southern margin of the North China Craton. The mineralization can be divided as follows: quartz-pyrite veins early, quartz-polymetallic sulfide veinlets middle, and carbonate-quartz veinlets late stages, with gold being mainly introduced in the middle stage. Three types of fluid inclusions were identified based on petrography and laser Raman spectroscopy, i.e., pure carbonic, carbonic-aqueous (CO 2 –H 2 O) and aqueous inclusions. The early-stage quartz contains pure carbonic and CO 2 –H 2 O inclusions with salinities up to 12.7 wt.% NaCl equiv., bulk densities of 0.67 to 0.86 g/cm 3 , and homogenization temperatures of 280−365 °C. The early-stage is related to H 2 O–CO 2 ± N 2 ± CH 4 fluids with isotopic signatures consistent with a metamorphic origin (δ 18 O water = 3.1 to 5.2‰, δD = − 37 to − 73‰). The middle-stage quartz contains all three types of fluid inclusions, of which the CO 2 –H 2 O and aqueous inclusions yield homogenization temperatures of 249−346 °C and 230−345 °C, respectively. The CO 2 –H 2 O inclusions have salinities up to 10.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. and bulk densities of 0.70 to 0.98 g/cm 3 , with vapor bubbles composed of CO 2 and N 2 . The isotopic ratios (δ 18 O water = 2.2 to 3.6‰, δD = − 47 to − 79‰) suggest that the middle-stage fluids were mixed by metamorphic and meteoric fluids. In the late-stage quartz only the aqueous inclusions are observed, which have low salinities (0.9−9.9 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and low homogenization temperatures (145−223 °C). The isotopic composition (δ 18 O water = − 1.9 to 0.5‰, δD = − 55 to − 66‰) indicates the late-stage fluids were mainly meteoric water. Trapping pressures estimated from CO 2 –H 2 O inclusions are 100−285 MPa for the middle stage, suggesting that gold mineralization mainly occurred at depths of 10 km. Fluid boiling and mixing caused rapid precipitation of sulfides and native Au. Through boiling and inflow of meteoric water, the ore-forming fluid system evolved from CO 2 -rich to CO 2 -poor in composition, and from metamorphic to meteoric, as indicated by decreasing δ 18 O water values from early to late. The carbon, sulfur and lead isotope compositions suggest the hostrocks within the Taihua Supergroup to be a significant source of ore metals. Integrating the data obtained from the studies including regional geology, ore geology, and fluid inclusion and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope geochemistry, we conclude that the Qiangma gold deposit was an orogenic-type system formed in the tectonic transition from compression to extension during the Jurassic−Early Cretaceous continental collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel strain of infectious bronchitis virus (CK/CH/FJ/202005) caused severe air sacculitis in 1- and 15-day-old challenged SPF chickens. • Tracheal and air-sac lesions were first evident at 5 DPI, and persisted throughout the 30-day experiments. • In the 1-day-old infected group, the viral titer in the trachea was above 104 at 5, 7, 10, and 15 DPI, and then dropped rapidly during the third week. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a significant impact on the poultry industry, and genogroup VI (GVI) IBVs, such as the TC07−2 strain, were reported in China since 2007. We isolated a novel strain, CK/CH/FJ/202005 (henceforth 202005), from broilers that were vaccinated with different attenuated IBV strains (H120, 4/91, or QX) in Fujian, China during 2020. Based on comparison with the SNU8065 strain (GI-22), the 1ab genes were the locations of recombination in this new isolate. Pathogenicity testing of 1-day-old and 15-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens indicated varying severities of air sacculitis beginning 5 days-post-inoculation (DPI). Histopathological analysis indicated that tracheal lesions started at 5 DPI and persisted throughout the 30-day experiments in 1-day-old infected chickens. Virus re-isolation and viral load tests indicated this strain was mainly in the trachea, and not the kidneys. Our findings showed that the 202005 strain was pathogenic in 1-day-old and 15-day-old chickens. These results should be considered when developing strategies to control IBV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) is a requirement of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and essential to evaluate and understand their environmental fate and associated health risks. Unfortunately, works estimating the emission of PCDD/Fs in China are limited, especially in terms of historical trends and information on spatial distribution. In this study, provincial emissions of 17 toxic PCDD/Fs congeners from 79 sources were quantified from 1960 to 2014, and 0.1º × 0.1º gridded emissions for 2014 were obtained by applying a source-specific, annually varying emission factor (EF) dataset with similar time trends as measurements for China. Historical national PCDD/F emissions showed an increasing trend until around 1980, and then plateaued due to decreased emissions from cement production and waste burning. Decreased emissions from cement production and waste burning in northeast, east, and south China, and Taiwan province were the main causes for the stabilized national emissions after 1980. Spatially, highly positive correlations of emission densities with population and GDP densities were identified, but no clear temporal patterns were observed. Emission densities showed a decreasing trend in the order of cities, towns and rural areas, while the opposite was seen for per capita emissions. [Display omitted] • Source specific EFs with annual variations were modeled and applied. • Historical provincial PCDD/Fs emissions from 79 sources in China were quantified. • A 0.1º × 0.1º gridded PCDD/F emissions inventory for 2014 in China was developed. • Emission densities were highly correlated with population and GDP densities. • Emission densities decreased in the order of cities, towns and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) is a requirement of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and essential to evaluate and understand their environmental fate and associated health risks. Unfortunately, works estimating the emission of PCDD/Fs in China are limited, especially in terms of historical trends and information on spatial distribution. In this study, provincial emissions of 17 toxic PCDD/Fs congeners from 79 sources were quantified from 1960 to 2014, and 0.1º × 0.1º gridded emissions for 2014 were obtained by applying a source-specific, annually varying emission factor (EF) dataset with similar time trends as measurements for China. Historical national PCDD/F emissions showed an increasing trend until around 1980, and then plateaued due to decreased emissions from cement production and waste burning. Decreased emissions from cement production and waste burning in northeast, east, and south China, and