Search

This paper presents a novel integer-value modeling for optimal under voltage load shedding (UVLS) problem. The real-value modeling of UVLS is encountered to some drawbacks which lead to an ineffective practical solution. The proposed integer-value modeling overcomes these drawbacks by considering the load feeders of load buses in the modeling as well as assigning interruption penalty factors and participation penalty factors to feeders and buses respectively. Applying these factors to the proposed UVLS integer-value modeling result achieving objectives such as minimizing the total number of participating feeders in the load shedding, minimizing the total number of participating buses in the load shedding, minimizing the total amount of load to be shed, minimizing the total interruption cost and combination sets of the objectives. Without any limitation of applying the proposed modeling to large scale networks, it is implemented on IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus test systems and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lightning strikes are the major reason for outgoing of overhead transmission lines. • A compact formula based on simulation processes is proposed for BFR calculation. • Tower footing grounding length and insulation level are considered in the formula. • The proposed formula contains the soil resistivity. • Economic analysis of BFR calculation is done to help transmission line designers. This paper aims to present a novel proposed formula, along with technical viewpoints, to solve the problem of transmission lines outage rate due to back-flashover phenomena in terms of soil resistivity, the number of disc insulator units in the string, and tower grounding system structure. Improving the tower grounding system (reducing the impedance) and developing the insulation level are appropriate solutions to prevent the occurrence of the back-flashover, dependent on many factors. To the best of our knowledge, the trade-offs between these two parameters, in respect of soil resistivity, to obtain the desired back-flashover rate (BFR) has not been presented via a compact formula yet. In this paper, it will be shown that in a specific soil resistivity and grounding structure, there is a minimum required insulator unit number and grounding conductor length to achieve the desired BFR, which could be calculated by the proposed formula, straightforwardly. Also, the economic selection between increasing the insulator unit number and developing the tower grounding system in terms of soil resistivity and BFR is investigated. The simulation procedure is coded with Matlab and linked to EMTP/ATP program to analysis the BFR. This method is done for a typical 150 kV overhead transmission line, however, it can be applied to any voltage level of transmission line and significantly facilitate the cost effective design of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]