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• Continued SDSL shrinkage was exhibited in northern China from 2010 to 2020. • The western and eastern changed SDSL areas showed an opposite changing trend. • Western SDSL areas with aeolian activity intensified in 2015–2020 deserve attention. • Multiple factors' co-driving dominated the aeolian activity change in SDSL areas. • MAAI was superior to MFVCT in aeolian activity intensified SDSL areas. Timely monitoring of the sandy desert and sandy land (SDSL) dynamics and their driving factors is vital for ecological restoration policy-making to combat the expansion of the SDSL. Northern China, being the principal implementation area of ecological restoration projects, is ecologically fragile and encompasses almost all of the SDSL regions in China. To explore and compare the dominant driving factors for SDSL changes by extracting both aeolian activity information and vegetation indices, the SDSL datasets in northern China from 2010 to 2020 were first constructed in this study by the human–computer interactive interpretation method based on the series Landsat image data. The spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of SDSL were subsequently analyzed, and the dominant driving factors of SDSL changes were further explored via the geodetector model by the fractional vegetation cover trend and the difference of aeolian activity index. The results showed a net decrease of 3,780.25 km2 in the total SDSL area between 2010 and 2020, and the decrease rate was 2.44 times higher in the shorter period of 2015–2020 compared to 2010–2015. The spatial differentiation between the western and eastern parts of the Helan Mountains was prominently exhibited by the relatively higher changed SDSL area in the eastern part (62.74% for aeolian activity weakened and 83.32% for aeolian activity intensified) and the increasingly changed SDSL area in the western part (from 33.09% to 39.60% in aeolian activity weakened and from 13.02% to 19.60% in aeolian activity intensified). Especially, the increased aeolian activity intensified SDSL area has happened on the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert and along both sides of the Tarim River from 2015 to 2020 deserve attention. The co-driving of the multiple driving factors dominated the change of SDSL from 2010 to 2020, with the county mean value of the difference in aeolian activity index (MDAAI) and the county mean value of the trend in fractional vegetation cover (MFVCT) as dependent variables, respectively. Climatic factors of the mean annual average temperature, the mean annual cumulative precipitation, and the mean annual aridity index have a relatively larger explanatory power for the change of SDSL in both MDAAI and MFVCT. Anthropogenic factors of the mean annual afforestation area and the mean annual number of large livestock and sheep and goats (year-end) have a greater explanatory power in MDAAI, while the mean annual number of large livestock and sheep and goats (year-end) and the mean annual population density in MFVCT. In particular, the dependent variable MDAAI is better at identifing the dominant drivers of aeolian activity intensified SDSL area compared to MFVCT, with anthropogenic factors playing a stronger dominant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Soil bacterial richness and communities differed with altitude and vegetation type. • Soil bacterial richness was mainly controlled by MAAT and MAP. • Soil C/P and MAP were the most important regulators of soil bacterial community. • Soil pH significantly affected bacterial diversity and community but to a less extent. • Soil SMC and C-limitation of microbial metabolism are important regulators of soil SOC. Peatlands are crucial carbon (C) sinks, and the combined activities of soil bacteria and soil abiotic properties play an essential role in regulating the C cycle. However, mountain peatlands are particularly vulnerable to global change, which could lead to a change from C sink to source. Understanding how variations in soil bacterial communities and diversity along an altitude gradient affect C storage through changes in enzyme stoichiometry ratios is essential. To address this issue, this study collected soil samples from six peatlands at different altitudes in the Changbai Mountains, China, which were dominated by either sedge or shrub/ Sphagnum species. The study examined a range of soil physical and chemical properties, quantified bacterial community diversity and structure, and assessed enzyme stoichiometry. The results indicated that bacterial communities varied with altitude and vegetation, with bacterial α-diversity (richness) being higher at lower altitudes and in sedge-dominated peatlands. Mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) were the primary drivers of bacterial diversity, and soil bacterial community composition was significantly influenced by soil carbon/phosphorus (C/P) ratio and MAP. On the other hand, soil pH had only minor effected in mountain peatlands. Path analysis emphasized the greater importance of soil moisture and microbial C limitations than bacterial richness and community on soil organic carbon (SOC) in mountain peatlands. The study also suggested that increasing bacterial richness and relative abundances of rare phyla could increase soil C concentration in peatlands. Overall, this study provided valuable insights into the regulation of C cycling in mountain peatlands and could help mitigate global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly high frequency of heavy air pollution in most regions of China signals the urgent need for the transition to an environmentally friendly production performance by socioeconomic sectors for the sake of people's health and sustainable development. Focusing on CO 2 and major air pollutants, this paper presents a comprehensive environmental efficiency index based on evaluating the environmental