Search

This study underpins the therapeutic potential of SEL001, a bioactive product isolated from Lactobacillus sakei probio65, in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties and its effect on gut-microbiota in a TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Ulcerative colitis was developed in mice by intra rectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Bioactive product SEL001 (50 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured using 3,3′, 5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. The entire colon was sampled for post-mortem clinical assessment. Colonic injury was assessed through histological and histomorphometric examinations. The 454 pyrosequencing and QIIME pipeline were used for gut microbiota analysis and statistical analysis were conducted using R. mRNA extraction from colon tissue and RT-PCR approaches were employed to determine the changes in the level of specific biomarker genes associated with UC. The results depict that SEL001 significantly lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines, including CD4, TNF-α, and interleukin-6. Examination of clinical and histopathological traits revealed that SEL001 was effective and potent in reducing the inflammatory signatures of UC to a similar extent as did by the standard drug mesalamine (5-ASA). Pyro-sequencing 16S data revealed that the reduction in the major member of phylum Firmicutes, which has been previously associated with a higher risk of UC. The SEL001, an anti-inflammatory bioactive product originated from a probiotic strain L. sakei probio65 could be an alternative therapeutic agent for treatment of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the ability of anthraquinone derivative, 2-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (MTAQ) to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia or enhance glucose uptake and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. We investigated α-glucosidase inhibition, glucose uptake, and translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in C2C12 myotubes. The data indicate that MTAQ strongly inhibited α-glucosidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC 50 value of 6.49 ± 1.31 μM, and functioned as a reversible competitive inhibitor, with a dissociation constant of 41.88 μM. Moreover, MTAQ significantly augmented basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. It also stimulated the phosphorylation of insulin receptor β isoform, insulin receptor substrate-1,3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, and protein kinase B (AKT). A pretreatment with an AKT inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated the ability of MTAQ to activate an insulin-like signaling pathway and to enhance basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and stimulate GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. These findings reveal the fact that MTAQ may have potential for the development of new antidiabetic drugs to manage blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A biflavonoid, amentoflavone was characterized based on the NMR analysis. • Amentoflavone demonstrated significant antioxidant potential. • Amentoflavone compromised membrane permeability of foodborne pathogens. • Studies of SEM and TEM confirmed a mechanistic role of amentoflavone. • Amentoflavone displayed microbial food safety in meat and apple juice. Abstract A biflavonoid, amentoflavone isolated from Nandina domestica and characterized by NMR spectral-data analyses was assessed for its antioxidant, and antibacterial potential in vitro and in food-model systems. Amentoflavone exhibited potent antioxidant ability (19.21–75.52%) on scavenging DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Fluorescent images confirmed bacterial membrane depolarization of both the tested pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , with a significant reduction in cell viabilities at their respective MIC of 62.5 and 125 µg/mL. Increasing rates of membrane permeability observed in 260 nm-absorbing material, potassium ion, extracellular ATP, and relative electrical conductivity assays confirmed antibacterial mechanistic role of amentoflavone as also evidenced by microscopic studies of SEM and TEM. There was a marked inhibitory effect of amentoflavone with a significant reduction in cell counts of S. aureus and E. coli in minced chicken and apple juice at 4 °C, thus suggesting its nutritional enhancing efficacy as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaranth ( Amaranthus hypochondriacus Linn.) is an important pseudocereal crop having important nutrients along with the indispensable amino-acids. The present study was aimed to study the effect of plant growth promoting bacilli on proximate constituents of amaranth grains, including three of the essential amino acids (methionine, lysine and, tryptophan). The combination of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis showed a significant increase in different proximate constituents, including crude protein (22.13%), dry matter (32.25%), fat (30.77%), and carbohydrate (49.08%) in amaranth grains. Similarly, a significant increase in essential amino-acids (methionine 47.68%, lysine 59.41% and, tryptophan 38.05%) was recorded. This study suggests that the combination of Bacillus pumilus BS-27 and Bacillus subtilis BS-58 provides the natural, persistent and durable potential to enhance the nutritive value of the crop. Therefore, present study was designed to explore the enhancement of most desirable amino acid synthesis in amaranth due to application of plant growth promoting Bacillus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the polyphenolic composition and antioxidant mechanism of an ethyl acetate fraction of Nymphaea nouchali leaves (NNLE). Various in vitro assays were performed using RAW 264.7 cells to assess the antioxidant effects of NNLE and to understand the underlying molecular mechanism. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, caffeic acid, luteolin, and kaempferol as the key polyphenolic composition of NNLE. NNLE had a potent ability to scavenge numerous free radicals through hydrogen atom transfer and/or electron donation. In addition, NNLE prevented the damage of DNA and quenched t -BHP induced generation of ROS without showing toxicity. NNLE was found to combat oxidative stress by enhancing the transcription and translation of both primary antioxidant enzymes and phase-II detoxifying enzymes, especially heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1). NNLE treatment enhanced Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus and post-translational phosphorylation level of p38 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with p38 and ERK inhibitors completely suppressed NNLE-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. We also found that p38 and ERK inhibitors significantly antagonized the increase in cell viability and cellular ROS scavenging activity induced by NNLE. The findings of this study provide scientific evidence on the potential of NNLE as a cost-effective and readily available source of natural phytochemicals, along with the strategy to prevent diseases associated with oxidative stress through attenuating disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the crisis of antibiotic resistance and discover more about the current challenges related to self-medication. The current challenges related to antibiotic resistance are unique and differ from the challenges of the past since new bacterial pathogens are involved and continue to evolve. Strains with resistance to multiple antibiotic classes have emerged which the discovery of new antibiotics has failed to match. The consequences of antibiotic resistance are grave with mortality and morbidity continually on the rise. This paper also highlights the possible interventions that can be effective at the micro or individual level in the prevention of development of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As our closest living relatives, non-human primates uniquely enable explorations of human health, disease, development, and evolution. Considerable effort has thus been devoted to generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from multiple non-human primate species. Here, we establish improved culture methods for chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) iPSCs. Such iPSCs spontaneously differentiate in conventional culture conditions, but can be readily propagated by inhibiting endogenous WNT signaling. As a unique functional test of these iPSCs, we injected them into the pre-implantation embryos of another non-human species, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Ectopic expression of gene BCL2 enhances the survival and proliferation of chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs within the pre-implantation embryo, although the identity and long-term contribution of the transplanted cells warrants further investigation. In summary, we disclose transcriptomic and proteomic data, cell lines, and cell culture resources that may be broadly enabling for non-human primate iPSCs research. [Display omitted] • Inhibiting WNT signaling improves culture of chimp and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs • Endogenous high expression of BCL2 in the rhesus inner cell mass • Expression of BCL2 enhances proliferation of chimp iPSCs in rhesus early embryo • Co-culture of chimp and human iPSCs can differentiate into integrated cardiomyocytes Roodgar et al. demonstrate an improved culture of chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs. They show high expression of endogenous BCL2 in rhesus macaque ICM. Through over expression of BCL2 in chimpanzee iPSCs, they generate primate cross-species pre-implantation embryos composed of chimpanzee iPSCs and rhesus pre-implantation embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A sesquiterpene quinone, ilimaquinone was isolated and characterized. • Ilimaquinone compromised membrane permeability of foodborne pathogens. • Ilimaquinone caused increasing release of ATP, K+ ions, and genetic material. • Ilimaquinone reduced bacterial count in ground chicken meat at 4 °C and 10 °C. • Ilimaquinone did not affect the sensory quality of chicken meat. A sesquiterpene quinone, ilimaquinone, was accessed for its cellular antioxidant efficacy and possible antimicrobial mechanism of action against foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) in vitro and in vivo. Ilimaquinone was found to be protective against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress as validated by the reduction in the ROS levels, including increasing expression of SOD1 and SOD2 enzymes. Furthermore, ilimaquinone evoked MIC against S. aureus and E. coli