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Due to the co-combustion of hydrogen-rich atmosphere and coal in power plants has a great influence on NO X emission, it has been studied by more and more researchers. Therefore, the study of the effect of hydrogen-rich atmosphere on coal pyrolysis mechanism provides a theoretical basis for subsequent application in power plants. In this paper, reaction molecular dynamics simulation is used to investigate the pyrolysis mechanism of Henan anthracite coal within the temperature range of 300–3600 K. The consistency between the activation energy, TG curve, and gas release characteristics derived from the ReaxFF simulation and the experimental results provides evidence for the validity of this method in investigating the pyrolysis mechanism of coal. Furthermore, the pyrolysis behavior of Henan anthracite coal in N 2 , H 2 , and NH 3 atmospheres with varying temperatures are studied. The pyrolysis of Henan anthracite coal can be categorized into three distinct stages under varying atmospheric conditions, as revealed by the simulation findings. Compared with N 2 pyrolysis atmosphere, H 2 and NH 3 pyrolysis atmospheres can reduce the release of CO, reduce the activation energy, promote the degree of pyrolysis and accelerate the pyrolysis process. NH 3 atmosphere has more obvious influence on the coal pyrolysis process. Also, HCN (NO X precursor) generation reactions during pyrolysis are revealed in N 2 , H 2 and NH 3 atmosphere. H 2 and NH 3 pyrolysis atmospheres can increase the number of HCN generation reactions and change the distribution of HCN generation reactions. The analysis of HCN formation reaction shows that CN and H 2 CN are the main precursors of HCN. • Henan coal pyrolysis is studied via ReaxFF MD. • The macromolecular model of Henan coal has been verified. • In NH 3 atmosphere, the activation energy of Henan coal pyrolysis is reduced. • The HCN generation reaction in different atmosphere is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Environmental performances of plastic bag and alternatives are assessed in China. • Multi-regional scenarios are evaluated considering the uneven waste management. • Overall, HDPE plastic bags cause the lowest environmental impacts. • Using alternatives will induce the largest GWP changes in Henan and Hebei. • Introducing alternatives requires systematic thinking especially waste disposal. Single-use plastics (SUPs) have been the focus of plastic pollution control, and limiting their use while shifting to other alternatives have been widely promoted in various countries. This study tries to verify the life cycle environmental performances of single-use plastic bag and its alternatives under different scenarios in real world. China is chosen as case study, where provincial variability is prominent in waste disposal, and strictest plastics ban has issued lately in this worldwide biggest market. The study found that HDPE plastic bags have relatively lowest environmental footprints regarding to Acidification Potential, Global Warming Potential, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Eutrophication Potential, Fossil Fuel Depletion Potential and Water Use. Sticking to current waste treatment, large-scale promotion of degradable products will increase environmental impacts by 1.4–22.6 times nationwide. Xinjiang has highest impact of using plastic bag at household level, due to its long-distance transport and high landfill ratio. Henan and Hebei will trigger the most significant changes in Global Warming Potential of 4.6 and 4.4 times if single-use plastic bags are all replaced with other alternatives. Uncertainty and sensitivity test further prove the robustness of results, and extends geographical implications of the findings. These suggest that introduction of new alternatives requires systematic deployment with full life cycle thinking, and SUPs pollution control should be a holistic transformation. Reducing bag weight while ensuring carrying capacity, purchasing local products to shorten transportation distances and shifting towards cleaner energy sources are synergetic ways to reduce the environmental impact of single-use plastic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel joint optimal allocation model of regional water and land resources (JOAMRWLS). • A three-level unit division method of "basic units-computing units-hydrological response units". • Use of a two-layer nested algorithm involving successive approximation and nonlinear programming (SA-NLP). • The model improves the regional economy and water resource utilization efficiency. Water and land resources are indispensable prerequisites for the sustenance and advancement of human civilization. In recent decades, China has faced significant challenges in managing its water and land resources due to the intensifying competition resulting from rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth. The joint optimal allocation of water and land resources can effectively address these issues. However, there have been limited accomplishments in investigating the integrated water and land resources allocation system's interaction with social, economic, and environmental development. This paper develops a novel joint optimal allocation model of regional water and land resources (JOAMRWLS). The model integrates water and land resources for integrated allocation, taking into account the mutual feed relationship between them, and thereby achieving comprehensive utilization and coordination of water and land resources within the region. Then a two-layer nesting algorithm based on successive approximation and nonlinear programming (SA-NLP) is proposed to solve the model, obtaining the regional optimal land use pattern and optimal water allocation scheme. Subsequently, this paper uses Luoyang City in Henan Province, China, as a case study to verify the proposed JOAMRWLS. The results indicate that the water volume and area of each land use type tend to stabilize after the fifth iteration of the calculation with a consistent water volume of 18.65 × 108 m3. Compared with the conventional optimization model of water resources (COMWR), the JOAMRWLS encompasses five cities experiencing water scarcity, whereas the latter includes twelve such cities. Furthermore, the economic benefit of the JOAMRWLS is 2.65 × 1011 CNY, surpassing that of the former at 2.56 × 1011 CNY, highlighting its superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The matrix representation of grey possibility function is provided. • The solution method of possibility function's turning points is given. • The "maximum criterion" decision paradox is solved. • A variable stage self-correcting grey clustering model is proposed. • The meteorological drought grade of 17 stations in china henan province is evaluated. The grey clustering model based on the possibility function is frequently used in system evaluation, but the setting of the possibility function is frequently subjective, which results in the weak credibility of the clustering results. In addition, the "maximum criterion" decision paradox of the model has fuzzy boundaries, making the clustering process impossible to program. Based on this, the possibility function is represented as a matrix in the paper, and the possibility function is calculated by an optimization model to guarantee the objectivity of the clustering results. A variable stage self-correcting grey clustering model is built by using the kernel weight transformation as the primary tool, "entropy subtraction" as the signal of the decision paradox, and "entropy non-subtraction" as the model's termination signal. The model's Matlab source code is provided to reduce the complexity of the model. The illustration and comparative analysis demonstrate the model's logic and efficacy. Using the model for the evaluation of the meteorological drought grade in Henan Province can offer a fresh perspective for meteorological departments to make choices and assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The center of gravity of China's EPC is located in Luoyang City, Henan Province. • During the study period, China's EPC in general exhibits an east-high and west-low trend. • During the period 2000–2019, there are significant regional differences in the strength of the spatial linkage of EPC in China. • In 2000–2019, the decoupling status of EPC in china is of two types of decoupling: weak decoupling and expansive coupling. Exploring the evolution of spatial and temporal patterns of electricity power consumption in China is of great significance and value for the promotion of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Strategy and the scientific allocation of electricity resources. Therefore, this paper takes China as an example and innovatively applies nighttime light data from a combination of two remote sensing satellites. And using spatial analysis methods to analyze the evolution of spatial and temporal patterns of electricity power consumption over a longer study time series. Meanwhile, this paper also uses the Tapio decoupling model to study the decoupling effect of electricity power consumption and economic growth in China. The results of the study show that, during the period 2000–2019, China's electricity power consumption was in an unbalanced state, with the eastern coastal region dominating. It also formed a gradient distribution from the coastal area to the inland area. In terms of spatial connection, it shows an unbalanced distribution pattern of "low in the west and high in the east". In addition, the spatial linkage of electricity power consumption among provinces is more than 93 % of weak linkage, and gradually increases to 97 %, indicating that the spatial linkage of electricity power consumption among regions is gradually weakening. The decoupling state of electricity power consumption in China is characterized by two types of decoupling: Weak decoupling and Expansive coupling. The decoupling status has experienced a significant change from 84 % of provinces being Expansive coupling to 100 % of provinces being Weak decoupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issues surrounding incomplete coverage of core dictionaries, limited training corpora, and low precision in Chinese geological text segmentation, a knowledge- and data-driven word segmentation method by combining combination probability and machine learning was proposed in this paper. We extracted mathematical feature information from terms in Chinese geological text to construct a Term Combination Probability Model (TCPM) for Chinese word combinations by integrating the combination features of geological terms and the Chinese writing styles under zero-sample conditions. The TCPM was used to extract geological terms with high combination characteristics as a user-defined dictionary, and then a geological corpus was constructed by using a general domain word segmentation method based on this dictionary. After a small amount of manual review and optimization, the geological corpus was trained with a BiLSTM-CRF model to segment Chinese geological text. The proposed method in this paper was tested using a regional geological survey report set in Henan Province, and the precision, recall, and F1-score of the method are 92.65%, 92.53%, and 92.59%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that this method, combined with the inherent knowledge features of geological text and the machine learning method, can assist in expanding the core dictionary for Chinese geological text segmentation based on zero-sample, and can improve the segmentation precision of Chinese geological text compared to simple general word segmentation methods or machine