efficiency of major socioeconomic sectors, including agriculture, power, industry, residential and transportation, at the province level in China in 2010 based on a slack-based measure DEA model with non-separable bad output and weights determined by the coefficient of variation method. In terms of the environment, 5, 16, 6, 7 and 4 provinces operated along the production frontier for the agricultural, power, industrial, residential and transportation sectors, respectively, in China in 2010, whereas Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Hubei and Yunnan showed lowest efficiency correspondingly. The comprehensive environmental efficiency index varied from 0.3863 to 0.9261 for 30 provinces in China, with a nationwide average of 0.6383 in 2010; Shanghai ranked at the top, and Shanxi was last. Regional disparities in environmental efficiency were identified. A more detailed inefficiency decomposition and benchmarking analysis provided insight for understanding the source of comprehensive environmental inefficiency and, more specifically, the reduction potential for CO 2 and air pollutants. Some specific research and policy implications were uncovered from this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of the fine particulate matters (diameter of 2.5 μm or less) caused by both the primary particle emissions and the precursor emission sources such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, have contributed significantly to poor urban air quality in China, and have attracted tremendous public attention over the past few years. This study provides an interdisciplinary study to investigate the key contributors driving air pollution emissions changes in China from 1997 to 2012, by applying the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method. The decomposition results are presented in both multiplicative and additive approaches to show the relative and absolute contribution of each factor in affecting emission changes. Changes in total particulate matter emissions are attributed to variations in primary particle, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions. It is manifested that the economic growth effect and energy intensity effect have always been the two key drivers in affecting the changes in air pollutant emissions over the period. The effects of emission efficiency, production structure and population growth contribute less significantly to overall emission changes, and the impacts of different factors vary among different pollutants. Since current strategies and policies in combatting particulate matter emissions are inefficient, this paper provides a guideline for the Chinese Government to deal with the air pollution problem for sustainable development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroids with alkyl groups at C-2 and C-3 are not known yet in any living organism, while 4-methylsteranes are previously thought specific to 4-methylsteroids bio-synthesized by limited types of organisms, such as dinoflagellates, microalgae, and certain bacteria. Here we investigate the occurrence of C 30 2α-, 3β-, 4α-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes, C 31 3β,24-diethylcholestanes, and 3,4-dimethyl-24-ethylcholestane, which are tentatively identified in fourteen fossil conifer Protophyllocladoxylon trunk samples from the upper Permian Wutonggou and Guodikeng formations in northwest China. In contrast to the paucity of alkyl steranes in the background sediments, abundant C 30 4α-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes in fossil conifers from diverse fluvial–lacustrine environments suggest that conifers were the most likely biological origin for the 4-methyl steranes in conifer trunk samples, although origins from associated fungi might also be possible. Alternatively, these C-4 methyl steranes might have possible algal or prokaryotic origins. It is noteworthy that diagenetic methylation or bacterial alkylation at early stages of diagenesis during burial may have caused a re-arrangement of classical 24-ethylsterols that were bio-synthesized by plants to generate C-2 and C-3 alkylated steranes. This study reports the presence of 4-methylsteranes in conifer fossils for the first time, pointing toward a likely origin from higher plants. This study also provides the first report of C-2 and C-3 alkylated steranes in plant fossils, a.llowing for the possibility that plants may produce functionalised sterol precursors of orphan alkylsteranes that are abundant in geological sediments but whose functionalised precursors are not known from any living organisms. [Display omitted] • Occurrence of C 30 2α-, 3β-, and 4α-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes in fossil conifers. • Occurrence of C 31 3β,24-diethylcholestanes in fossil conifers. • First report of 4-methyl and 2-, 3-alkyl steranes in plant fossils. • C 30 4-methylsteranes were most likely from conifer, possibly fungi, algae, or bacterium. • C-2 or C-3 alkyl steranes are likely products from microbial and diagenetic modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Rapid industrialization, increasing population urbanization, and improved living standards have all contributed to greatly increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in urban areas of developing countries. This situation is especially true for China, where fossil fuel depletion is a critical issue from its contribution to GHG emissions, and in terms of resources being consumed. To address these issues the Chinese government has supported application of ground source heat pumps (GSHP) technology. This focus is meant to alleviate the dependence on fossil fuels and improve the country''s energy structure. Several Chinese cities have embraced GSHP technology, and currently achieved some results. Shenyang, in Liaoning province, is one pioneering municipality. The city has become a champion of GSHP projects. However, the international