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The purpose of the presented article is to develop some new global regularity criteria for a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid flowing in a saturated porous medium. The effect of the porous medium, over the fluid flow, is characterized by a Darcy–Forchheimer law. The fluid, under study, is considered as one-dimensional and flowing in the x– direction with velocity component u. In addition, such a component is assumed to vary with the y– direction, i.e. u (y). Then, given the vorticity function w = - ∂ u ∂ y , such that ‖ w ‖ BMO 2 is sufficiently small, we develop the regularity criteria under the scope of the L 2 space. We extend our results to the spaces Ls , where s > 2. Afterward, we prove the Liouville-type theorem for the MHD Darcy–Forchheimer flow equation. Eventually, we obtain some characterization about the asymptotic behaviour of solutions, particularly, the nonuniform convergence in L 2 for t → ∞. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary agricultural practices extensively depend on synthetic fertilizers to boost crop productivity by providing essential nutrients. While effective in the short term, their prolonged use can negatively affect soil fertility and disrupt the nutrient balance of the rhizospheric microbiome. As an innovative and environmentally sustainable alternative, nanotechnology introduces nanofertilizers that offer targeted delivery and efficient nutrient utilization. Nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated versatility in plant research, functioning as growth regulators, antimicrobial agents, biosensors, fertilizers, and pesticides. Additionally, plants play a significant role in the advancement of nanotechnology through their ability to synthesize NPs and inspire plant-based nanobionics. Despite their potential, the complex interactions between NPs and plants, especially in the context of heavy metal (HM) stress, remain insufficiently explored. This selective review focuses on the role of the plant microbiome in alleviating HM stress and how NPs can be utilized in phytoremediation strategies. We examine the dual mechanisms of direct heavy metal absorption by plants and the modulation of the plant microbiome, highlighting how NPs can influence both plant health and microbial diversity under HM stress. By investigating these interconnected aspects, this review aims to provide insights into nutrient management and environmental remediation, promoting a more comprehensive understanding of the synergistic effects between NPs, plants, and their associated microbiomes. [Display omitted] • Synthetic fertilizers harm soil fertility. • Nanofertilizers offer eco-friendly alternatives. • Nanoparticles aid plant growth and health. • Nanotechnology aids phytoremediation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic protest and plasmodiophorid in the eukaryotic kingdom of Rhizaria. • P. brassicae can infect almost all species of Brassicaceae, resulting in yield and quality losses. • The use of beneficial endophytic fungi is a possible promising strategy for suppression/controlling club root disease. Clubroot, as a major disease and severe threat to cruciferous crops, is caused by the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. The pathogen is an obligate biotrophic protist and plasmodiophorid in the eukaryotic kingdom of Rhizaria. P. brassicae can infect almost all species of family Brassicaceae, resulting in yield and quality losses of these important oil and vegetable producing crops worldwide. Resting spores of the pathogen can persist in soil for more than 18 years and can easily be transmitted through a number of agencies, including infected transplants and animals. Furthermore, resting spores can rapidly increase with continuous cropping system devastating both protected vegetables and infected fields. Cruciferous crops such as Canola and others are of enormous importance, as they are important source of vegetable oil for human and industrial lubricants, where mineral oils are inappropriate. Several strategies are in practice such as adjustment of soil pH, soil liming, controlling the soil environment and changes in hormonal levels etc. for suppression and/or controlling clubroot disease. But these are conventional techniques impractical under most circumstances and insufficient for controlling the disease. Thus, the use of fungi could be a possible promising strategy for suppression/controlling clubroot disease in economically important plants. This review summarizes the historical background of clubroot, current knowledge about its pathogen life cycle, its host range, problems in controlling the spreading of disease as well as the recent attempts for suppression/controlling the pathogen via beneficial endosymbiont fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cube satellites are rapidly deployed in low earth orbit (LEO) to provide high data rate service to users. Cube satellites have been constellated to offer a fast and wide area coverage. • Due to the constellation of the cube satellites, a congested RF environment is created, causing signal interference between Rx and Tx systems. Along with the wide bandwidth, circular polarization, and high gain, a compact bandpass filtering system is required in the antenna to reject out-of-band noisy signals. • Artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) are periodic elements located in the x and y direction that possess characteristics such as phase reflection between ± 90O while crossing 0O for incoming EM waves with different incidence