learning methods. • TCPM with no sample can reflect the structural features from professional terms in geological field texts. • Chinese word segmentation with custom dictionary from terms extracted by TCPM is better than general segmentation methods. • Combining TCPM with machine learning can improve the accuracy in word segmentation for Chinese geological text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigate a novel TrFBWM to yield the TrF criteria weights. • Develop the TrFZSG to rank the alternatives. • Propose a TrF-BWM-ZSG by fusinging the BWM and ZSG. This paper investigates a hybrid emergency decision-making (EDM) method called TrF-BWM-ZSG by combining the BWM (best-worst method) and ZSG (zero-sum game) in trapezoidal fuzzy (TrF) environment. Firstly, this paper defines the entropy and similarity for trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (TrFNs). Based on the entropy and similarity measures, a bi-objective programming model is constructed to distribute the weights for experts. Then, based on the multiplicative consistent trapezoidal fuzzy reference comparisons (TrFRCs), a novel TrFBWM is investigated to yield the TrF criteria weights. This novel TrFBWM highlights two innovations: (i) A crisp goal programming weight-determining model is constructed by using the multiplicative consistent TrFRCs; (ii) A reasonable consistency ratio is defined, in which the consistency index is determined according to the consistent transitivity of TrFRCs. Afterwards, the TrFZSG is developed to achieve the alternatives' ranking order by extending the classical ZSG into TrF environment. Lastly, the availability of the TrF-BWM-ZSG is corroborated through a real EDM case of Henan rainstorm disaster. The advantages of the TrF-BWM-ZSG are manifested by several valuable comparisons. Some desirable results derived by the TrF-BWM-ZSG are received: (i) The optimal alternative selected by the proposed TrF-BWM-ZSG suits the actual rescue situation; (ii) The proposed TrF-BWM-ZSG owns high generality since TrFN can reduce to crisp number, interval and triangular fuzzy number; (iii) The developed novel TrFBWM is helpful to preserve more inherent information of TrFNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic poverty alleviation (PV-PA) policy is a promising policy innovation to achieve sustainable development in China. Based on first-hand field investigation data of 18 prefecture-level cities and 110 counties in China's Henan Province, this paper first evaluated the efficiency of PV-PA policy and analyzed its spatial correlation characteristics by adopting data envelopment analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and social network analysis methods. The results show that: (1) the comprehensive efficiency of the PV-PA policy in Henan Province is good, and that of the prefecture-level is better than the county-level, with great differences; (2) comprehensive efficiency of the PV-PA policy shows a significant spatial agglomeration phenomenon at the county-level, and regional development imbalance exists; and (3) PV-PA policy network linkages at prefecture-level are relatively weak. Finally, this paper makes policy recommendations for optimizing project scale, promoting regional balanced development, strengthening supervision and management, and enhancing the cooperation between policymakers. • DEA was used to evaluate the efficiency of the PV-PA policy in China's 110 counties • Explored the spatial correlation patterns of the PV-PA policy efficiency • Constructed a spatial correlation network for the PV-PA policy efficiency • Comprehensive efficiency of PV-PA policy needs to be enhanced • Unbalanced development and regional uncoordinated situation needs improvement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper argues for a material approach in rural geography and rural studies. • The empirical study sheds light on architectural experiment in rural China. • We use critical architectural of geography to theorise architectural materiality. • We highlight the event-ness, embodied meanings and relational effect of architecture. • Architectural materiality plays a key role in the making of rural cultural and social fabrics. Existing literature in rural studies and rural geography has tended to examine rurality as a representational, discursive and cultural construction, while there have been limited efforts that examine how material processes and practices co-produce and co-constitute the social relations and cultural subjectivities that contour rural changes. This paper addresses this gap by arguing for the relevance and necessity of a material approach in rural studies, building on but also advancing existing works that look beyond social constructivist conceptualisations of rurality. To this end, it reports on a case study of architectural experiments in Haotang Village in Henan Province, as part and parcel of the proliferating rural renaissance and reconstruction (RRR) movements in reform-era China. To illustrate the empirical nuances, this study draws insights from the literatures on the critical geography of architecture, with focus on three theoretical registers: event-ness, cultural meaning and relational effect. It puts forward two arguments in relation to architectural experiments in Haotang. First, it suggests that the embodied practices that produce, consume and maintain architectural materiality continue to mediate or effectuate the production of unstable, dynamic cultural meanings; and second, it claims that the encounters between humans and the material world involve a redefinition and reorganisation of social life and relations, catalysing progressive changes such as enhanced community solidarity and motives for self-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new rigid-flexible composite recyclable supporting structure is proposed. • Numerical calculation and full-scale test are developed for the new supporting system. • Mutual validation of full-scale test and finite element result is carried out. • The full-scale test shows that the new supporting system is stable. The underground ecological granary has the advantages of low temperature, heat insulation, safety, and mechanization operation of moving grain in and out of the granary. It is the most suitable environmentally friendly warehouse for long-term grain storage at present. Traditional underground granary supporting structures mostly use cement materials and present disadvantages including long periods of construction, difficulties in repairing cracks and leakages, and difficulties in demolition. Based on a steel skeleton supporting structure and flexible waterproof polymers, this paper proposed a new rigid-flexible composite recyclable supporting structure for underground storage granaries. Through the use of ABAQUS software, this paper established a three-dimensional finite element numerical model for excavation of the new supporting structure; analyzed stresses and deformations of the steel pile, middle beam, and steel plate and ground settlement at different excavation steps; and checked the stability of the new supporting structure. Additionally, considering a certain ecological storage granary in Zhongmou County of Henan Province, this paper developed a full-scale test for the new supporting structure. By monitoring the stresses of the supporting structure and ground settlement during excavation, it was concluded that the field monitoring results basically matched the results from numerical simulation. The new supporting structure has the advantages of good stability, quick construction, recyclable usage, low cost, and broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of global economy and society, water shortage has become a crucial limitation to the growth of many cities. The agricultural water resources carrying capacity (AWRCC) is a key indicator to judge the sustainable development of agriculture. It is necessary to quantificationally evaluate AWRCC to ensure safety of regional economic development and human being's living demand. To reasonably quantify AWRCC, this paper constructs an agricultural water resources evaluation system. CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) is introduced, and its combination with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) solves the subjectivity and randomness of weight determination. Based on the definition of AWRCC and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE), we construct support index (CCS), pressure index (CCP) and carrying capacity index (CCI) to describe the spatio-temporal variation of AWRCC in Henan Province. Applying sensitivity and correlation analyses into the AWRCC evaluation demonstrates practicality and rationality of results. It eventually provides corresponding suggestions to each city group with diverse carrying capacities. Main conclusions are as follow: (1) The per capita water consumption and agricultural water utilization rate in Henan trended to decrease yearly. The irrigation rate of cropland and the proportion of water-saving irrigation of cropland increased to a varying extent. Water resources utilization rate, cropland irrigation rate, proportion of water-saving irrigation in cropland, grain yield per unit cropland, and wetland proportion were relatively sensitive indicators and they were higher correlated with AWRCC. (2) During 2010–2020, although the agricultural water resources have been overloaded in Henan, AWRCC exhibited a slight enhancement on the temporal scale. On spatial scale, the central region had a stronger AWRCC than the surrounding cities, while the southwest region was relatively weaker, and the AWRCC of the eastern region continued to enhance. (3) According to the tertiary characteristics and spatio-temporal variation of AWRCC, cities of Henan can be roughly divided into four groups and some proposals were proposed individually to enhance the carrying capacity. The conclusion of this paper is helpful to understand the current situation of agricultural water resources in Henan and can provide a reference for the sustainable development of AWRCC. [Display omitted] • CRITIC combined with AHP solves the subjectivity of weight determination. • Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of AWRCC in Henan were analyzed. • Sensitivity and correlation analysis are used to detect AWRCC sensitive indicators. • Proposals were suggested respectively for cities with diverse AWRCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap graded natural sand is widely used in hydraulic structures, foundation treatment and recharge well fillers, and it's also common in geological structures such as landslide deposits. In order to study the influence of grain shape on its pore and permeability characteristics, river sand in Yichang (YS), standard sand in Henan (HS) and standard smooth glass beads (BZ) are selected as test materials, and the grain shape parameters of three materials are analyzed on multiple scales. Then tests on porosity and hydraulic conductivity of gap graded natural sand were conducted. On this basis, a numerical model considering grain size distribution, coarse grain content and grain shape was established. The results showed that the average values of the shape parameters increased or decreased with the increase of grain size, and the coefficients of variation for the parameters were between 0.026 and 0.208. The shape parameters showed a negative skewness distribution, but the absolute value of the skewness coefficient was small (0.254–0.616). Grain size distribution and grain shape are the main factors controlling the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of gap graded natural sand. The minimum