Taiwan province were the main causes for the stabilized national emissions after 1980. Spatially, highly positive correlations of emission densities with population and GDP densities were identified, but no clear temporal patterns were observed. Emission densities showed a decreasing trend in the order of cities, towns and rural areas, while the opposite was seen for per capita emissions. [Display omitted] • Source specific EFs with annual variations were modeled and applied. • Historical provincial PCDD/Fs emissions from 79 sources in China were quantified. • A 0.1º × 0.1º gridded PCDD/F emissions inventory for 2014 in China was developed. • Emission densities were highly correlated with population and GDP densities. • Emission densities decreased in the order of cities, towns and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of school-based intervention aimed to increase knowledge, to change attitudes and to reduce smoking-related behavior in both Linzhi Tibetan and Guangzhou Han middle school students in China. Design: A concurrent intervention study was conducted in both Linzhi and Guangzhou. Two schools were randomly chosen and one was randomly assigned to the intervention group and the other to the control group in both settings. Setting/participants: Participants were grade one and grade two middle school students drawn from two schools in Linzhi, Tibet Autonomous Region (southwest China) and two schools in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province (south China). Intervention: The intervention program lasted for one year and covered three aspects: health policies in school, health environment in school and personal health skills. Main outcome measures: Primary outcomes were smoking-related knowledge, attitudes and behavior (including ever smoking, daily smoking, weekly smoking and current smoking) and were measured by a self-administered questionnaire before and after the intervention. Results: This intervention increased smoking-related knowledge in both Tibetan (β =1.32, 95% CI (0.87–1.77)) and Han ethnic groups (β =0.47, 95% CI (0.11–0.83)). It changed attitudes toward smoking in Tibetan (β =1.47, 95% CI (0.06–2.87)) but not so in Han (β =−0.33, 95% CI (−1.68–1.01)). The intervention changed the prevalence of smoking in neither ethnic groups (P >0.05). Conclusions: The impact of school-based smoking intervention is different among Tibetan and Han students. This intervention was more effective for Tibetans when compared with the Han ethnic group. More research is needed on how intervention can be adapted to address ethnic and cultural differences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has spread rapidly across China and is currently reported to be a worldwide nosocomial menace. In light of its increasing clinical significance, this study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant and carbapenem-susceptible isolates obtained from multiple provinces of China. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion assay according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of the isolates. In addition, a minimum spanning tree algorithm was applied to cluster sequence types (STs) into clonal complexes (CCs) in order to analyse their evolutionary relatedness. Generally, the average rate of resistance to most antibiotics in carbapenem-resistant isolates was extremely high (>85%), except for minocycline (20.45%). Analysis of MLST data confirmed that the genetic background of carbapenem-resistant isolates was relatively simple, with ST92 being the most prevalent clone, occurring in every province, followed by ST138, ST75 and ST381. In contrast, carbapenem-susceptible isolates had a more diverse genetic background. Furthermore, the most widely distributed CC of carbapenem-resistant isolates was bla OXA-23-like-producing and predominantly CC92, which incorporate ST136 and its several single-locus variants. Interestingly, isolates belonging to CC92 possessed higher antibiotic resistance rates compared with other STs. Overall, these observations suggest a wide distribution of carbapenem-resistant and bla OXA-23-like-producing clone CC92, especially ST92, ST75 and ST138, as the principal reason for the rapidly increasing carbapenem resistance rate in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Yindongpo gold deposit is located in the Weishancheng Au–Ag-dominated polymetallic ore belt in Tongbai Mountains, central China. The ore bodies are stratabound within carbonaceous quartz–sericite schists of the Neoproterozoic Waitoushan Group. The ore-forming process can be divided into three stages, represented by early barren quartz veins, middle polymetallic sulfide veinlets and late quartz–carbonate stockworks, with most ore minerals, such as pyrite, galena, native gold and electrum being formed in the middle stage. The average δ18Owater values changed from 9.7‰ in the early stage, through 4.9‰ in the middle stage, to −5.9‰ in the late stage, with the δD values ranging between −65‰ and −84‰. The δ13CCO 2 values of ore fluids are between −3.7‰ and +6.7‰, with an average of 1.1‰. The H–O–C isotope systematics indicate that the ore fluids forming the Yindongpo gold deposit were probably initially sourced from a process of metamorphic devolatilization, and with time gradually mixed with meteoric water. The δ34S values range from −0.3‰ to +5.2‰, with peaks ranging from +1‰ to +4‰. Fourteen sulfide samples yield 206Pb/204Pb values of 16.990–17.216, 207Pb/204Pb of 15.419–15.612 and208Pb/204Pb of 38.251–38.861. Both S and Pb isotope ratios are similar to those of the main lithologies of the Waitoushan Group, but differ from other lithologic units and granitic batholiths in the Tongbai area, which suggest that the ore metals and fluids originated from the Waitoushan Group. The available K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that the ore-forming process mainly took place in the period of 176–140Ma, during the transition from collisional compression to extension and after the closure of the oceanic seaway in the Qinling Orogen. The Yindongpo gold deposit is interpreted as a stratabound orogenic-style gold system formed during the transition phase from collisional compression to extension. The ore metals in the Waitoushan Group were extracted, transported and then accumulated in the carbonaceous sericite schist layer. The carbonaceous sericite schist layer, especially at the junction of collapsed anticline axis and fault structures, became the most favorable locus for the ore bodies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To survey the clinical epidemiology and correlations between pathology and clinical features of major groups of kidney diseases in a rural area of China. Methods: From January 1996 to December 2010, histologic diagnosis of renal disease was made on samples collected from 919 patients from a single center in the midland rural area of China. Demographic