angles. • A carefully constructed AMC can enhance wideband performance in terms of in-phase reflection and gain. To address the challenges as stated above, an angularly stable AMC-loaded antenna array and filter combined structure is modeled in this paper. This paper investigates an angularly stable artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) loaded circularly polarized (CP) antenna array and filter co-design for the K-band satellite application. The AMC array is constructed from a periodic array of square metal patch unit cells with rectangular and annular slots. The AMC unit cell has good angular stability under various incidence angles and operates in a frequency range of 18 GHz to 21 GHz. The AMC-surrounded and bandpass filter (BPF) loaded antenna array is simulated and fabricated on the single side of a 0.508 mm thick Roger/5880 substrate. The impedance matching, gain, directivity, and efficiency (%) are enhanced due to the constructive interference between AMC and antenna mutual coupling. In contrast, the axial ratio (AR) is preserved. The manufacturing of the proposed structure is comparatively less complex. Finally, based on the simulation and measured results, the suggested AMC-loaded compact, wideband, and filter-inserted array with enhanced gain and efficiency can be a good choice for the 3U satellite application working in K-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a pollutant and carcinogen derived from air pollution. It causes serious damage to reproductive system, especially ovary. Ginseng is always used in food and traditional medicine as a nutraceuticals or herbal medicine. Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a major bioactive ingredient of ginseng, that shows very specific anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and thus, it protects cells from damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CK on the BaP-induced inhibition of the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes and their subsequent embryonic development capacity. We found that supplementation with 10 μg mL−1 CK during in vitro maturation significantly increased maturation rate (P < 0.05) and the expression level of related genes after damage induced by 40 μM BaP treatment. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels significantly decreased and ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) increased after CK supplementation (P < 0.05). The competence for embryonic development was improved by the induction of pluripotency gene expression and the inhibition of apoptosis after CK supplementation of BaP-treated oocytes. Supplementation with 10 μg mL−1 CK improved porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development of parthenogenetic activation (33.01 vs. 20.92, P < 0.05) and in vitro fertilization (24.01 vs. 16.52, P < 0.05) by increasing antioxidant activity and improving mitochondrial function after BaP-induced damage. • Ginsenoside compound K can effectively protect porcine oocytes from benzo(a)pyrene. • Benzo(a)pyrene causes serious damage to oocytes maturation and subsequent embryonic development capacity. • Ginsenoside compound K reverses oxidative damage of mitochondrial from Benzo(a)pyrene. • Ginseng as a nutraceuticals and herbal medicine is good for reproductive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) 2 × 2 array antenna is presented based on a modified artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) with improved gain and side lobe levels (SLLs). A single port modified sequentially rotated feed network combines the four corner truncated patch elements to achieve wider impedance bandwidth and axial ratio (A.R) bandwidth. The AMC array having wideband behavior consists of 9 × 9 unit cells with a single unit cell size of 2.4 × 2.4 mm2. The particular AMC-surrounded antenna array is simulated and manufactured using Rogers RT Duroid/5880 substrate and provides a wider bandwidth covering Ka-band (27 GHz to 32 GHz). The dimensions of the AMC integrated antenna array are 30 × 30 × 0.508 mm3. The proposed AMC shows in-phase reflection behaviors between (+ 90 and − 90) degree, from 27 GHz to 32 GHz. Combining the four-element antenna array with the AMC reflector improved the gain level of 0.7 dBi, 2.9 dBi, and 2.5 dBi at 28 GHz, 29 GHz, and 30 GHz, respectively. The simulated s-parameter (S 11) and radiation patterns results are experimentally verified by measuring the prototype of the recommended antenna model. The proposed antenna array shows a stable gain variation and directive radiation patterns along 0 o with low side lobe levels. Based on the performance, the proposed AMC-based antenna array can be an effective choice for the 3 U satellite applications in Ka-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cementum formation on the exposed tooth-root surface is a critical process in periodontal regeneration. Although various therapeutic approaches have been developed, regeneration of integrated and functional periodontal complexes is still wanting. Here, we found that the OCCM30 cementoblasts cultured on fibrin matrix express substantial levels of matrix proteinases, leading to the degradation of fibrin and the apoptosis of OCCM30 cells, which was reversed upon treatment with a proteinase inhibitor, ε-aminocaproic acid (ACA). Based on these findings, ACA-releasing chitosan particles (ACP) were fabricated and ACP-incorporated fibrin (fibrin-ACP) promoted the differentiation of cementoblasts in vitro , as confirmed by bio-mineralization and expressions of molecules associated with mineralization. In a periodontal defect model of