values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity appear at about 70 % and 30 % of large grains, respectively. The closer the grains are to the sphere, the closer the material is stacked, and the smaller the porosity value is. The grain size ratio has a significant effect on the minimum porosity of the mixture and the minimum porosity increases with the increase of the grain size ratio. The porosity of gap graded natural sand obtained by numerical method is accurate, and the error is within 10 %. The hydraulic conductivity is obtained by deriving fluid grid information and the results show that the simulated value of hydraulic conductivity is highly matched with the experimental value, and the error range is roughly between 10 % and 30 %. • This paper selects sand materials with different shapes, and analysis the grain shape characteristics on multiple scales. • Porosity and permeability of natural gap graded sand with different shapes and sizes are studied by laboratory tests. • A numerical calculation model reflecting grain shape parameters is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhengzhou of Henan province is an important agricultural production base. To improve the performance of the combined drying system and promote the development of agricultural products in Zhengzhou area, a solar assisted multi-source heat pump (SMSHP) drying system was proposed based on a traditional solar assisted air source heat pump (SASHP) drying system. The simulation models were developed for the air source heat pump (ASHP), SASHP, and SMSHP drying system respectively. The coefficient of performance, energy consumption and specific moisture extraction rate of the drying systems under different seasons were analyzed. Moreover, to validate the simulation models, an experimental platform of the combined drying system was designed and set up, and the experimental tests were carried out on the ASHP, SASHP, and SMSHP drying system. The simulation results revealed that the SMSHP drying system had lower energy consumption, higher coefficient of performance and specific moisture extraction rate than that of the SASHP drying system. The most significant performance enhancement was observed in spring, where the SMSHP system demonstrated a 22.69 % increase in coefficient of performance, a 19.2 % increase in specific moisture extraction rate, and a 16.11 % decrease in energy consumption compared to the SASHP drying system. Comparing with the experimental data, the simulation model errors of the energy consumption, coefficient of performance, and specific moisture extraction rate of the SMSHP drying system were 3.19 %, 0.28 %, and 2.27 %, respectively. Therefore, the accuracy of the simulation results was confirmed. To better calculate the heat provided by the solar collection system, the concept of the tank heating guarantee rate was first introduced, and it was found to be more scientific than the solar energy guarantee rate. At last, The economic and environmental benefit of the drying systems were analyzed during the life cycle, and the SMSHP drying system exhibited better comprehensive performance than the SASHP drying system. This paper provides valuable insights into the comprehensive utilization of solar energy and the control logic of solar assisted air source heat pump combined drying system under different seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Design a hydrogen energy storage system-carbon capture and utilization system-based micro energy grid. • Proposed a carbon emission-green certificate equivalent interaction mechanism for multi-energy conversion and storage system. • Construct a two-stage optimal dispatching framework including day-ahead robust dispatching model and real-time rolling model. • Proposed an entropy-Shapley-based benefit allocation method considering multi-dimension impact factors. • Carried out the effectiveness and applicability analysis for the proposed dispatching scheme and benefit allocation strategy. To fully utilize the abundant renewable energy resources in county-level areas of China, this paper designs a novel structure of micro-energy grid integrating hydrogen energy storage (HES) system and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) system (HES-CCU-based MEG). And a carbon emission-green certificate equivalent interaction mechanism is established. Then, a two-stage optimal dispatching framework is proposed for mitigating the impact of uncertainty variables, including a day-ahead robust dispatching model and a real-time rolling optimization model. Thirdly, an entropy-Shapley-based benefit allocation method is constructed to allocate the benefits in dimensions of energy conservation, carbon emission reduction, and renewable power consumption among various devices. Finally, a micro-energy grid in Henan province, China, is selected as an example for case study. The results show that: (1) HES could transfer surplus renewable power and low-priced power to periods with high power prices, while CCU could achieves the cycle and utilization of CO 2 , leading to a decrease in power purchase costs and carbon emissions by 7.85% and 0.47%, respectively. (2) The two-stage optimal dispatching model gives full play to the flexibility adjustment ability of each device, mitigates the deviations caused by uncertainty variables, and formulates the optimal dispatching strategy. (3) The entropy-Shapley-based benefit allocation method could evaluate the contributions of each device in different dimensions, effectively, ensuring the rationality of benefit allocation results. Overall, the proposed model and method could utilize renewable energy resources in county-level areas, which is better to promote the clean and low-carbon transformation of the overall energy structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The extent of flooding in China is greater than in any other country. • Nearly 66% of China's landmass is submerged by flooding. • Financial toll of flooding accounts for approximately 1.42% of the annual GDP. • Various forms of climatic change contribute to flooding. The extent of flooding in China is more significant than in any other country. Our research reveals that approximately 66 % of China's landmass is submerged by flooding, affecting about 50 % of the population. Furthermore, the financial toll of flooding now accounts for approximately 1.42 % of the annual gross domestic product (GDP), which is almost 40 times higher than the corresponding figure for the United States. We have observed that Zhengzhou city in Henan province, which faced a devastating flood in 2021, received a significant amount of rainfall, specifically a total of 552.5 mm within a 24-hour period. The floods in Henan province in 2021 caused considerable damage, including impacting nearly 15 million people, resulting in almost 400 deaths, damaging over 10,000 square kilometers of agricultural land, causing almost $19 billion in economic losses, and leading to the collapse of over 35,000 households and damage to various properties. In a similar manner, the significant flooding that occurred in southern China in 2020 impacted approximately 7.1 million individuals across eight provinces and resulted in 54 fatalities, the collapse of 6,700 houses, and incurred a direct economic loss of US$3.33 billion. We found that rainstorms have significantly increased to 10 % in the last 60 years in China. In this paper, we delved into exploring the existing published articles, reports, and government and authoritative legal texts to analyze the causes and impacts of flooding in China's flood-prone regions and potential mitigation strategies to reduce the repercussions of distressing flood events. We believe this study will help policymakers by providing new insights while formulating policy to reduce the loss caused by high-level flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of 5G/F5G technology leads to massive applications accessing to backbone networks, which requires the backbone networks to be upgraded. Semi-filterless elastic optical network (semi-FEON) is a suitable technology to cheaply and gradually upgrade backbone networks. In semi-FEON, routing, modulation and spectrum assignment (RMSA) problem is one of the key issues. In this paper, we study the dynamic RMSA problem in semi-FEON and propose an RMSA algorithm. The algorithm includes three innovations: a K-shortest-subnet-paths (KSSP) algorithm is designed to search candidate paths in semi-FEON, a load-balancing-least-resources (LBLR) policy is introduced to re-sort the candidate paths, and a maximum-occupied-neighbors (MON) rule is proposed to assign spectrum resources to connection requests in semi-FEON. Simulation results show that the proposed KSSP-LBLR-MON algorithm outperforms the existing works in term of bandwidth blocking probability. Concretely, the improvement ratio is greater than 59.98% and 66.64% in German-Net and Henan-Net, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the characteristics of high frequency and strong suddenness of dynamic disasters in deep coal mines, the traditional detection and evaluation techniques applied to shallow coal mine failed to accurately judge the risk degree of disasters. Therefore, it is of great significance to use advanced detection technologies and appropriate evaluation methods to improve the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessment in the process of coal mining. The present paper applies the rapid detection and multi-source dynamic detection technologies used in the field of mining with the purpose of improving the reliability of detection technologies for typical dynamic disaster. In this study, the data fusion technology was used to analyze data obtained from laboratory experiments, engineering survey, detection and historical data, so as to form the final dynamic and static indicators. Then, the new combined evaluation models with time series of coal and gas outburst as well as rock burst were established respectively to carry out the comprehensive risk evaluation using the least-squares method and the time-varying weight method. After the comprehensive analysis on the results of the above two evaluation models, the risk areas of the typical dynamic disasters were judged and classified. Finally, the evaluation models were coded to build an early-warning software platform that could achieve automatic evaluation and the actual 3D visualization of coal mining areas. The early-warning software platform was applied to risk assessment of dynamic disasters in Gengcun Coal Mine in Yima City, Henan Province, China. The results of the 6-month experiment showed that the risk assessment accuracy and reliability of the proposed evaluation models was 100% and 90% respectively, which indicates that the newly developed approach is reliable and can be recommended for applying in more coal mines to improve the process safety risk control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water price reform is an effective way of rationalizing and protecting water resources in areas where water is scarce. This paper first presents a method for measuring water footprint by sector based on the non-competitive input-output technique. Second, this research explores the relationship between water price adjustment and labor compensation, as well as regional water export. Accordingly, this paper constructs a mathematical planning model for differentiated water price adjustment by sector with the objectives of minimum water exports and maximum labor rewards, and conducts a simulation study in the water-scarce Henan Province. The study's findings suggest that: (1) In contrast to direct water use, water consumption in Henan Province is more balanced in terms of water