data were obtained from all patients, and clinical profiles were analyzed in 917 patients. Results: The mean age of the whole group was 33.13 (14.13) years (range 16–72 years). Men accounted for 55.28% (n = 508) and women made up 45.72% (n = 408). Patients aged 16 to 50 years comprised 83.75% of the sample (n = 770). Lupus nephritis was the predominant diagnosis in women; renal diseases were predominant in men. In patients with nephrotic syndrome, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was the most frequent pathologic pattern (39.46%), followed by IgA nephropathy (18.39%), whereas in patients with nephritic syndrome, IgA nephropathy (39.64%) was the most frequent pathologic pattern, followed by mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (32.38%). The most common pathologic pattern in patients with secondary glomerulonephritis was Henoch-Schoˇnlein purpura nephritis, followed by lupus nephritis. Conclusions: Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was the most common renal pathologic pattern. Male adolescents were predominant in this group of patients. The most common clinical syndrome was nephrotic syndrome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A total of 19 sea-surface microlayer and corresponding subsurface samples collected from the Bohai Sea, China in April 2010 were analyzed for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its major compound classes including total dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO, including monosaccharides, MCHO, and polysaccharides, PCHO) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA, including dissolved free, DFAA, and combined fraction, DCAA). The concentrations of DOC in the subsurface water ranged from 130.2 to 407.7μM C, with an average of 225.9±75.4μM C, while those in the surface microlayer varied between 140.1 and 330.9μM C, with an average of 217.8±56.8μM C. The concentrations of chlorophyll a, DOC, TDCHO and THAA in the microlayer were, respectively correlated with their subsurface water concentrations, implying that there was a strong exchange effect between the microlayer and subsurface water. The concentrations of DOC and TDCHO were negatively correlated with salinity, respectively, indicating that water mixing might play an important role in controlling the distribution of DOC and TDCHO in the water column. Major constituents of DCAA and DFAA present in the study area were glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine and histidine. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to examine the complex compositional differences that existed among the sampling sites. Our results showed that DFAA had higher mole percentages of glycine, valine and serine in the microlayer than in the subsurface water, while DCAA tended to have higher mole percentages of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and leucine in the microlayer. The yields of TDCHO and THAA exhibited similar trends between the microlayer and subsurface water. Carbohydrate species displayed significant enrichment in the microlayer, whereas the DFAA and DCAA exhibited non-uniform enrichment in the microlayer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Qian''echong Mo deposit in Guangshan county, Henan Province, China, is a giant porphyry Mo deposit formed in Early Cretaceous in the Dabie Shan. Mo mineralization is associated with the Qian''echong granite porphyry, mainly presenting as numerous veinlets in the altered wallrocks, with potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic alteration developed. The hydrothermal ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: quartz+potassic feldspar+magnetite stage 1, quartz+molybdenite stage 2, quartz+carbonate+polymetal sulfide stage 3 and quartz+carbonate+fluorite stage 4. Fluid inclusions (FIs) can be distinguished between pure carbonic, carbonic, aqueous and solid-bearing types, but only the stage 1 quartz contains all the four types of FIs. The stage 2 quartz has three of the four types of FIs, with exception of PC-type. The stage 3 minerals are developed with the aqueous FIs with or without daughter minerals, but short of any kinds of CO2-bearing FIs. In stage 4 minerals, only the W-type FIs can be observed. The FIs in minerals of stages 1, 2 and 3 are mainly homogenized at temperatures of 260−400°C, 200−340°C and 160−300°C, with salinities of 2.00−11.58wt.% NaCl.eqv, 1.06−10.98wt.% NaCl.eqv and 0.53−9.47wt.% NaCl.eqv, respectively. The estimated minimum trapping pressures are up to 100MPa in stage 1 and to 62MPa in stage 2, respectively, corresponding to an initial mineralization depth of no less than 4km. The quartz separates from veinlets yield δ18O values of 7.1−10.2‰, corresponding to δ18OH2O values of −1.4−5.7‰, and the δDH2O values of fluid inclusions of −55−−72‰, suggesting that the ore-fluids evolved from magmatic to meteoric in sources. Therefore, the initial fluids forming the Qian''echong deposit, compared to those forming the porphyry systems in volcanic arcs, are characterized by relatively high temperature, high salinity, high fO2, CO2-rich, and NaCl-poor, considering that no halite has been observed in S-type FIs. We suggest that the “CO2-rich fluid” is a distinctive feature of porphyry systems developed in continental collision regime. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The health risks of heavy metals to local residents via consumption of food crops cultivated in the reclaimed soils of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) were investigated. Soils in the river estuary were found to be significantly contaminated with heavy metals, with mean concentrations of Cd, 0.858; Pb, 48.7; Cr, 112.4; Cu, 57.3; Zn, 210.8; and Ni, 40.0mgkg−1. Rice and root vegetables were also polluted severely. The percentages of rice samples that exceeded the maximum allowable levels were 94.3, 91.4, 88.6, and 17.1% for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Cu, respectively. The accumulation factor (AF) of Cd was the highest compared with the other five metals. The total values of the health risk index (HRI) of Cd and Cu from all the crops were 3.683 and 1.665, respectively. They exceeded considerably the allowable level 1.0. The HRI values of all the metals were mostly from rice consumption. These results suggest that more attention should be directed to the potential health risks of heavy metals to residents living in the tidal flat reclaimed areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Dahu Au–Mo deposit is a structure-controlled lode system occurring in the northern Xiaoqinling terrane, Huaxiong Block, Qinling Orogen. This paper reports a new Sr–Nd–Pb isotope dataset obtained for ore sulfides and the hostrocks within the Taihua Supergroup, in an attempt to constrain the source of the ore-forming fluids from a new dimension. 