beagle dogs, fibrin-ACP resulted in substantial cementum formation on the exposed root dentin in vivo , compared to fibrin-only and enamel matrix derivative (EMD) which is used clinically for periodontal regeneration. Remarkably, the fibrin-ACP developed structural integrations of the cementum-periodontal ligament-bone complex by the Sharpey’s fiber insertion. In addition, fibrin-ACP promoted alveolar bone regeneration through increased bone volume of tooth roof-of-furcation defects and root coverage. Therefore, fibrin-ACP can promote cementogenesis and osteogenesis by controlling biodegradability of fibrin, implicating the feasibility of its therapeutic use to improve periodontal regeneration. Statement of Significance Cementum, the mineralized layer on root dentin surfaces, functions to anchor fibrous connective tissues on tooth-root surfaces with the collagenous Sharpey’s fibers integration, of which are essential for periodontal functioning restoration in the complex. Through the cementum-responsible fiber insertions on tooth-root surfaces, PDLs transmit various mechanical responses to periodontal complexes against masticatory/occlusal stimulations to support teeth. In this study, periodontal tissue regeneration was enhanced by use of modified fibrin biomaterial which significantly promoted cementogenesis within the periodontal complex with structural integration by collagenous Sharpey’s fiber insertions in vivo by controlling fibrin degradation and consequent cementoblast apoptosis. Furthermore, the modified fibrin could improve repair and regeneration of tooth roof-of-furcation defects, which has spatial curvatures and geometrical difficulties and hardly regenerates periodontal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pathogonomic feature of oral lichen planus is a interphase T lymphocyte infiltrate. • Tenascin-C is a matricellular protein with key roles in cell trafficking. • Tenascin-C expression is increased in oral lichen planus in vivo. • Increased T lymphocytes migration to Tenascin C was noted in vitro. • These observations provide insights into potential etiology and future therapies. This study was aimed at examining the role of Tenascin-C in T cell trafficking in Oral Lichen Planus (OLP). For the in vivo immunohistochemical analyses, 115 OLP samples were collected from patients and immunostaining was performed. The intensity and distribution of TN-C expression were quantified and correlated with histological analyses of basement membrane integrity and presence of inflammatory infiltrate. For the in vitro study, TN-C and collagen were coated on culture plates and migration of T lymphocytes was assessed. TN-C immunoexpression was increased in terms of both distribution and intensity along the basement membrane zone. These changes were significantly associated with basement membrane duplication (distribution p < 0.002 and intensity p < 0.001) and bands of inflammation (distribution p < 0.002 and intensity p < 0.001) assessed by Chi-square test. T lymphocytes demonstrated significant migration towards TN-C as compared to collagen (n = 3, p < 0.05). These findings indicate TN-C may have a key role in promoting T cell migration at the epithelial-mesenchymal junction in OLP. These observations suggest TN-C could be a good target for therapeutic intervention, either in itself or synergistically with anti-inflammatory directed strategies in this chronic disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal sepsis maintains its rank as being one of the principal causes of neonatal morbidity as well as mortality in the developing countries. Treatment outcomes associated with neonatal sepsis continue to change with time and space. These varying trends fundamentally influenced by the resistance being emerged in neonatal pathogens which cause sepsis. This study focused on the comprehension kaleidoscopic trends of bacterial resistance in neonatal pathogens which in turn are manifesting in the form of failure of empirical antimicrobial treatment for sepsis in neonates. Our results showed that bacterial pathogens isolated found to be causing sepsis in neonates include; Klebsiella spp, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (M.R.S.A), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus spp and E.Coli. The most resistant of theses microbial isolates came out to be Klebsiella spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the current study the positive outcomes are signified by the improvements in pathological parameters as well as biochemical and physical signs and symptoms. The negative outcomes, on the other hand, are represented by deteriorating or absence of any improvement of the signs and symptoms neonates. Overall, the negative outcomes were found fifty two percent, whereas the positive outcomes were recorded as forty eight percent. This underscores the alarming trend of therapeutic failures due to emerging antimicrobial resistance in neonatal being emerged in population. • Neonatal sepsis remains one of the challenging problem in developing countries. • Treatment outcomes associated with neonatal sepsis change with time and space. • The positive outcomes are based on the improvements in signs and symptoms. • Eight different pathogens were isolated and subsequently identified. • Treatment failure was played by antimicrobial resistance in neonatal pathogens causing sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We analyzed airborne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 72 neighborhoods. • The abundance of ARGs is affected by the surrounding land use and plant communities. • Warm seasons