footprint, with the food and tobacco processing industry replacing agriculture as the leading water consumption sector. (2) Sectoral differentiated pricing saves 6.9% more export water resources in Henan Province than uniform sector-wide pricing with the same export GDP loss. (3) At present, the industries in Henan Province that are in urgent need of increased water charges are agriculture, textile industry, Manufacture of leather, Processing of timber and furniture, Manufacture of paper and printing, and Manufacture of chemical products these totals 6 industries. An increase of $1.73, $4.87, $38.55, $51.20, $5.83 and $6.55 per cubic meter in the water price of these six industries can reduce the export water resources of Henan Province by 10.72%. As a result, our findings can be used to optimize water allocation and improve sustainable water use in water-scarce regions. • Sub-sectoral differentiated water price adjustment method is proposed. • Sectoral differentiated pricing approach is more conducive to water conservation. • The method can find the local sectors in urgent need of water price adjustment. • Adjust sectoral water price with minimize economic impact to achieve water saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme flooding brought by climate change is becoming the new normal globally, creating numerous threats to life and economic losses. In particular, the lack of preparedness for flooding events in inland regions will compound the losses. However, the causes, impacts, and responses to these disasters in inland areas remain poorly understood. Here, using the recent 7•20 flood disaster in 2021 in the inland province of Henan, China, as an example, we examine the extreme flood, the impacts, and how the climate extremeness and inappropriate human responses caused the great damage. Results showed that the average cumulative precipitation in Zhengzhou was above 250 mm when the flood happened. 10.29 % of the total area and 7.55 % of the total population in Zhengzhou were flooded. Cropland, urban built-up, industrial, and residential areas were hit hardest in terms of land cover type and urban function zone. The Zhengzhou flood was a compound effect of multiple natural hazards reaching the region simultaneously and, on top of this, the region's extreme lack of preparation. Our paper not only took the human response into the current flood risk and flood control system but also put forward transformative measures to improve cities' adaptability to climate change in China and beyond. This paper will be a wake-up call for addressing the human factors exacerbating climate change-related disasters and will provide a reference for transformative disaster governance in inland areas worldwide. • Fading of a script alone does not foster domain-general strategy knowledge • Performance of the strategy declines during the fading of a script • Monitoring by a peer keeps performance of the strategy up during script fading • Performance of a strategy after fading fosters domain-general strategy knowledge • Fading and monitoring by a peer combined foster domain-general strategy knowledge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic poverty alleviation power stations (PPAPS) are the foundation of poverty alleviation, whose operation and maintenance (O&M) status is the key to ensuring long-term poverty reduction advantages. As part of PPAPS′ O&M performance, the role of the O&M contracts has yet to be proven. This paper uses a three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and grey relation analysis (GRA) to analyze the O&M performance efficiency of PPAPS and the influencing factors of contract governance from field data of 110 counties in Henan Province, China. The results show that:1) the O&M efficiency of the PPAPS is relatively high and inconsistent across the region, which has not yet attained optimal productivity; 2) the present efficiency is mainly determined by the initial investment size and installed capacity; 3) the governance factors of O&M contracts affect the performance efficiency of PPAPS, which may lead to overestimation; and 4) longer contract term and higher performance incentive coefficients may result in inefficiencies at the initial stage of PPAPS′ use, while government subsidies allocation and timely O&M cost settlement have little impact on O&M efficiency. This paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations finally. • This paper focuses on the true O&M performance efficiency of PPAPS and influencing factors of contractual. • PPAPS′ O&M performance efficiency is relatively high with regional differences among counties. • The initial investment and capacity installed mostly determined the present efficiency. • Longer O&M contract terms and a higher achievements drive will result in inefficiency at the initial stage of PPAPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grasping the structure of the spatial associations in the energy–carbon emission efficiency (ECEE) of the transportation industry is of great importance for ensuring the green and sustainable development of the transportation industry. Based on the panel data on the transportation industry in 30 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2017, this paper measures the provincial ECEE using the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) and explores the structure of the spatial associations in ECEE and its influencing factors using social network analysis (SNA). The results show that (1) the average value of transportation ECEE in China is 0.34. The overall ECEE is relatively low and exhibits obvious spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (2) The network structure of the spatial associations for ECEE exhibit a hierarchical gradient characterized by density in the east and sparsity in the west, with provinces in the eastern and central regions, such as Henan, Zhejiang, and Fujian, possessing core leadership positions in the spatial transportation ECEE network. (3) The results of the block model show that the spatial ECEE network in the Chinese transportation industry has an obvious factional structure and that there are significant spatial associations among the blocks. Block 4, which contains several western provinces, exerts clear spatial spillover effects. (4) Regarding the factors affecting the formation of the spatial association network for ECEE, the differences in industrial structures, transportation energy structures, education levels, environmental regulations, and foreign direct investment among the provinces have positive and relatively significant effects on ECEE networks. The findings of this paper have theoretical and policy implications for integrating energy conservation and carbon emission reduction in China's transportation industry across regions. [Display omitted] • ECEE for energy-intensive industries is measured. • Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ECEE is depicted. • The structure of ECEE spatial association network exhibits density in the east and sparsity in the west. • Henan, Zhejiang and Fujian possess the core leadership position in the spatial association network. • The driving factors of ECEE spatial association network are explored using QAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, blunt slogans used in China's health campaign against coronavirus are closely examined and the public's conflicting comments on them are analyzed. These slogans, due to their extreme effectiveness in making the public comply with the health preventive measures suggested by the government, are called Yinghe or "hardcore" slogans by the Chinese people. Containing harsh and taboo language, they convey threats of death and disease, insults or negative evaluation, and harsh demands. Despite their impolite nature, "hardcore" slogans have received significantly more positive judgment than negative judgment, especially when they made their debut in rural areas in Henan, an agricultural province in China. Criticism towards these blunt slogans then gradually increased after their initial appearance. Plausible factors contributing to the change of judgment are analyzed. The public's conflicting judgment regarding the impoliteness of the slogans may be related to the public's different positioning across time and space. This study shows that impoliteness is a practice situated not only in discourse, genres, and institutions, but also in social, cultural, and political contexts. More attention should be paid to impoliteness in special social configurations (e.g., rural areas) and social emergencies, which not only contextualize a discourse event but also define it. • Impoliteness is situated culturally, politically, temporarily, and spatially. • Impoliteness can be a strategic and appropriate reaction to social emergencies. • Distinction between rural and urban settings is relevant to impoliteness studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain edge failures in cyber–physical power systems (CPPSs) can cause cascading failures in the power system. Protecting these critical edges and essential equipment in the supporting communication network can avoid these failures. Here, based on complex network controllability regarding kinetic equations and considering the actual operating conditions of CPPSs, we filter out a class of transmission lines and a class of nodes in the power system communication network of the power system that show a significant impact on network controllability. We further validate the results of the filtering by examining the resulting network robustness. Through simulations, we observe that the power edges and communication nodes screened based on network controllability have the most significant impacts on system controllability. It is therefore crucial to protect these edges and nodes to achieve more stable power grid operation and prevent cascading failures. Finally, we validate our results using a case study on a city in Henan Province, China. Our simulations demonstrate that the addition of a communication system can enhance the controllability of the power system. • Different key components in both power grid and communication network are considered separately. • The impact of different coupling methods on the controllability of the system are evaluated. • The conclusions of this paper are validated in a real power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metallogenic mechanism of lithium resource in sedimentary bauxite (aluminum) deposits was proposed. • Lithium associated with clay minerals in sedimentary bauxite (aluminum) deposits was concluded. • The occurrence states of lithium in clay minerals were reviewed. • The affecting factors of lithium leaching from clay minerals were discussed. Bauxite-associated type Li resource is mainly discovered in the sedimentary bauxite (aluminum) deposits forming areas, especially Northern Guizhou-Southern Chongqing, Western Henan and Central Guizhou, China. This paper reviews the enrichment mechanism and occurrence states of Li in sedimentary bauxite (aluminum) deposits. The Li in these deposits is derived from underlying carbonate rock, and the favorable sedimentary environment, e.g., alternation climate of dry and humid, the marine-continental transitional zone with reduction-weak oxidation and low salinity, is conducive to the Li enrichment in these deposits. Li is mainly hosted by independent mineral (i.e., cookeite), partly adsorbed by montmorillonite, and rarely adsorbed by illite/kaolinite. Furthermore, the leaching methods and affecting factors of Li from bauxite-associated type Li resource are summarized. Acid solution is the main leaching solution, but its excessive use can generate abundant acidic residues, which have hazards to the environment. Thereby, leaching solution with little or no acid has been recommended. The affecting factors of Li leaching are the calcination temperature, leaching temperature, leaching time, liquid–solid ration and mineral particle size. The above summary deepens the understanding of the enrichment mechanism and occurrence states of Li in the sedimentary bauxite (aluminum) deposits, and has the potential to promote Li resource, initially considered uneconomical, become an important economic source of Li. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palaeoecology of Ginkgo through deep time, including its ecophysiology and heterophylly, remains poorly understood due to the limitation of quantitative methods. In this paper, we report well-preserved leaves of Ginkgo henanensis sp. nov. from the Paleocene Dazhang Formation of Luanchuan, Henan Province, China. Our understanding of the ecophysiology and heterophylly of the genus has been improved by the discovery. These fossils are distinguished by heterophyllous leaves that can range in morphology from bilobed to multi-lobed forms. Thus, unlike other Cenozoic Ginkgo with entire-margined leaves, this is the first well-established Cenozoic taxon that has exclusively lobed leaves similar to Mesozoic-type ginkgos. A useful leaf ecophysiological functional trait that offers quantitative insights into morphological heterophylly and the mechanism of leaf shape selection is the dry leaf mass per area (LMA) of Ginkgo. Leaf shape changes, including the evolution of heterophylly, are linked to functional adaptation. There are two groups of LMAs for four fossil G. henanensis specimens: 120.9 g/m2 to 131.3 g/m2, and 184.5 g/m2 to 187.4 g/m2. The results of the reconstructed fossil LMAs, which serve as quantitative evidence of G. henanensis ' heterophylly, also point to the existence of various leaf survival strategies within G. henanensis. Additionally, both groups of G. henanensis have LMAs that are higher than those of extant Ginkgo biloba , indicating that this species has a slower return ecological strategy than its current equivalent. This strategy may have helped to decrease the rate of nutrient cycling, which supported Ginkgo to thrive in a wider variety of ecological niches in the Paleocene than it does today. These findings close a knowledge gap in the evolution of Ginkgo. • Species similar to the Mesozoic multilobed Ginkgo still present in the Paleocene. • The feasibility of existing methods to reconstruct the leaf mass per area of fossil Ginkgo is tested. • Heterophylly of fossil Ginkgo are quantitatively proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The equivalent coefficient is revised according to ability and willingness to pay. • The Best-worst method is used to determine the weight of the allocated indicators. • A 10 km buffer calculation strip is established in the compensated payment area. • The overflow of hydrological adjusting is greater than that of erosion prevention. • Ecological compensation in 2010–2020 is higher than that in 2000–2010. Coordinated governance and horizontal ecological compensation are important ways to realize ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin. Taking the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the research object, this paper analyses the compensation relationship and amount of cities along the line in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces. Firstly, the spillover value of regulation of water flows and erosion prevention of 32 counties along the Yellow River in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces were calculated during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 from the perspective of land use/cover change (LUCC). Secondly, the compensation accounting index system was established based on the classification of ecological services given the beneficiaries' individual preferences, and each indicator's weights were determined based on the Best-worst method. Finally, setting the water ecological service value of the 10 km buffer zone on both sides of the Yellow River as the accounting scope, this paper calculated the amount of ecological compensation paid by 16 cities in Shandong and Henan provinces. The results show that: (1) The spillover value of Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces in 2010–2020 is greater than that in 2000–2010, and the values of erosion prevention in both stages are lower than that of regulation of water flows; (2) From the perspective of providers, the highest is 3.68e + 08 yuan in Lvliang from 2000 to 2010, while the highest is 3.60e + 09 yuan in Yulin from 2010 to 2020; (3) From the perspective of beneficiaries, Zhengzhou has the highest amount of compensation in Henan province, which is 2.28e + 08 yuan in 2000–2010 and 9.41e + 08 yuan in 2010–2020 respectively. In Shandong province, Heze pays the highest value of 1.27e + 08 yuan from 2000 to 2010, and Jinan pays the highest value of 9.56e + 08 yuan from 2010 to 2020. The ecological compensation scheme obtained in this paper is more sustainable than the vertical compensation and expands the scope of the existing ecological compensation standards, which can effectively stimulate the enthusiasm for ecological protection, and reduce the financial pressure on the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Deposition reduction of different dust on solar cells by super-hydrophobic coatings was investigated. • The self-cleaning coatings are effective to improve the transmittance and the PV efficiency. • The self-cleaning coating has the best power efficiency improvement performance for the dust C. • The coatings are effective to decrease deposition density of dust from the southern China. This paper aims to examine deposition reduction performance of different types of dust on solar PV cells by the self-cleaning coatings. Four types of dust were obtained from the Powder Technology Inc. USA (Dust A), the Henan province in the central China (Dust B), the Guangzhou city in the Southern China (Dust C) and the sand in the construction site (Dust D), respectively. The micro and macro patterns of particles, the particle deposition density, the transmittance and the output power reduction of PV system after dust deposition were investigated carefully. It was found that the particle deposition density on the solar cell covering glass is obviously decreased by the coating. The deposition density of the sand particles is 36.77% of that on the uncoated glass case, which is the minimum among the four types of dust because of the high Young's modulus and low surface energy of the sand. The self-cleaning coating has the best power efficiency improvement performance for the dust C (about 24.35%), followed by the dust B (about 19.83%) and dust D (about 18.21%). The dust A has the minimum efficiency improvement (about 12.47%) by the super-hydrophobic coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Almost all currently infected COVID-19 patients in Henan province were analyzed. • COVID-19 patients in Henan province show gender and age preferences, migrant workers or college students are at high risk. • The incubation period was statistically estimated. • The state transition diagram can reveal the time-phased nature of the COVID-19 epidemic. • Network analysis reveals the aggregate outbreak phenomena of COVID-19. COVID-19 is spreading quickly all over the world. Publicly released data for 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan of China were analyzed in this paper. Various statistical and network analysis methods were employed. We found that COVID-19 patients show gender (55% vs 45%) and age (81% aged between 21 and 60) preferences; possible causes were explored. The estimated average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days. Incubation periods of 92% of patients were no more than 14 days. The epidemic in Henan has undergone three stages and has shown high correlations with the numbers of patients recently returned from Wuhan. Network analysis revealed that 208 cases were clustering infected, and various People's Hospitals are the main force in treating COVID-19. The incubation period was statistically estimated, and the proposed state transition diagram can explore the epidemic stages of emerging infectious disease. We suggest that although the quarantine measures are gradually working, strong measures still might be needed for a period of time, since ∼7.45% of patients may have very long incubation periods. Migrant workers or college students are at high risk. State transition diagrams can help us to recognize the time-phased nature of the epidemic. Our investigations have implications for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in other regions of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought exerts a significant impact on the sustainable development of social economy. For sustainable water use and rapid drought response, it is very meaningful to explore the correlation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought. This paper investigates the features of drought evolution based on cross wavelet transform (XWT) and mutual entropy. The meteorological drought was measured by the standardized precipitation index (SPI), while the hydrological drought was evaluated by the standardized runoff index (SRI). The research data were collected from hydrological stations and meteorological stations in the Yellow River basin of Henan Province, China. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Both meteorological drought and hydrological drought had obvious periodicity, especially on the scale of 2–4a. (2) The evolution of meteorological drought varied greatly from place to place; through the study period, Henan province did not suffer any extreme drought, though the drought situation in the western region has an aggravating trend. (3) Hydrological drought has a strong positive correlation with meteorological drought, and generally lagged behind meteorological drought by 1–2 months in the study area. The research results lay a good basis for drought response in the Yellow River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraordinarily severe coal mine accidents (ESCMAs) are characteristized by thirty fatalities or more in one accident. In this paper, such ESCMAs are analyzed using 188 cases which occurred in Chinese underground coal mines. The analysis shows that the number of ESCMAs and the death toll have decreased steadily over time. Gas explosions, mine water inrushes, and coal dust explosions are the three major types of ESCMAs. Among the causes of ESCMAs, inadequate implementation of safety measures, deliberate violations and electromechanical equipment faults are the three top causes of ESCMAs, accounting for 27.13 %, 21.81 %, and 15.96 % of incidences, respectively. Meanwhile, ESCMAs frequently occur in the heading face, especially gas explosions, mine water inrushes and coal and gas outbursts. Furthermore, ESCMAs reoccur often in certain provinces, such as Shanxi, Henan and Heilongjiang, and mostly during November and December in each year. The results of statistical studies have presented useful information for the prevention of ESCMAs in order to reduce the probability of such disastrous accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based models are proposed for HVAC system energy consumption prediction. • Autoencoder (AE) algorithm is used to extract the high-level features of state space of DDPG. • The DDPG based models are applied for energy consumption forecasting over short-term time horizon. • Improvement in prediction performance is observed when combine AE with DDPG. • The DDPG based prediction models, outperform common supervised models like BP neural network and support vector machine. Short-term energy consumption prediction has fundamental importance in many HVAC system management tasks, such as demand-side management, short-term maintenance, etc. Currently, the prevailing data-driven techniques, especially supervised machine learning methods, are widely applied for short-term energy consumption prediction. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL), as the state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, have been applied for HVAC system control, but rarely for energy consumption prediction. In this paper, a DRL algorithm, namely Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), is firstly introduced for short-term HVAC system energy consumption prediction. Moreover, Autoencoder (AE), which is powerful in processing data in their raw form, is incorporated into DDPG method to extract the high-level features of state space and optimize the prediction model. The operation data of the ground source heat pump (GSHP) system of an office building in Henan province, China is used to train and assess the proposed models. The results demonstrate that the proposed DDPG based models can achieve better prediction performance than common supervised models like BP Neural Network and Support Vector Machine. This study is an enlightening work which may inspire other researchers to tap the potential of DRL algorithms in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 1. The lag degree of hydrological drought is studied by changing the time scale. • 2. Multi-scale standardized indicators can explore the strongest correlation. • 3. According to the synchronization, relevance, correlation to calculate the results. • 4.The scale time with the strongest correlation is the propagation time. To study the propagation law of meteorological droughts to hydrological droughts under variable time scales, and to reveal the synchronisation gap and lag time of hydrological droughts compared to meteorological droughts, and the lag degree of hydrological drought is quantitatively studied. In this paper, the Yellow River Water Supply Area in Henan is taken as the research area, and the propagation time of meteorological drought to hydrological drought under variable time scale is mainly studied. The calculation of drought propagation time is set as two states: interval scale and continuous scale. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) sequence and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) sequence (1)with interval and continuous scales were obtained by multi-scale standardization of precipitation and runoff, which were used to characterize meteorological drought and hydrological drought respectively. The Mann-Kendall (M−K) test method was used to analyze the evolution of SPI sequence and SRI sequence at monthly scale, and to study the lag time of hydrological drought in four seasons compared with meteorological drought. Combining the Grey Correlation Method and Pearson correlation coefficient methods, the time interval for the propagation of meteorological droughts to hydrological droughts was determined based on the strongest correlation of different combinations of sequences. Finally, the propagation time series is divided into sliding windows to analyse the M−K dynamic trend of propagation time from a seasonal scale perspective. It provides a strong basis for the study of drought propagation based on multi-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tree ring is an ideal indicator of annual total grain production parameters. • Tree growth synchronized with grain production, and concurrent response to climate. • Reconstruction of total grain productivity based on dendrochronology. • To explore the relationship between total grain sown area and climate change. Climate change affects the growth of regional vegetation; both trees and grain crops often change concurrently, such that the annual radial growth of trees shows consistent inter-annual variations with the total grain crop productivity. However, it remains unclear whether they exhibit concurrent responses to climate factors, and that there lacks of the study on long-term high-resolution variations of grain crops productivity. This paper employs a Pinus massoniana tree-ring series from the Tongbai Mountains to analyze the correlations between tree-ring chronology, local climate data and grain productivity indicators (i.e., total sown grain areas (TSA), total grain outputs (TGO), and average grain yield per hectare (YPH)) of Henan Province in central China. The results indicate that temperature in March and August was the main limiting factor on tree growth, and the best concurrent relationship with tree growth was TSA, which has a correlation of 0.747 (p < 0.001) during 1959–2020. Therefore, a 124-year TSA series in Henan Province was reconstructed using tree-ring data from the Tongbai Mountains, which reveals there were two distinct low periods of total grain sown area in the 1920 s-1930 s and 1980 s-2000 s. There are significant cycles of about 2.57a (p < 0.01), 2.89a (p < 0.05), and 10.95a (p < 0.1), indicating that vegetation growth might be affected by large-scale climate forcing, such as ENSO (2-7a cycle) and sunspot activity (11a cycle). Overall, this study outlines a new approach to understand long-term changes in grain production, which is conducive to grain management and socioeconomic sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SMA was used for the first time for the selection of hyperspectral wavebands. • A novel algorithm of SMA-PCC-RF is proposed to invert heavy metal concentrations. • The algorithm was applied to inversion of heavy metal concentrations in mining area. • Spectral transformations can enhance heavy metals and spectral curves correlation. • SMA-PCC-RF algorithms offers the better inversion accuracy for all heavy metals. Heavy metal contamination has long been a concern of intense research within the field of environmental protection. The exacerbation of heavy metal pollution due to mineral resource over-exploitation and the implementation of agricultural modernization has further emphasized the need for rapid monitoring. Although traditional geochemical survey methods have been deemed reliable, they lack the ability to conduct non-destructive and rapid surveys of large areas due to their high cost, low real-time capability, and cumbersome operations. We collected 120 soil samples in the field using Xin'an County, Henan Province as the research region, and obtained hyperspectral curves and contents of the samples using the spectrometer and chemical analysis. After preprocessing the spectral curves, we used the slime mold algorithm (SMA) to preselect feature wavebands, and then the mathematically transformed method was used to improve their correlation. Next, we calculated the correlation coefficients of these wavebands with six heavy metals, and the final modeled wavebands were obtained through precise feature selection based on the criterion that the correlation coefficient's absolute value exceeded 0.298. The inversion model was also established by using adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosted decision tree (GBDT), random forest (RF), and partial least squares (PLS). The results indicated that SMA-PCC can effectively downscale the high-dimensional hyperspectral data and obtain the feature wavebands with a high contribution to the modeling. We also observed that the mathematical transformation method improved the relevance between heavy metal elements and spectra. Among the four models, RF showed better overall inversion accuracy for all heavy metals (i.e., Zn: R AdaBoost 2 = 0.85 , R GBDT 2 = 0.56 , R RF 2 = 0.89 , R PLS 2 = 0.57). This paper showcases that the algorithm presented can provide meaningful technical guidance for the large-scale investigation and assessment of heavy metal levels in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated energy system (IES) can improve energy efficiency and promote the use of renewable energy. It is of great significance to find the optimal alternative from many IES alternatives. However, most studies focused on the IES evaluation with complete information. Given this background, this paper proposes an evaluation method based on generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) to address the issue of IES evaluation with incomplete information, which takes the running speed of the algorithm and the dynamic updating of the indexes into account. Firstly, the missing data is predicted via GRNN, and a complete evaluation matrix is obtained. Then, the evaluation indexes are clustered by affinity propagation algorithm, and the evaluation matrix of the cluster centers is determined, which can reduce the dimension of the initial matrix and improve the speed of the IES evaluation method. For the newly added evaluation indexes, the PNN is used to classify them, and the new cluster center is calculated, which can address the issue of the indexes updating. Based on the data of a hospital in Henan, case studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method performs better than the existing IES evaluation method. • GRNN is used to address the IES evaluation problem with incomplete information. • The accuracy of GRNN is verified by comparing with common prediction methods. • It is the first work to deal with the issue of indexes updating in IES evaluation. • Compared with the existing evaluation method, the proposed method performs better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North China Plain is the main producing area of winter wheat in China. Due to the relatively poor condition of water resources, the competition of water between industry and agriculture is fierce. The increasing shortage of water resources has led to serious overexploitation of groundwater in some areas. Agricultural development is faced with severe challenges. In order to ensure regional food security and sustainable winter wheat planting, 52 cities of North China Plain (NCP), in the following of the paper, use the shorted name NCP，were taken as research units to analyze the matching characteristics of agricultural water and land resources, so as to reveal the direction of irrigated agriculture development and winter wheat suitable planting layout considering their balance in future. The paper firstly analyzed the cultivated area determined by water resource and irrigation development by agricultural available water, and then pointed out the direction of water-suited planting layout of winter wheat. The results showed that: 1) the Gini coefficient showed an increasing trend, which indicated that the area of cultivated land and irrigation area supported by water resources have nearly reached the upper limit. The large-scale extension of both cultivated and irrigation area is impossible under the restriction of water. 2) The amount of agricultural available water resources per unit of effective irrigation area and the effective precipitation increased gradually from north to south in the NCP, but the spatial distribution of water requirement of winter wheat in its growth period changed in the opposite way. This indicated the poor spatiotemporal match between winter wheat planting and water resources, leading to the cost of spending more water to maintain wheat production. 