16 sulfide samples yield I Sr ratios of 0.70470–0.71312, with an average of 0.70854; εNd(t) values between −13.5 and −18.1, with average of −15.1; and (206Pb/204Pb)i, (207Pb/204Pb)i and (208Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 17.033–17.285, 15.358–15.438, and 37.307–37.582, with averages of 17.162, 15.405, and 37.440, respectively. 5 gneiss samples from the Taihua Supergroup yield I Sr ratios of 0.70947–0.73201, averaging 0.72294; εNd(t) values of −20.0 to −31.1, averaging −25.1; and (206Pb/204Pb)i, (207Pb/204Pb)i, (208Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 17.127–18.392, 15.416–15.604 and 37.498–37.814, with averages of 17.547, 15.470 and 37.616, respectively. These data show that the ore sulfides have less radiogenic Sr–Nd–Pb isotope systematics than the hostrocks, and suggest that the ore-forming fluids, which interacted with the wallrocks to form ores, must be sourced from a depleted mantle or a depleted, subducted oceanic slab. In combination with the spatial scenario and geochemical signatures of the Triassic magmatites and mineral systems, we argue that in the Triassic the Mianlue Ocean was not completely closed, and that the northward oceanic plate subduction still survived along the Mian-Lue suture, which caused the Late Triassic magmatism and associated mineralization in Qinling Orogen, including the Au–Mo Dahu deposit. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sewage sludge (SS) is used on sloping land, as a soil amendment, because of its organic matter (OM) and nutrient content. However, the presence of nitrogen (N), in acidic soils amended with sludge, and its transport in runoff can lead to eutrophication of downstream surface water. This study assesses the effects of different application methods on N transport, via runoff from plots amended with SS (0 and 120Mgha−1). A lateritic red soil (pH 5.2) was selected for this study, using simulated rainfall conditions. When sludge was broadcasted and mixed with surface soils (BM), the concentrations and mass losses of total N in the mixed sample (MTN), total N in the settled sample (STN), total particulate N (TPN), total suspended N (TSN), total dissolved N (TDN) and NH4 +-N, in runoff water, were highest at 1 or 18d after application. BM treatments showed initial pollution risks to surface waters, which diminished gradually with time. Whereas the concentrations and mass losses of NO3 −-N, in all sludge plots, appeared to have a declining trend, after an initial ascent. Hole-application (HA) and broadcast application with hay mulch (BH) treatments prevented N loss effectively, the runoff losses coefficient of MTN increased in the order BM (0.43%)>HA (0.15%)>BH (0.03%). For sludge treatments, N was largely lost in dissolved species, while a large portion of NH4 +-N was lost in particulate fraction. Nitrogen (N) losses in runoff were greatly affected by the transformation of sludge N in the soil and the modification of soil properties, induced by sludge amendment. The risk associated with the application of sludge to sloping fields, in areas of acidic soil, is an important research subject that merits further study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Sawayaerdun gold deposit is hosted by Carbonaceous metasediments and is considered to be the largest Muruntau-type gold deposit in the Chinese Tianshan metallogenic belt. Gold mineralization at Sawayaerdun occurs in quartz veins associated with three major hydrothermal events: an early, barren quartz vein stage, middle stage mineralized quartz veins with pyrite and late carbonate (-quartz) veins. The isotopic compositions of quartz and sulfides from the Sawayaerdun gold deposit show some variation but are generally comparable to those of other orogenic-type gold deposits. Fluids trapped in early-stage quartz have a δ18O range of 13.6‰ to 15.4‰, δD of −48‰ to −75‰, δ13C of 0.5‰ to 4.2‰ and δ30Si of −0.2‰ to 0‰. In contrast, isotopic compositions of fluids trapped in middle-stage quartz have δ18O values of 6.7‰ to 14.7‰, δD of −56‰ to −110‰, δ13C of 0.4‰ to 10.1‰ and δ30Si of −0.3‰ to 0‰. Diagenetic and hydrothermal pyrite have similar sulfur (−1.8‰ to 0.9‰) and Pb isotopic values that are associated with host rock compositions. The early-stage, 18O and 13C-rich fluids are probably derived from metamorphic decarbonation of the sedimentary host rock at depth, leading to the precipitation of early barren quartz veins. In the middle stage, a decrease in the regional pressure and temperature regime could have resulted in the incorporation of external fluids into the ore-forming system. These external fluids with isotopic signatures similar to that of the host rock and generally rich in 34S and radiogenic Pb mixed with original ore-forming fluids to generate extensive metal precipitation. Late-stage fluids trapped by calcite veins show isotopic compositions similar to meteoric water, indicating the cessation of hydrothermal fluid circulation at Sawayaerdun occurred at this time. The metallogenetic model illustrated by stable and Pb isotopes is also consistent with fluid inclusion studies in Sawayaerdun. The development of mineralization at Sawayaerdun is strongly linked to fluid mixing, as witnessed by the isotopic signatures of fluids from identified ore-bearing zones. The isotopic compositions of other anomalous zones at Sawayaerdun are similar to those of the mineralized zones, suggesting a high potential for further exploration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mesozoic granitoids are widespread in the southern margin of the North China Craton, and of particular geological interests because of their indication for lithospheric evolution and close association with porphyry Mo mineralization. In this contribution, in situ LA-ICP-MS U–Pb, Hf isotope and trace element analyses of zircon crystals have been combined to constrain the emplacement time and petrogenesis of the Heyu granitic batholith which hosts the Yuchiling porphyry Mo system, Henan Province, China. As inferred from field investigations, the concentrically zoned Heyu batholith mainly consists of four texturally distinguishable phases, and displays a pattern of monotonically decreasing U–Pb age from 143.0±1.6Ma for Phase 1, through 138.4±1.5Ma for Phase 2, through to ca. 135Ma for Phase 3, and to 133.6±1.3Ma for the Mo-mineralized Yuchiling granite porphyry (Phase 4). The εHf(t) values (−27.7 to −3.4) and the two stage Hf model ages (1403 to 2924Ma) of zircon grains, together with the ages of local strata, suggest that the magmas forming the Heyu batholith were dominantly sourced from the crust, with input of a mantle component. The higher Ce/Ce* ratios of the zircon crystals in the mineralized Yuchiling porphyry compared to those in the Mo-barren phases suggests that fluids exsolved from oxidic magmas might be more favorable for Mo enrichment. A regional synthesis suggests that intensive lithospheric thinning in the southern margin of the North China Craton should not be earlier than 