promote a surge in ARGs that transferred indoors. • VanA abundance positively correlated with the prevalence of respiratory diseases. Over the last few years, the cumulative use of antibiotics in healthcare institutions, as well as the rearing of livestock and poultry, has resulted in the accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This presents a substantial danger to human health worldwide. The characteristics of airborne ARGs, especially those transferred from outdoors to indoors, remains largely unexplored in neighborhoods, even though a majority of human population spends most of their time there. We investigated airborne ARGs and mobile genetic element (MGE, IntI1), plant communities, and airborne microbiota transferred indoors, as well as respiratory disease (RD) prevalence using a combination of metabarcode sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR and questionnaires in 72 neighborhoods in Shanghai. We hypothesized that (i) urbanization regulates ARGs abundance, (ii) the urbanization effect on ARGs varies seasonally, and (iii) land use types are associated with ARGs abundance. Supporting these hypotheses, during the warm season, the abundance of ARGs in peri -urban areas was higher than in urban areas. The abundance of ARGs was also affected by the surrounding land use and plant communities: an increase in the proportion of gray infrastructure (e.g., residential area) around neighborhoods can lead to an increase in some ARGs (mecA , qnrA , ermB and mexD). Additionally, there were variations observed in the relationship between ARGs and bacterial genera in different seasons. Specifically, Stenotrophomonas and Campylobacter were positively correlated with vanA during warm seasons, whereas Pseudomonas , Bacteroides , Treponema and Stenotrophomonas positively correlated with tetX in the cold season. Interstingly, a noteworthy positive correlation was observed between the abundance of vanA and the occurrence of both rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. Taken together, our study underlines the importance of urbanization and season in controlling the indoor transfer of airborne ARGs. Furthermore, we also highlight the augmentation of green–blue infrastructure in urban environments has the potential to mitigate an excess of ARGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this article, three computational intelligence (CI) models were developed to automatically detect anomalous behaviour in soil radon gas (222Rn) time series data. Data were obtained at a fault line and analysed using three machine learning techniques with the aim at identifying anomalies in temporal radon data prompted by seismic events. Radon concentrations were modelled with corresponding meteorological and statistical parameters. This leads to the estimation of soil radon gas without and with meteorological parameters. The comparison between computed radon concentration and actual radon concentrations was used in finding radon anomaly based upon automated system. The anomaly in radon time series data could be considered due to noise or seismic activity. Findings of study show that under meticulously characterized environments, on exclusion of noise contribution, seismic activity is responsible for anomalous behaviour seen in radon time series data. Graphical abstract Measured radon concentrations and those predicted from meteorological and statistical parameters using the feed forward neural network (FFNN) technique. Image 1 Highlights • Computational intelligence (CI) models developed to automatically detect anomalous behaviour in soil radon. • Accuracy of the models is quantified using the mean absolute error, root mean square error and mean square error. • For pre-assumed conditions model accurately predicts radon concentrations and the statistics of their temporal variations. • The FFNN) is the most suitable CI technique to detect anomalies in radon time series triggered by seismic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone synthesized by the Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L., and is the principal component used for the treatment of malaria. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential role of B-box (BBX) transcription factors in regulating plant secondary metabolism. However, the roles and functions of BBX members in the biosynthesis of artemisinin in A. annua have not been reported yet. In this study, a total of 27 BBX members (AaBBXs) were identified and classified into five sub-groups (I-V). The AaBBXs in each sub-group shared similar gene structures, conserved domains and motifs. Additionally, multiple cis -acting elements which are responsible for light, hormones, and stress signals were found in the promoter regions of AaBBX members. Based on transcriptome data, 27 AaBBXs showed constitutive expression in different organs/tissues, while several BBX genes exhibited higher expression levels in glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs), the site of artemisinin biosynthesis. To explore the roles of AaBBX members in regulating the artemisinin biosynthesis, 7 AaBBX s (AaBBX5/6/8/15/22/23/24) were selected for further investigation. The expressions of all 7 selected AaBBXs were strongly induced by MeJA and ABA, and they were all found to be nuclear localized. Additionally, all seven proteins were found to have the ability to physically interact with AaJAZ8 in vitro. Dual-luciferase assays revealed that AaBBX5/6/8/15/22/23 can activate the promoter activity of the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes such as AaADS , AaCYP71AV1 , AaDBR2 and