3), The further development of irrigation and the water-suited planting of winter wheat should pay attention to the southern part of the plain with rich water (such as southern Henan Province, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, etc.) to ensure the regional agricultural development. That is of great significance to the regional sustainable development, water shortage alleviation and national grain safety. ● Restraining the irrigation area and winter wheat in NCP. ● Moderately development irrigation area in south of the NCP. ● Water-suited planting layout of Winter wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: By using the methods of document literature, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, this paper investigates and analyses the cuurent situation of students’ participation in extrucurricular sports activities of 36 private middle schools in Henan province which have legal education procedures through the following aspects: the attitude, motivation, times, duration, selection of programs, and influential factors of participating in extracurricular sports activities. Based on the investigation and analysis, this paper points out the existing problems and puts forward suggestions [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A deep learning algorithm is used to build a comprehensive drought monitoring model. • Multi-source remote sensing data is processed as input data. • The comprehensive drought model has good applicability in the monitoring of meteorological drought and agricultural drought. • The model successfully monitored a drought process in Henan Province, China. • This study provides a new method for the comprehensive assessment of regional drought. Drought is a popular scientific issue in global climate change research. Accurate monitoring of drought has important implications for the sustainable development of regional agriculture in the context of increasingly complex global climate change. Deep learning is a widely used technique in the field of artificial intelligence. However, ongoing on drought monitoring using deep learning is relatively scarce. In this paper, the various hazard factors in drought development were comprehensively considered based on satellite data including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) as multi-source remote sensing data. By using the deep learning technique, a comprehensive drought monitoring model was constructed and tested in Henan Province of China as an example. The results showed that the comprehensive drought model has good applicability in the monitoring of meteorological drought and agricultural drought. There was a significant positive correlation between the drought indicators of the model output and the comprehensive meteorological drought index (CI) measured at the site scale. The consistency rate of the drought grade of the two models was 85.6% and 79.8% for the training set and the test set, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the drought index of the model and the standard precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was between 0.772 and 0.910 (P < 0.01), which indicated a strong level of significance. The correlation coefficient between the drought index of the model and the soil relative moisture at a 10 cm depth was greater than 0.550 (P < 0.01), and there was a good correlation between them. This study provides a new method for the comprehensive assessment of regional drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henan area is climatologically situated in the transition between northern and southern China and the transition is reported to be highly sensitive to climate changes during the Holocene. To better understand the Holocene climatic and environmental changes in Henan area where high-quality data are lacking, this paper first reviewed those published palaeoenvironmental records in attempt to provide a low-resolution framework of the Holocene environmental changes in Henan area, and then synthesized the moisture proxy records from the surrounding areas in attempt to define a high-resolution trend of the Holocene moisture variation for our target site (i.e., Zhengzhou within Henan area). Two major conclusions can be drawn. First, the high-resolution Holocene moisture curve for our target site well follows the general moisture trend of China and the curve is well corroborated by two recently-reported data sets: one from Mangshan loess-palaeosol sequence and another from Laomu-Dongshiya Cave. Second, our synthesis supports an earlier notion stating that the "Holocene Moisture Optimum" in China was a delayed response to the oceanic "Holocene Thermal Optimum". The latter might in turn be a delayed response to the summer insolation peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeologists have focused on the social conditions surrounding the development of urbanism around the world; however, the environmental impact of these ancient cities remains unclear. In this paper, we present palynological data from the early Bronze Age city of Dongzhao, Henan Province, China. Our data indicate that vegetation change and the development of early urban settlements are closely linked, with the advent of urban development significantly accelerating deforestation and altering the composition of local vegetation communities. The pollen record from Dongzhao provides new evidence to support the claim that urban expansion, coupled with a drying climate and the expansion of agriculture, dramatically reconfigured the landscapes of Bronze Age China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between climate changes and human responses has been hotly debated. This paper expands this topic by reviewing and presenting case studies in the middle and lower Yellow River, Henan and Shandong provinces. We first review the paleoenvironmental data of both regions and then use the Sanyangzhuang site, Henan, and the Chengziya and Jiaojia sites, Shandong, as examples of human activities and sedimentary histories. Comparisons between the paleoenvironmental and archaeological data reveal that the changes in human occupation at these sites did not occur synchronously with climatic and paleoenvironmental changes. On the one hand, human activities were influenced by extreme climate-related events such as floods. However, humans also show great resilience by returning to the same sites or continuing cultivation at the same sites. Changes in temperature and precipitation did not result in settlement abandonments. On the other hand, human activities ceased to exist in periods of land and climate stabilities. With their increasing capacity to modify landscapes through time, human decisions and activities become equally important as climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon emission from major sectors and key industries is the main source of regional carbon emission, which has caused severe climate anomalies. Decoupling analysis and prediction of carbon emissions are helpful to formulate effective carbon emission reduction targets and coordinate the relationship between carbon emission and economic development. Considering the differences between sectors, this paper selects 12 major industrial carbon emitting sectors in Henan Province as the research object, decomposes the carbon emission driving factors by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method, analyzes the decoupling relationship of carbon emission and economic development by Tapio decoupling model, constructs a decoupling effort model by combining the LMDI method and Tapio decoupling model to analyze the influence of each effect on the decoupling relationship, and sets up baseline scenario, low carbon scenario and enhanced low carbon scenario to forecast carbon emission and its decoupling state with economic development by the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) model. It is concluded that the restraining effects of energy structure, energy intensity and industrial structure are increasing. The decoupling index between carbon emission and economic development of 12 sectors shows a downward trend. Both energy structure effect and energy intensity effect have made weak decoupling efforts, and the decoupling efforts of industrial structure effect were relatively small, especially in Ferrous metal smelting and calendering industry and other five sectors. In 2035, four sectors will achieve carbon neutralization and the overall decoupling effect of carbon emissions will be obvious. Finally, this paper puts forward some recommendations to promote carbon emission reduction. • Decomposition, decoupling and forecasting analysis of carbon emission. • Combining decomposition and decoupling analysis to construct decoupling effort model. • Differences between sectors of industry are considered. • The decoupling efforts of industrial structure effect were relatively small. • Four industrial sectors will achieve carbon neutralization in 2035. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the air quality of most cities in Henan Province is seriously polluted. This will do great harm to people's health and the sustainable development of society. In order to solve this situation and improve the air quality of Henan Province, it is necessary to make effective forecast for the future air quality. After comprehensive consideration of various prediction models, combined with the characteristics of air quality, this paper selects the grey model as the research tool. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the model, a compound accumulative grey model is proposed in this paper. It has been proved that the accuracy of this model is higher than that of other models. The study found that the concentration of SO 2 and NO 2 in 18 cities in Henan province will continue to decline, reaching the first-level standard. PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations in all cities still exceeded the standard, with some cities exceeding the standard seriously. In the future, the focus of air control in Henan Province should be on PM 2.5 and PM 10. The forecast results can provide reference for related departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the observation data of four DSG5-type disdrometers, four automatic weather stations and two dual-polarization Doppler weather radars, this paper analyzes the characteristics of raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and their integral parameters during the severe precipitation in Henan Province, China, specially focusing on the extremely severe rainstorm on the 20 July 2021 in Zhengzhou City. The results show that: (1) In line with most of the severe precipitation in northern China, the July 2021 extreme precipitation were dominated by small raindrops, but medium-sized raindrops with diameter D in 2–4 mm contributed 61.28% to the rain rate R during the time period of extremely severe rainfall at Zhengzhou (ZZ) station, and the raindrops with D > 4 mm contributed 53.74% to the radar reflectivity factor Z. (2) Quantitative evaluation of the gamma model of DSD for different values of R is carried out, and the fitting effect of the gamma model is better for the raindrop spectrum with a single peak structure. However, this method cannot reflect the double-peak structure when R is large. (3) Some differences have been found in the Z - R relationship between Z and R among the four stations (GY, XM, XY, and ZZ). The maximum value of fitting coefficient a appears at the ZZ station, which is close to the a values in the Meiyu season in eastern China. For the other three stations, the a values are comparable to those of typhoons in the western Pacific, but the fitting coefficient b values are less different. (4) The average vertical profiles of dual-polarization radar parameters reveal the microphysical characteristics of the extremely severe rainstorm, that is, there were active ice-phase and warm-rain microphysical processes in the convective system of the extremely severe rainfall, of which the