130Ma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that naturally occurs in estuarine waters and marine environment. Consumption of seafood contaminated with V. vulnificus or exposure to the contaminated water causes septicemia, gastroenteritis or wound infections in humans. This study aimed at identifying the prevalence of V. vulnificus in shrimps in Chinese seafood market. From June to September 2009, 239 samples encompassing six shrimp species were collected from ten cities in China. To quantify the prevalence and the levels of V. vulnificus in shrimps, the most probable number (MPN) method was used combining with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was used to classify the isolates by detecting V. vulnificus hemolysin gene (vvhA). One hundred and forty out of 239 samples were positive for V. vulnificus, with the geometric mean level at 153.3 MPN/g. The prevalence and levels of V. vulnificus in shrimps varied in different geographic areas, with the values for the samples in the South cities (179.6 MPN/g) remarkably higher than that in the North cities (7.6 MPN/g). In addition, we found that 61.7% (79/128) of the V. vulnificus positive samples contained C-type (Clinical) strains and 8 contained E-type (Environmental) strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to 12 antibiotics was tested as well. Most of the 169 isolates remained susceptible to the majority of antimicrobials tested, whereas some strains tend to be less sensitive to amikacin, ampicillin, tetracycline and gentamicin. In conclusion, V. vulnificus is commonly found in retail marine shrimp in Chinese seafood market, and most of the shrimp samples contained C-type strains, which may pose a potential threat to human health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The chemical and microbiological properties of the soil beneath the exotic species Lantana (Lantana camara Linn.) and its effect on the growth of three plant species were investigated to evaluate whether Lantana is a harmful invader in southern China. Soils were sampled from underneath (IN) Lantana canopy, on the edge of the canopy (ON) and 2–5m away (OUT) from the Lantana individuals. Soil chemical properties, respiration, enzyme activities, microbial biomass and functional diversities based on the community level physiological profiles (CLPP) assay with BIOLOG EcoPlates™ were determined. Biomass accumulation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), mungbean (Vigna radiata) and radish (Raphanus sativus) grown in the soils was compared. The IN soils had significantly higher pH, total N, total P, available N and available P than the ON and OUT soils. Soil respiration, enzyme activities and microbial biomass N and P were also significantly higher in the IN soils. Biomass accumulation of Italian ryegrass and radish was significantly increased in the IN soils compared to the ON and OUT soils while mungbean was not significantly affected. The results indicated that Lantana improved soil fertility, accelerated N and P cycles, utilized carbon substrates more effectively, had higher functional diversity and did not inhibit the growth of the studied species. These initial findings suggest that Lantana can improve soil quality for other plant species. Further investigation is required to evaluate possible long-term ecological risks of using Lantana for ecological restoration in this region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Concentrations of 14 different dissolved free amino acids (DFAA), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and chlorophyll a were determined in the surface microlayer and subsurface waters at 41 stations in the Yellow Sea, China in April 2006. The concentrations of DFAA in the subsurface water ranged from 0.13 to 1.62μM, with an average of 0.57±0.05μM, while those in the surface microlayer varied between 0.22 and 2.6μM, with an average of 0.94±0.08μM. Major constituents of DFAA present in the study area were glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, serine and histidine. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant difference in average mol fractions of DFAA between microlayer and subsurface water (F=0.0440, P=0.8355). Hierarchical cluster analysis of the station similarity based on the DFAA composition in both the surface microlayer and subsurface water separated three clusters of stations at the 70% Bray–Curtis similarity level. The average concentrations of chlorophyll a and DIN were 1.18 (0.34–4.44)μgL−1 and 16.57 (3.98–49.59)μM in the subsurface water, and those in the surface microlayer were 1.30 (0.24–3.97)μgL−1 and 18.56 (5.77–48.93)μM, respectively. Our results showed that concentrations of chlorophyll a (r 2=0.7940, n=41, p<0.0001), DIN (r 2=0.6939, n=41, p<0.0001) and DFAA (r 2=0.2416, n=41, P=0.0011) in the microlayer were, respectively, correlated with their subsurface water concentrations, implying that there was a strong exchange effect between the microlayer and subsurface water. The enrichment factor of DFAA in the microlayer ranged from 0.47 to 2.24 with a mean of 1.88±0.16. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Qiyugou gold deposits, Henan Province, are hosted in breccia pipes within the Xiong''er terrane (Qinling Orogen), on the southern margin of the North China Craton. In these deposits three paragenetic assemblages have been recognized: an early K-feldspar–epidote–quartz–pyrite; a middle quartz-polymetallic sulfide; and a late quartz–carbonate±adularia. In this paper we review and interpret fluid inclusion and stable and radiogenic isotopic data of host rocks and ores. Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite include water-rich, CO2-rich, and daughter crystal-bearing. The CO2-rich and daughter mineral-bearing fluid inclusions are common in the early-stage quartz and absent in the late-stage quartz and calcite which only contain water-rich fluid inclusions. Accordingly, the early-stage ore-fluids are magmatic in origin and characterized by high-temperature (>350 °C), high-salinity (>30 wt.