AaALDH1 at different degrees. AaBBX22 showed highest expression level in A. annua GSTs, and can significantly activate the promoters of all four artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes. Furthermore, transgenic assay results indicated that AaBBX22 acted as a positive regulator for the biosynthesis of artemisinin in A. annua. Taken together, this study provided a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the BBX family and identified several significant BBX genes, including AaBBX22 , which paves the way for further investigation into the regulatory role of the BBX gene family in artemisinin biosynthesis. [Display omitted] • 27 AaBBX members in Artemisia annua L. were identified using genome-wide analysis. • AaBBX s highly expressing in glandular secretory trichomes were selected. • AaBBX5 / 6 / 8 / 15 / 22 / 23 / 24 were induced by jasmonic acid and abscisic acid treatment. • AaBBX5/6/8/15/22/23 activated the genes in artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. • AaBBX22 upregulated artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesized nanoparticles present an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for plant modulation against abiotic stress. The present research aims to explore the role of biogenically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO.NPs) in mitigating drought-induced alterations in Cucumis melo L. For this experiment, plants were exposed to drought, elicited by polyethylene glycol (10%) and treatments of ZnO.NPs. Treatments were designed as non-stressed seedlings, drought-stressed (DS), and 4 doses of ZnO.NPs (75, 100, 125 and 150mgL-1 ZnO.NPs + DS). Results show that drought exposure caused oxidative damage in melon seedlings, which was reflected from incline in hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage and decline in pigments and osmolytes as well as chloroplast ultrastructural integrity. Furthermore, the photosynthetic functions, vegetative growth and nutrients uptake were significantly compromised. Alternatively, melon seedlings supplemented with ZnO.NPs manifested enhancement in tolerance against drought. ZnO.NPs dosage stimulated the drought tolerance associated genes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, DREB2D, DREB3), antioxidant activities and improvement in nutrients acquisitions. Moreover, plant photosynthetic functions and pigments content, soluble sugar and protein, vegetative growth and chlorophyll fluorescence showed significant improvement with ZnO.NPs application. The upregulation of genes, antioxidant activities, osmolytes and nutrients acquisition synergistically improved the tolerance of melon seedlings against oxidative damage. Furthermore, the decrease in oxidative damage to melon seedlings was confirmed through chloroplast ultrastructural observation using a transmission electron microscope. Nevertheless, this remarkable change was more notable at optimum concentrations of ZnO.NPs (75 and 100mgL-1). The findings of the current study offer potential contribution in preserving melon crops from oxidative damage induced by drought stress and a step forward into sustainable agriculture. [Display omitted] • Drought stress increase the production reactive oxygen species. • ZnO.NPs application enhance drought tolerance of Cucumis melo L. plants. • ZnO.NPs enhance antioxidant activities and upregulate genes expression under drought stress. • ZnO.NPs reduce oxidative damage and reactive oxygen species. • ZnO.NPs enhance plant nutrients acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the global concern of antibiotic resistance, a one-health concept is considered necessary that recognizes the interdependency between humans, animals and the environment, and acknowledges that each of these factors contributes to the evolution and rapid bloom of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We implemented a GeoChip 5.0 strategy to examine the wide-spectrum profile of ARGs in the soil of urban parks and reference forests across three distinct climatic regions: Boreal (Lathi, Finland), Temperate (Baltimore, USA), and Tropical (Singapore). ARGs encoding multidrug resistance (MRGs) were among the most abundant, accounting for 90% of all ARGs detected. MRGs include MFS , MATE , Mex , SMR and ABC , which are involved in the transportation/efflux of multiple antibiotics. Multivariate analysis revealed that the ARG profile tends to be partitioned separately in urban parks and climatic regions. In addition, we opted to examine the impact of plant functional type (recalcitrant and labile tree litter, lawn) on ARGs. There was no significant influence of vegetation type on ARGs except in the tropical region, where its impact was evident as compared with boreal and temperate regions. More interestingly, the majority of ARGs were detected to have a higher relative abundance in the tropical region as compared to the boreal and temperate regions. Regional characteristics of the tropical area likely affects ARGs and the ARG-host profile, thereby boosting soil microbial abundances. Additionally, MFS, Mex, B_lactamase_A, vgb, ABC, Van, fosb, ABC_ multi, Tet and Mate_antibiotic were considerably more abundant in old parks as compared with young parks across the three climatic regions. Nevertheless, urban parks harboured a significantly higher abundance of ARGs than forests. Our study presents evidence of ARGs in varied climatic regions and provides valuable new insights in our understanding of ARGs in human-dominated environments as well as their prevalence in pristine ecosystems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]