within the range of 125–250 µg/mL. Ilimaquinone established its antimicrobial mode of action against both tested pathogens as evident by bacterial membrane depolarization, loss of nuclear genetic material, potassium ion, and release of extracellular ATP, as well as compromised membrane permeabilization and cellular component damage. Also, ilimaquinone showed no teratogenic effect against zebrafish, suggesting its nontoxic nature. Moreover, ilimaquinone significantly reduced the S. aureus count without affecting the sensory properties and color values of cold-storaged ground chicken meat even under temperature abuse condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present investigation reports on the chemical composition of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit essential oil (CTEO) and examines its possible antimicrobial mode of action against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The CTEO was obtained by hydrodistillation of C. tricuspidata fruits using a microwave-assisted extraction technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the CTEO resulted in the determination of 29 different compounds, representing 94.46% of the total oil. The CTEO (1000 μg/disc) showed potential antibacterial effect as diameters of inhibition zones (15.0 ± 0.1–21.0 ± 1.0 mm) against the tested food-borne pathogenic bacteria including Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 43174 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentration values of CTEO against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 250–1000 μg/mL, respectively. Also the CTEO had potential inhibitory effect on the cell viability of the tested pathogens at MIC concentration. The SEM analysis showed the inhibitory effect of CTEO as confirmed by considerable morphological alterations on the cell wall B. cereus ATCC 13061 and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889. In addition, the CTEO revealed its mode of action on membrane integrity as confirmed by release of extracellular ATP, loss of 260-nm absorbing materials and leakage of potassium ions against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. These findings suggest that CTEO showed a broad-spectrum of antibacterial efficacy and compromise its mode of action on membrane integrity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present study, we carried out a systematic research on relative antioxidant activity of aqueous leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana. The DPPH activity of aqueous leaf extract (20, 40, 50, 100 and 200μg/ml) was increased in a dose dependent manner, which was found in the range of 40.00–72.37% as compared to ascorbic acid 64.26–82.58%. The IC50 values of aqueous extract and ascorbic acid in DPPH radical scavenging assay were obtained to be 83.45 and 26.75μg/ml, respectively. Measurement of total phenolic content of the aqueous leaf extract of S. rebaudiana was achieved using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent containing 56.73mg/g of phenolic content, which was found significantly potent when compared to reference standard gallic acid. The aqueous extract also inhibited the hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and superoxide anions with IC50 values of 100.86, 98.73 and 100.86μg/ml, respectively. The greater amount of phenolic compounds leads to more potent radical scavenging effects as shown by the aqueous leaf extract of S. rebaudiana. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: During the past several years, limit of Salmonella infections has been exceeded dramatically. In spite of achieving a low rate infection in Salmonella infections, this microbe has become a challenge in food industry due to its wide-spread distribution worldwide. Salmonella bacteria are not only responsible for mild to severe infections but also they cause life-threatening infections. Salmonella bacteria are zoonotic in nature and hamper the food quality severely as well as being hazardous to human society. Several types of serotypic Salmonella have been reported; however, very less numbers of pathogens are infection responsible. Increase in foodborne infections caused by Salmonella types mainly occurs due to the development of new specific features in Salmonella majority, making them to adapt in any environmental condition. Also the alterations in human society with recent food processing and marketing methodology with live breeders contribute to facilitate these outbreaks. Salmonella resistant to commercial antibiotic drugs has emerged as a great health concern to the consumers. Literature survey has revealed that infection with Salmonella resistant to antibiotics has played a vital role to increased rate in foodborne infectious diseases. Extensive use of antibiotics in food industry against foodborne pathogens or food models has resulted in additional antibiotic resistance to Salmonella which has become a matter of great concern to the public health. There has been an increasing concern worldwide on therapeutic values of natural products. Nature has presented to humanity the gift of vast therapeutic antimicrobial agents of plant origins. There are multitudes of potential useful bioactive substances to be derived from plants. The significance of drugs cannot be over-emphasized with the recent trend of high percentage of resistance of microorganisms to the present day