energy research community has not been made aware of this important regional effort. The aim of this paper is to introduce and review the progress of GSHP technology diffusion within this region of China. This practical review will include policies, benefits and challenges facing the region and their adoption of GSHP technology. Recommendations for improvement of regional application on GSHP technologies given regional conditions are also made. These recommendations include strong leadership, appropriate policy incentives, effective enforcement mechanisms, and roundtable-based management. Relevant experience and lessons learned can be shared by other, globally locations, to help in GSHP technology diffusion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim of the study: Tripterygium wilfordii multiglycoside (GTW), an authorized Chinese patent drug, is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other immune disease. This study was to determine whether GTW induced different toxic reactions in adjuvant arthritis rats (AA rats) compared to those in normal rats. Materials and methods: To prepare arthritic rat model, male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were immunized by injecting complete Freund''s Adjuvant into right hind footpad. And then, GTW was given to rats intragastrically at dosage of 7 or 105mgkg−1 day−1 from day 15 to day 28 after immunization. Routine clinical parameters and histopathologic changes of liver, kidney and testis were examined. Metabolic profiling in serum of groups was analyzed by LC–MS. A principal component analysis (PCA) and partial-least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were carried out combined with mass spectrometry (MS) data set. All the quantitative data were performed by two-way ANOVA analysis following Student''s t-test. Results and conclusions: Treatment with GTW at both doses could diminish the right and left hind paws swelling. There was slight lipoid degeneration in hepatic tissue of normal rats treated by high dose of GTW, but there were not distinctly pathological changes in hepatic tissue of AA rats treated by GTW. Compared normal rats administered with GTW, no statistically significant difference in the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CRE), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were observed. However, the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was significant decreased in AA rats under exposure GTW compared with normal rats in the same conditions (p <0.05), which indicated that GTW could offer a different liver toxic reaction in normal and AA rats. The metabolic analysis showed that a clear separation of PCA and PLS-DA score spot in normal rats, but not separation was seen in AA rats perturbed with low dosage GTW. The result indicated low dosage GTW might arouse a general toxic in normal rats but not in AA rats. The biomarker analysis showed that the level of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) was down-regulated, but the level of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodexycholic acid (CDCA) was up-regulated in AA rats compared with normal rats under exposure GTW. According to pathway analysis of metabolic markers, we conceived that LPC, UDCA and CDCA were the critical intermediates of choline and fatty acid metabolism. And the lipid metabolism was a correlative outcome of GTW induced toxicity in the liver in physiological condition animals. Taken together, GTW could induce different toxic reactions between normal and AA rats, and the lipid metabolism might be part of the mechanism for the hepatic lipidosis or the other liver injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Investigating the net effects of foreign trade on the local environment requires a multiscale perspective. Increasingly, scholars have been investing effort to establish a global–national–local system of linkages or a local–nonlocal division of linkages. However, analysis at the megaregion level has somehow been overlooked, although megaregions play a substantial role in the context of accelerating regional integration and increasing regional pollution. This study incorporated megaregions into the existing multiscale input-output model and constructed a four-level analytical framework to analyze the emissions embodied in exports (EEE) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. Since this region pioneered the economic transition in China, this study further applies structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to investigate the structural changes in EEE. The empirical results show that EEE in the YRD region was mainly affected by local and cross-border linkages, which account for 85.1% and 9.8% of the total EEE in the region. The increase in local EEE linkages needs to be reduced by local technological innovation in sectors such as light industry and energy. To prevent the YRD from becoming a pollution haven for developed countries, the cross-border EEE linkage must be reduced by adjusting the production and consumption structure of light industry. Cross-regional EEE linkage can be reduced through technology upgrades in the construction sector. The trend of a decrease in intraregional linkage and an increase in cross-regional linkage indicates that YRD exports tend to be outward rather than inward oriented. The four-level framework for examining EEE offers new detailed insights into the mitigation of regional air pollution. • A four-linkage framework based on MRIO was developed to trace the sources of EEE. • Local and cross-border linkages accounted for most of the total EEE in the YRD. • The pollution haven trend from developed countries to China's coastal regions became weaker. • EEE in the YRD was mainly influenced by the energy and metal manufacturing sectors. • Local emission reduction relied on technology upgrade and structure optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]