warm-rain process was more dominant. • The DSDs and microphysical characteristics at four weather stations of Zhengzhou City during the 20 July 2021 extremely heavy rainfall period were discussed. • There were three stations with diameter-controlled raindrop size distribution characteristic, only one station was controlled by both number concentration and diameter, the scatter pairs of parameters lg N w - D m of DSDs recorded of ZZ station indicate maritime-like convection. • Quantitative evaluation of the gamma model of DSDs for different rain rate was conducted. The fitting effect of the gamma model is better for the DSD with a single peak structure, while the method cannot reflect the double-peak structure when rain rate is large during the heavy rainfall period. • During the extreme rainfall period, there are active ice-phase and warm-rain microphysical processes in the convection system, and the warm-rain process is dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study mainly focuses on extraordinarily severe gas explosion accidents (ESGEAs) in Chinese coal mines. • Disorganized ventilation fan management and illegal blasting were the most prominent causes of ESGEAs. • ESGEAs are linked with the operating locations, occurrence time, regions and ownership of the coal mines. Extraordinarily severe gas explosion accidents (ESGEAs) (thirty fatalities or more in one accident) have a high occurrence frequency in Chinese coal mines. There are 126 ESGEAs that occurred in China from 1950 to 2015, and they were investigated through statistical methods in this study to review the overall circumstances and to provide quantitative information on ESGEAs. Statistical characteristics about accident-related factors, such as gas accumulation, ignition sources, operating locations, accident time, coal mine regions and coal mine ownership, were assessed in this paper. The statistical analysis shows that disorganized ventilation fan management was the most frequent cause of gas accumulation in ESGEAs, while illegal blasting was the most prominent cause of the ignition source in ESGEAs. Furthermore, ESGEAs were found to occur frequently in certain provinces (e.g., Shanxi, Henan and Heilongjiang) and during November and December of the year. Moreover, most accidents and the largest death tolls generally occur in state-owned coal mines. Based on the results of statistical studies, some countermeasures were proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) impose a significant constraint to livestock production world widely. In this paper, we presented a case of TBD in a cattle farm in Henan, China. 35 blood samples (7 samples sent by veterinarian, 28 samples gathered by our colleagues) were collected from ill, surviving and asymptomatic cattle and microscopic observation and PCR assays were conducted to characterize the pathogens. Genus Ixodes feeding on these cattle were collected and identified. Theileria annulata -like and Anaplasma marginale -like pathogens were observed in the blood smears stained with Giemsa staining under microscope. Furthermore, 5 out of 7 cattle blood samples were found to be positive for T. annulata by PCR. In the 28 blood specimens, three were positive for T. annulata , while A. marginale DNA was detected in nine blood DNA samples. Besides, 56 ticks feeding on cattle were collected from this farm and were all identified as Rhipisephalus microplus , meanwhile, 10 of them were found to be positive for A. marginale . In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the msp4 gene sequences of A. marginale obtained in this study showed that the isolate from cattle (KX840009) fell in the same clade with that of R . microplus (KX904527), sharing 100% similarity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of outbreak of theileriosis/anaplasmosis in cattle farms in Henan, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate change and energy security pressures, biomass power generation has been regarded as an effective way to supplement the energy supply, reduce fossil fuel consumption, and alleviate environmental pollutants. This paper presents an integrated modeling framework to address the regional biomass power generation planning to facilitate biomass utilization in developing countries. By combining the geographic information system, multi-criteria decision-making approach, as well as the type-2 fuzzy inexact programming method, the proposed integrated framework could assist the optimal decision-making for the specific site and size selection of biomass power plants in the whole region as well as the optimal operation strategies under deep uncertainties. The proposed modeling framework is applied to the particular context of Henan, an agricultural province in China with great biomass potential. The results suggested that biomass power plants with a total capacity of 2.4 GW could be established, which could satisfy 6% of local electricity consumption and avoid 18.51 Mt of carbon emissions. The sensitivity analysis of the main economic parameters indicated that lower investment and operation costs were essential to stimulate the utilization of local biomass energy. A higher feed-in tariff is not encouraged due to the limited incentive effect but is a heavy burden for the government. Furthermore, the optimal strategies for biomass power generation planning under uncertainties could be suggested for different decision makers with various risk preferences to achieve a tradeoff between system cost and risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropospheric NO 2 and SO 2 concentrations are of great importance with regard to air quality, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change. Due to lack of surface monitoring stations, this study analyzes long term trend of NO 2 and SO 2 levels (2005–2014), retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) board on the NASA's Aura satellite, in an important region of China – Henan Province. Henan Province, located in North China Plain, has encountered serious air pollution problems including extremely high PM 2.5 concentrations and as one of the most polluted region in China. The satellite spatial images clearly show that high levels of both NO 2 and SO 2 are concentrated in north and northeastern regions with much lower levels observed in other parts of Henan. Both pollutants exhibit the highest levels in winter with the least in summer/spring. The temporal trend analysis based on moving average of deseasonalized and decyclic data indicates that for NO 2 , there is a continuous increasing pattern from 2005 to 2011 at 6.4% per year, thereafter, it shows a decreasing trend (10.6% per year). As for SO 2 , the increasing trend is about 16% per year from 2005 to 2007 with decreasing rate 7% per year from 2007 to 2014. The economic development with incredible annual 11% GDP growth in Henan is responsible for increasing levels of NO 2 and SO 2 . The observed decreasing SO 2 level starting in 2007 is due to reduced SO 2 emission, utilization of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) devices and to some extent, in preparation of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. On the other hand, increasing vehicle numbers (155% from 2006 to 2012) and coal consumption (37% during the same span), along with the lack of denitration process for removing flue/exhaust gas NO x are responsible for increasing NO 2 trend until 2011. The ratio of SO 2 /NO 2 started decreasing in 2007 and dropped significantly from 2011 to 2013 indicating good performance of FGD and ever increasing NO x contribution from mobile sources. Unlike those observed in developed countries (US, EU and Japan) where a decreasing trend for both SO 2 and NO 2 has been observed since 1990s, the observed upward and downward trend found in Henan is similar to those found in North China Plain and other parts of China. The spatial and temporal trend analyses of SO 2 and NO 2 in four other regions in Henan further indicate a similar trend to those observed in Henan Province, albeit with different increasing and decreasing rate. The results provide regulatory agency to develop action plans to combat air pollution problem in general and SO 2 and NO 2 problems in particular in Henan. The implications of our findings and recommendations for decision makers are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial economy in Henan has developed rapidly, and Henan has transformed from an agricultural province into an industrial one. However, the previous rough development model led to a certain degree of imbalance in the industrial structure (IS), which had impact on environment pollution (EP). Based on the existing problems of industrial pollution in Henan, it is still necessary to explore whether the evolution of IS had impact on EP or not. Thus, firstly, the paper used the latest available data of the whole Henan, the prefecture-level cities and the different types of industries from 2008 to 2019 to measure the temporal and spatial evolution of IS using the IS rationalization index, the IS advanced index and the IS change index. Secondly, based on the three indicators of the IS evolution and the comprehensive index of EP, multiple linear regression models and mediation effect models were constructed to assess the impact of the IS evolution on EP. The results showed that the economic growth of industrial sectors presented the characteristics of the structure optimization. The improvement of the rationalization index and the advanced index of IS could reduce the pollution level significantly. Fig: a. The impact of the IS rationalization index on EP b. The impact of the IS advanced index on EP c. The impact of the IS change index on EPFig. a. The mediation effect of IS rationalization index on EP b. The mediation effect results of IS advanced index on EP c. The mediation effect results of IS change index on EP. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an institutional innovation in the market-oriented reform of China's energy sector, the policy effect of energy consumption license transaction (ECPT) is still lack of research. The pilot provinces of energy market-oriented reform are relatively scattered. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the spillover effect and regional differences of ECPT, so as to make up for the lack of research on China's market-oriented energy reform. Results show that ECPT has inhibitory effects on energy consumption and energy intensity. In addition, ECPT can reduce energy consumption and energy intensity in neighboring areas. The policy effect of ECPT shows the characteristics of strengthening with the evolution of time. Foreign trade, industrial structure and technological progress are the paths for ECPT policies to promote energy transformation. The implementation effect of ECPT shows significant regional differences, which has a significant role in promoting the energy transformation of Henan and Sichuan. Therefore, the central government must ensure the continuity of energy market-oriented reforms to release long-term policy dividends. Pilot provinces should not only play the role of domestic regional energy-saving cooperation, but also strengthen foreign trade and technological innovation to promote energy transformation. • ECPT has an obvious inhibitory effect on energy consumption and energy intensity. • ECPT has the spillover effect of energy saving on neighboring provinces. • The long-term effects of ECPT are stronger than the short-term effects. • Foreign trade, industrial upgrading and technological progress are the mechanisms. • The effect of ECPT shows significant heterogeneity in different pilot provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]