% NaCl equiv.), and are CO2-rich. Fluid-boiling in the middle ore stage resulted in CO2-release, decreasing oxygen fugacity and rapid precipitation of ore materials. The late stage fluids, have low-temperature, low-salinity, are CO2-poor and lack daughter minerals. These fluids are probably sourced from meteoric water. H–O–C isotope systematics confirm that, the ore–fluid system evolved from magmatic to meteoric. The carbon and lead isotope ratios indicate that the Meso-Neoproterozoic sequence south of the Xiong''er terrane was the likely source of the ore-forming materials. The Qiyugou breccia-pipes and their associated gold ores were emplaced during an extensional regime following a transition from collision to rifting tectonics, linked to collision and subduction of the Yangtze plate beneath the North China Craton. Geochronological studies show that Mesozoic magmatism in the region occurred between the Triassic and Cretaceous. The Triassic to Jurassic magmas were mostly derived from partial melting of ancient crust, whereas the Cretaceous magmas show juvenile signatures, indicating mantle-derived components. Processes of fragmentation of lithospheric roots, crustal and lithospheric thinning, extension and rifting were probably associated with the subducting Pacific (Izanagi) plate. These crust–mantle geodynamic processes were responsible for the development of anorogenic granitic melts that interacted with the Meso-Neoproterozoic volatile-rich sedimentary successions, producing a flow of gas-rich hydrothermal fluids that resulted in the emplacement of the Qiyugou auriferous breccia pipes. We conclude that the Qiyugou gold deposits are intrusion-related explosive breccia pipe-type that evolved from hypothermal through mesothermal to epithermal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The northern Alxa orogenic belt, a junction between the western and eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is not well understood, especially in its Carboniferous to Permian tectonic history. In this paper, an integrated study incorporating the geochronology, geochemistry, and isotopes of magmatic rocks and provenance analysis of clastic rocks is conducted to address the above issue. The zircon U Pb age data, both in this study and in previous studies, indicates that the Permian magmatic activities in the Alxa Block were intensive and peaked at ca. 276 Ma. The magmatic zircons yield negative ε Hf (t) values with a wide range, indicating their dominant derivation from the crustal reworking of the Alxa Block with the addition of juvenile materials. The Permian high-K to shoshonitic, I-type granitoids combined with the A-type granitoids/rhyolites were most likely formed in extensional settings. The late Carboniferous sandstones collected along the Badain Jaran fault yield a high proportion of early Paleozoic zircons peaked at ca. 429 Ma with both positive to negative Hf (t) values and a low proportion of Precambrian zircons with positive to negative Hf (t) values. Thus, their provenance were likely the Precambrian to Paleozoic rocks in the Alxa Block and in the terranes in the CAOB. The zircon age spectra with no indicators of Carboniferous zircons approximating their depositional age supports an extensional setting. The Permian A-type granites and volcanic rocks in the Alxa area have some geochemical affinity with the Permian alkaline granitoids in the eastern Tianshan–Beishan and central-north Inner Mongolia regions. These findings support the extension of the Gobi–Tianshan belt in the Alxa area. • The Permian magmatic rocks were predominantly reworked from the Alxa Block. • The clastic rocks were sourced from the Alxa Block and the terranes in the CAOB. • An extensional setting was proposed for the Alxa area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have documented negative associations between somatic symptoms and remission of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the correlations of specific somatic symptoms with remission remain uncertain. We aimed to explore the associations between specific somatic symptoms and remission focusing on sex differences among patients with MDD. We used data from patients with MDD in the Depression Cohort in China. At baseline, total somatic symptoms were evaluated using the 28-item Somatic Symptoms Inventory and were categorized into pain, autonomic, energy, and central nervous system (CNS) symptoms. To measure remission of MDD, depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 after 3 months of treatment. We ultimately included 634 patients. Compared with quartile 1 of total somatic symptom scores, the full-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for remission from quartile 2 to quartile 4 were 0.52 (0.30, 0.90), 0.44 (0.23, 0.83), and 0.36 (0.17, 0.75), respectively (P -value for trend = 0.005). The restricted cubic spline showed no non-linear associations between total somatic symptoms with remission (P -value for non-linear = 0.238). Pain, autonomic, and CNS symptoms showed similar results. Sex-stratified analysis showed that total somatic symptoms, pain symptoms, and autonomic symptoms were negatively correlated with remission in females, whereas CNS symptoms were negatively associated with remission in males. Our findings indicate that specific somatic symptoms exert differential effects on remission of MDD. Therapeutic interventions that target pain, autonomic, and CNS symptoms may increase the probability of remission. Furthermore, interventions for somatic symptoms should be tailored by sex, and females deserve more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear about the mutual impact of COVID-19 related psychological stress and infection on mental health of adolescent and youth students. This study aimed to explore the mutual impact of COVID-19 related psychological stress and infection on mental health problems among students. This study was conducted from December 14, 2022 to February 28, 2023 in Sichuan, China. Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Insomnia Severity Index, and Internet Addiction Test were used. Participants were grouped by COVID-19 infection and psychological stress level. The differences among groups were compared, and logistic regression analysis was used to investigate risk factors for depression, anxiety, PTSD and insomnia among groups. Of 90,118 participants, 82,873 (92.0 %) finished the questionnaires and were included in the study. Of 82,873 participants, 33,314 (40.2 %) reported to be infected with COVID-19. Participants had depression symptoms (38.1 %), anxiety symptoms (31.8 %), PTSD (33.9 %), insomnia (34.0 %), and internet addiction (60.3 %). Compared with participants uninfected with low psychological stress level, the risk for symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD and insomnia increased by 9.6 %, 12.3 %, 6.6 %, and 12.0 % in participants infected with low psychological stress level (p < 0.001), 106.8 %, 125.9 %, 125.2 %, and 95.7 % in participants uninfected with high psychological stress level (p < 0.001), and 147.3 %, 161.1 %, 158.7 %, and 141.0 % in participants infected with high psychological stress level (p < 0.001). This study is a cross-sectional design, and no causal associations should be inferred. Infection status was based on self-report of participants with infectious symptoms. COVID-19 related psychological stress and infection per se have mutually overlapping impacts on mental health problems among students. Further health policies and psychosocial interventions should be developed to reduce mutually overlapping impact and improve the long-term mental health among students. • It is unclear about the mutual impact of COVID-19 infection and psychological stress on individuals' mental health • This study supports the mutual