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Abstract Given the complexity of circular economy implementation, the literature is missing a strategic standpoint. This paper investigates the taxonomy of circular economy implementation strategies at the managerial level by linking it to strategy literature. The taxonomy was developed by using standard k-mean clustering method that incorporates 391 Cradle-to-Cradle product scorecards of 187 companies from 10 different industries. The analysis was based on the relative importance assigned to each competitive capability that defines the circular economy; namely, material health, material reutilization, renewable energy, water stewardship, and social fairness. Three distinct clusters of circular economy implementation strategy groups were observed: (i) founding (recyclers), (ii) development (all-decent circulars), and (iii) maturity (toxicity fighters). All clusters have been present in various industries, although there is an industry effect. The results indicate that each cluster has a different strategy. The results obtained contradict the general assumption and expectation of simultaneous improvement at all circular economy dimensions. Our research contributes to the theoretical understanding of circular economy implementation by providing a taxonomy of strategies. It contributes to the strategy literature by suggesting that the maturity degree of a competitive capability may determine the implementation strategy. For practice, the study presents a road-map for managers to reach higher degrees of circularity. Highlights • Links circular economy literature to strategy literature. • Employs hierarchical k-means clustering method to analyze 391 Cradle-to-Cradle products. • Proposes a taxonomy with three degrees of circularity adopting different strategies. • Suggests that the maturity degree of a competitive capability may determine the strategy. • Contributes to the theoretical understanding of circular economy implementation in the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Consumers have been recognized as critical enablers of sustainable development as consumption behavior can also shape the way firms do business. Accordingly, many product sustainability indicators have been developed for consumers, yet which attributes the consumers value more in green purchasing remains unknown. By developing a novel scale of environmental and social practices, this research aims to analyze which sustainability information attributes of products are prioritized by consumers and how these attributes drive consumers' willingness to pay price premium. Given its significance for both economy and sustainable development, the Electric Vehicle Industry has been chosen for analysis with an online survey of 582 consumers. Through the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique, the results indicate that environmental impact information has significant influence on green purchasing while social impact does not. This finding contradicts the previous literature that posited that consumers scale products' social impact attributes as a priority. This means consumers are aware of the importance of a product's social sustainability performance, but such information does not contribute to their willingness to pay price premium. The scale of environmental and social attributes suggested in this research can be applied to other industries by guiding manufacturers to design business activities. Highlights • This study examines which sustainability information attributes of products are prioritized by consumers based on a survey. • This study analyzes how these attributes drive consumers' willingness to pay price premium (in the case of EVs). • The research considers not only the environmental impact but also the social impact of a product for consumers. • Environmental impact has been found to be critical for driving consumers' willingness to pay price premium. • Despite being aware, consumers do not intend to pay price premium for social impact of a product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]