overlapping theory (MOT) of COVID-19 infection and psychological stress • The overlap of COVID-19 infection and psychological stress may cause more severe mental health problems • Health policies and interventions should be developed for reducing the impact of infection and psychological stress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Seventy skarn-type gold deposits, including 1 super-large, 19 large and 24 medium-sized, are known from different geotectonic units of China. They contain a total resource of approximately 1000 t of gold (625 t in South China), and account for 20% of China''s gold reserves. These skarn deposits are sited in collisional orogenic belts, fault-controlled magmatic belts and reactivated cratonic margins. All of the Chinese skarn gold provinces were affected by Phanerozoic collisional orogenesis. The timing of the metallogenic events and the spatial–temporal distribution of the Chinese skarn gold deposits indicates that they were formed during ore-forming processes linked to the transition from shortening to extension in the geodynamic evolution of a collision orogen, and not to subduction systems as is commonly advocated for porphyry copper systems around the Pacific Rim. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The study investigates the water supply and demand situation in the Heihe River Basin, China, and formulates a demand oriented water management approach in the irrigated agricultural sector in response to the increasing water shortage due to population growth and local economic development. This approach requires institutional reinforcement, water pricing reform and agricultural sector adjustment based on a virtual water trade analysis. It is also proposed to use a river basin water balance model for the water management authority to support decision-making. The paper reviews both technical and non-technical measures proposed for the Heihe River Basin management and concludes that with the growing water demand, the water authority can’t continue to supply the water without trying to actually influence the demand. Besides technical measures, e.g., through water saving measures and reservoir building, demand management has to come into force as an important part of integrated river basin management, so as to ensure the sustainable development of the Heihe River Basin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO 2 heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O 3 , photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of "double carbon", ecological water has become one of the significant resources to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the regional ecological environment. And the ecological water consumption prediction is a prerequisite for optimizing water supply structures. Considering the impact of CO 2 emissions on ecological water consumption, the FGM(1,1) model was firstly used to predict CO 2 emissions considered as an impact factor in this paper. Then, an adjacent accumulative grey multivariate convolution model (AGMC(1,N)) was combined with the Average Weakening Buffer Operator (AWBO) to predict the annual ecological water consumption of 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China. The results show that the AGMC(1,N) model combined with the AWBO has better prediction effect. In addition, in the next decade, only six provinces in the northern region will have a decreasing trend in ecological water consumption. However, the other provinces are showing an upward trend. The ecological water consumption trends deviate from the CO 2 emission trends in 12 provinces. The research results are beneficial for the formulation of the ecological water consumption policies and the achievement of the dual carbon goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Breast meat was rated more chicken-like than other parts, and evoked more positive emotions from consumers. • The re-heated processing of CBC should be optimized to avoid the undesired flavor particularly from butt and head. • Separately packed breast could be provided from manufacture to cater consumers. Blanched chicken, boiling the whole chicken without removing head and butt parts during process, is a traditional poultry product in China. In this manuscript, the flavor differences of five parts (skin, breast, thigh, head and butt) of the Chinese blanched chicken (CBC) were studied using sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis. Check-all-that-apply (CATA), rate-all-that-apply (RATA), and 9-point hedonic preference were used to collect consumers' sensory results. Gas chromatograph-time of flight mass spectrometer (GC-ToF-MS) and electronic nose (E-nose) were used to discriminate flavor variances. CATA perceptions showed different parts of CBC stimulated consumers' odor and emotion feelings differently. GC-ToF-MS and E-nose data elaborated that the flavor of breast with chicken-like flavor was better than the other parts. Consumers preferred the chicken breast part the most. This analysis of different parts of CBC could provide advice to cater consumers' preference and predict the quality change might induce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Trend analysis, driving force identification and risk prediction were carried out. • Random Forest Regression was applied to identify driving force. • Climatic variables appeared to be important drivers of vegetation coverage dynamics. • The reliability and efficiency of risk assessment were enhanced by Bayesian Belief Network. • Current enclosed rangelands poorly represented the area with the highest risk. Rangeland degradation in China has significant impacts both on the ecosystem and on the pastoralists' life. However, the emphasis of current management practice is always put on the rangeland with serious degradation problem. How to effectively avoid the degradation risks is still unclear. Thus, an integrated approach for rangeland degradation risk assessment was designed, consisting of the analysis of vegetation dynamics, driving forces identification and degradation risk prediction. Firstly, Vegetation Indexes and field survey data were applied to build regression model to calculate the vegetation coverage status and trend of change in each grid. Secondly, the important driving forces of rangeland dynamics were identified based on the local knowledge and objective data. Thirdly, Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) was trained in each seasonal rangeland to predict the probability of rangeland degradation in each grid. Rangeland degradation in Burqin County, Xinjiang, China was served as a case to test the practicability of this approach. The results indicated that during 2000 and 2013 most of the rangeland grids remained stable. Twelve factors were identified to be the driving force of the trend of vegetation coverage dynamics. BBNs showed that in most of the study area degradation risk was less than 50%, and the grids facing the maximum risk were only appeared in a small range. According to the case study, the integrated approach based on Random Forest and BBN model was turned out to be a practical and effective tool for the risk assessment of rangeland degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though umami seasonings (UMS) play an important part in food flavor and supply in Asian cuisine, little is known about consumers' thoughts and willingness to pay for UMS in China. Thus, this study gives a first insight into Chinese consumers' knowledge, purchasing behavior and willingness to pay for UMS and explores the deciding factors related to the acceptance of UMS. An online consumer survey containing 29 questions was conducted, and 2839 Chinese people participated in the survey. It was concluded that consumers had a general concept of UMS, but they did not have enough knowledge about it. A total of 62.6% respondents thought the intake of UMS at an appropriate amount did not have negative impacts on health. Respondents preferred to buy UMS from supermarkets and get information from television, friends/relatives and the internet. About two-thirds of respondents (63.8%) would consider to purchase more UMS once specialized institutes could provide to consumers scientifically validated information regarding UMS. This study may help the global seasoning market to come up with seasoning products that resonate with consumers. • Online survey on umami seasonings (UMS) taken by 2839 Chinese consumers was conducted. • Chinese consumers had a high awareness but misguided knowledge about UMS. • The willing to pay would increase based on extensive education and popularization of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shibei pluton is a Late Jurassic granitic body in the South China Block (Fujian province), featured by macroscopically isotropic granite and undeformed margins, which are also characteristics for most of the Late Jurassic plutons in southeastern China. Our field observations, fabric investigations and gravity modelling allow us to decipher the internal structure, overall geometry, magma accumulation and emplacement processes of the Shibei pluton. Magnetic fabrics of the Shibei pluton can be divided into two distinct groups. The first one, observed in the southern-central part of the pluton, is characterized by high-angle to sub-vertical (54°-90°) NE-SW-striking magnetic foliations and variably plunging magnetic lineation. The second group, recognized in the northern part of the pluton, shows variably dipping (22°-88°) magnetic foliation, which generally strikes subparallel to pluton-country rock contacts, and irregularly oriented magnetic lineation. The Bouguer gravity modelling demonstrates that the pluton has a tabular geometry with a N-S-striking long axis, and a length-width-thickness ratio of ~32:8:1. The intrusion thickness gradually decreases from the southwest margin (ca. 2.5 km) to the northeast margin (ca. 0.5 km). Moreover, an undulating bottom with one or more convex intruding roots can be observed. Integrating published geochronological and regional tectonic data, we propose that the Shibei pluton was constructed by successive NE-SW-striking magma injections. Emplacement of early magma batches started in the SW part of the pluton by magma injection, which was guided by inherited structures produced by pre-emplacement tectonic events. Continuous magma injections were laterally accreted to earlier emplaced magma intrusions, and/or injected along lithological and/or structural discontinuities within the country rocks at upper crustal level without producing ductile deformation in the pluton-country rock contact zone. Our structural and fabric investigations indicate that the SE South China Block was not subjected to a major tectonic deformation during the Late Jurassic period. • Emplacement of the Shibei pluton was assisted /guided byinherited structures produced by pre-emplacement tectonic events. • The pluton was formed by several NE-SW-striking magma injections started in the SE part of the pluton and northward accretion. • The SE part of the South China Block is under a tectonic quiescence setting during late Jurassic epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wantou (S. China) is ideal candidate for Early-Middle Triassic boundary stratotype. • Integrated magnetostratigraphy, U–Pb dating, ammonoids, conodonts, stable isotopes. • Preferred level is first Chiosella timorensis conodont near brief polarity chron MT1n. • High-resolution magnetic polarity and δ 13 C correlations to Europe/China sections. • Cooling of 4 °C as δ 13 C rose 4‰ across boundary interval suggests CO 2 drawdown. The Wantou and Youping sections of Guangxi, South China provide a detailed high-resolution integrated calibration of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary succession for lithostratigraphy, volcanic episodes, conodont first occurrences (FOs), ammonoid biostratigraphy, geomagnetic polarity, inorganic carbon isotopes, sea-surface temperatures derived from conodont-apatite oxygen-isotopes, and ID-TIMS U–Pb radiometric dating. The upper Spathian (late Early Triassic) magnetostratigraphy is characterized by normal polarity (magnetozone LT9n) that encompasses the FOs of the typical Spathian conodonts Triassospathodus homeri and Gladigondolella carinata , the late Spathian Neopopanoceras haugi ammonoid zone and the beginning of a progressive positive shift in inorganic carbon isotopes. The overlying reversed polarity interval (LT9r) contains two brief normal-polarity subzones (MT1n and MT2n) that can be recognized in several other marine and terrestrial sections. The FO of conodont Chiosella timorensis sensu stricto , a proposed base-Anisian global marker, is near MT1n and near the end of the positive δ 13 C carb excursion. Sea-surface temperatures were reported to have cooled by 4 °C during this rise in δ 13 C carb , suggesting a sequestration of carbon dioxide. The lowermost Anisian at Wantou and Youping is dominated by normal polarity (MT3n, with the presence of one major reversed-polarity subzone MT3n.1r), contains the FO of typical Anisian conodonts (Gladigondolella tethydis / Magnigondolella alexanderi), and has the onset of a plateau in inorganic carbon isotopes values (stabilizing around +4‰). The combination of the FO of conodont Chiosella timorensis s.s., the brief normal polarity zone (MT1n) and the last portion of the rising carbon-isotope trend are suitable for primary proxies for global correlation of the Early-Middle Triassic boundary (base of Anisian) to other marine and non-marine settings. Radiometric dates at the Wantou and at the Guandao sections, coupled with a composite cyclostratigraphy for Early Triassic through Anisian, indicate that the FO of the conodont Chiosella timorensis s.s. is at approximately 246.7 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]