antibiotics. This review provides the informative literature data on antibacterial efficacy of plant essential oils (PEOs) and their volatiles. In addition, the suitability of PEOs and their volatile components for their practical applications in food or food products against Salmonella, a common cause of salmonellosis food poisoning has also been focused. The current knowledge of volatile oils and contents in food model system to control Salmonella has been discussed. Also a brief description on the legal aspects on how to use the volatile oils in food system has been presented, and the area for future research has been proposed. A mode of antibacterial action of PEOs along with their chemical nature has also been described. Although some data on Salmonella-related issues are presented, this review chiefly focused on in vivo practical utilization of plant volatile oils and components in food model-system as natural anti-Salmonella agents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the anticandidal effects of bioconverted product, obtained from the microbial conversion of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) by a bacterial strain Pseudomonas syringe pv. T1 (Ps-T1) against various isolates of Candida species. The diameters of zones of inhibition of bioconverted product of cabbage (10μl, corresponding to 500μg/disc) against Candida albicans KACC 30003 and 30062, Candida geochares KACC 30061, Candida saitoana KACC 41238 and Candida glabrata P00368 were found between 10±1 and 16±0.8mm. The bioconverted product was tested for the minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentration values against the tested pathogens which were found in the range of 125–500 and 125–500μg/ml, respectively. On the viable counts of the tested fungal pathogens, the bioconverted product showed a remarkable anticandidal effect. Also the study of using scanning electron microscopy on the morphology of C. albicans KACC 30062 revealed potential detrimental effect of bioconverted product at MIC concentration. The results of this study suggest that bioconverted product of cabbage by Ps-T1 holds potential therapeutic value and medicinal significance to control Candida species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nisin and cone essential oil of Metasequoia glyptostroboides against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19116 inoculated in whole (8%), low (1%) and skim (no fat content) milks. Essential oil at the concentrations of 2% and 5% revealed strong antilisterial effect against L. monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in all categories of milks. Nisin at the concentrations of 250 and 500IU/ml displayed a remarkable antilisterial effect as compared to the control group. Also, the synergistic combinations of cone essential oil (1% and 2%) and nisin (62.5, 125, 250 and 500IU/ml) had a remarkable antilisterial activity in all categories of whole, low and skim milks after 14days. Results of this study indicate that the cone essential oil of M. glyptostroboides might be a useful candidate for using in food industry to control the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to examine the anticandidal effects of microbially bioconverted product of cabbage, obtained from the microbial conversion of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) by a bacterial strain Pectobacterium carotovorum pv. carotovorum 21 (Pcc 21) against various isolates of Candida species including a clinical isolate. The bioconverted product (10μl, corresponding to 500μg/disc) displayed potential anticandidal effect against Candida albicans KACC 30062, Candida geochares KACC 30061, Candida albicans KACC 30003, Candida saitoana KACC 41238 and Candida glabrata P00368 (clinical isolate) as a diameter of zones of inhibition, found in the range of 14±0.9 to 19±1.1mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of bioconverted product against the tested isolates were found in the range of 62.5–250 and 125–250μg/ml, respectively. Also the bioconverted product had remarkable anticandidal effect on the viable counts of the tested Candida isolates. Further, scanning electron microscopic study revealed potential detrimental effect of bioconverted product on the morphology of C. albicans KACC 30062 at MIC concentration. All these findings together indicate that bioconverted product of cabbage has potential therapeutic value of medicinal significance to control Candida species including clinical isolates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PN1 ˜ PN10) isolated from rhizosphere of chir-pine were tested for their plant growth promontory properties and antagonistic activities against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo. P. aeruginosa PN1 produced siderophore, IAA, cyanogen and solubilized phosphorus, besides producing chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. In dual culture, P. aeruginosa PN1 caused 69% colony growth inhibition. However, cell free culture filtrate also posed inhibitory effect but to a lesser extent. After 90 days, P. aeruginosa PN1 increased plant growth and biomass in pots trial containing M. phaseolina-infested soil. PN1 showed the strong chemotaxis toward root exudates resulting in effective root colonization. Moreover, increased population in rhizosphere of these bacteria was also recorded after 90 days of treatment. Thus, chemotactic fluorescent P. aeruginosa PN1 exhibited strong antagonistic property against M. phaseolina, suppressed the disease and improved plant growth of the seedlings of chir-pine proving potential biocontrol agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In an attempt to isolate bioactive substances, ethyl acetate cone extract of Metasequoia glyptostroboides was subjected to a column chromatographic analysis that resulted in isolation of an abietane type diterpenoid, taxoquinone. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic means. In further, taxoquinone showed potential antibacterial effect as diameters of zones of inhibition against foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19166, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 2515, Salmonella enteritidis KCTC 2021, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43888, Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and S. aureus KCTC 1916, which were found in the range of 10.6–15.8mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of taxoquinone against the employed bacterial pathogens were found in the range of 62.5–250 and 125–500μg/ml. Also the compound had strong antibacterial effect on the viable counts of the tested bacteria. Further, scanning electron microscopic study demonstrated potential detrimental effect of taxoquinone on the morphology of E. coli ATCC 8739. These findings indicate that bioactive compound taxoquinone present in M. glyptostroboides could be used as a promising antibacterial agent in food industry to inhibit the growth of certain important foodborne pathogens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Root nodulating Sinorhizobium fredii KCC5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens LPK2 were isolated from nodules of Cajanus cajan and disease suppressive soil of tomato rhizosphere, respectively. Both strains produced IAA, siderophore, solubilized insoluble phosphate, showed chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities, and strongly inhibited the growth of Fusarium udum. It also caused degradation and digestion of cell wall components, resulting in hyphal perforations, empty cell (halo) formation, shrinking and lysis of fungal mycelia along with significant degeneration of conidia. LPK2 produced volatile cyanogen (HCN). Combinations of S. fredii KCC5 and P. fluorescens LPK2 with half dose of chemical fertilizers showed a significant increase in seed germination (94%) while seed germination with co-inoculated strains (KCC5 + LPK2), KCC5 and LPK2 alone was 90, 84 and 82% respectively as compared to control 77%. After 120 days of sowing, per plant number of pods, nodules, shoot length, root length, shoot weight and root weight were greater for the combination with half dose of chemical fertilizers compared to the control. Combinations of S. fredii KCC5 and P. fluorescens LPK2 with half dose of chemical fertilizers resulted in an 82% increase in grain yield per hectare compared to the control. Both strains KCC5 and LPK2 led to proto-cooperation as evidenced by synergism, aggressive colonization of the roots, and enhanced growth, suggesting potential biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium wilt in C. cajan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dark and light conditions on the quality characteristics of whole soybean meju, a Koran soybean fermentation starter, made by germinated soybeans. The sprouting rates of soybeans under dark and light conditions after 24h were 25.6±1.2% and 20.5±1.5%, respectively and reaching to a level of 99.4±0.4% and 98.9±0.5%, respectively at 60h. The pH, moisture contents and amino-type nitrogen contents had no significant differences under dark and light conditions, however, the contents were significantly different as compared to control. Also there was a significant difference in the color change values of whole soybean meju under dark and light conditions. The compositions of total organic acids in MNG, MGD and MGL were noted to be 942.2±111.0, 1075±120.2 and 1019±108.1mg%, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in free amino acid contents of MNG, MGD and MGL. It was observed that isoflavone contents were significantly differed in MGD and MGL as compared to MNG. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the calcium absorption efficacy of Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster mushroom) in sawdust medium supplemented with starfish powder and to determine the effect of starfish powder as calcium supplement on growth, yield, spawn run and primordial germination of P. eryngii. Optimum calcination of starfish powder was achieved at the temperature ranging from 560.1 to 649.5°C. A 1% supplementation of starfish powder in sawdust medium did not suppress the growth of P. eryngii. Also the supplementation of 1% calcinated starfish powder to sawdust medium potentially increased the calcium content up to a level of 256.0±16.3 in the fruiting body of P. eryngii without extension of spawn run period and the retardation of the days to primordial germination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the antioxidant and antidermatophytic activities of the essential oil and extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The free radical scavenging activities of the oil and ethyl acetate extract were found to be superior (IC50 values=10.11 and 16.17μg/ml, respectively) as compared to butylatedhydreoxyanisole (BHA), (IC50 value=18.27μg/ml). Also the ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest phenolic contents (96.13mg/g of dry wt) as compared to the other extracts. Further, the oil (1000μg/disc) and extracts (1500μg/disc) revealed 42.36–63.12% and 19.07–54.14% antidermatophytic effect, respectively along with their respective MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 500 and 250 to 2000μg/ml against the members of Trichophyton and Microsporum spp. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on spore germination of tested fungal pathogens as well as concentration and time dependent kinetic inhibition of Microsporum canis KCTC 6348. The results of this study justify a potential role of M. liliflora to serve as a natural antioxidant and antidermatophytic agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hydrodistilled volatile oil from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba was analyzed by GC–MS. Twenty three compounds representing 91.59% of the total oil was identified. The oil and organic extracts revealed a great potential of antilisterial effect against all five strains of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111, 19116, 19118, 19166 and 15313. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. The samples were also subjected to screening for the antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals scavenging activities assay. In the first case, the IC50 value of the Z. jujuba essential oil was determined to be 5.21±0.01μg/ml. Among the extracts, the strongest activity was exhibited by the methanol extract with an IC50 value of 20.44±0.18μg/ml. In the superoxide radicals scavenging activities assay, methanol extract was superior to all other extracts (IC50 =18.60±0.3μg/ml). Furthermore, the amount of total phenolic compounds was determined. The results indicate that the essential oil and extracts of Z. jujuba could serve as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for the food industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aims of this study were to analyze the chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Metasequioa glyptostroboides Miki, and to test the efficacy of oil and extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) against food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria and their antioxidant activity. The GC–MS analysis revealed 49 compounds representing 94.62% of the total oil containing 2-butaneone (30.6%), cyclopentane (15.1%), β-myrcene (13.29%), cyclobutane (7.67%), furan (3%), valeramide (2.81%), borneol (1.2%), β-farnesene (1.67%), thymol (1.44%) and α-pinene (1.46%) as major components. The oil (1000μg/disc), and extracts (1500μg/disc) exhibited promising antibacterial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (10–18 and 7–13mm), respectively. MIC values of oil and the extracts were ranged 125–2000 and 250 to <2000μg/ml, respectively. Also the oil had strong antibacterial effect on the viable counts. Scanning electron microscopic study demonstrated potential detrimental effect of the oil on the morphology of S. aureus KCTC1916. The free radical scavenging activities of the oil and ethyl acetate extract were found to be 11.32 and 19.12μg/ml, respectively. Also the ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest phenolic contents (85.17mg/g of dry wt) as compared to the other extracts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant and antidermatophytic potential of the essential oil and extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The free radical scavenging activities of the oil and ethyl acetate extract were found to be superior (IC50 =9.1 and 14.24μg/ml, respectively) as compared to butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), (IC50 =18.27μg/ml). Also the ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest phenolic contents (93.26mg/g of dry wt) as compared to the other extracts. Further, oil (1250μg/disc) and extracts (1750μg/disc) revealed 35.33–67.66 and 18.0–53.3% antidermatophytic effect, respectively, along with their respective MIC values (62.5–500 and 250–4000μg/ml) against Trichophyton rubrum KCTC 6345, T. rubrum KCTC 6375, T. rubrum KCTC 6352, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6085, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6077, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6316, Microsporum canis KCTC 6591, M. canis KCTC 6348 and M. canis KCTC 6349. The oil also had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination as well as concentration and time-dependent kinetic inhibition of M. canis KCTC 6591. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr and Perry buds (Myrtaceae) are widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastric ailments as well as an antiseptic agent in China, Vietnam and some other tropical countries. However, to be clinically useful, more scientific data are needed. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of the C. operculatus buds (EO–CO). In the applied tests, EO–CO significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage-like cell line. Also the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was suppressed by treatment with EO–CO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, reporter gene analysis revealed that the EO–CO significantly blocked LPS-induced transcriptional activation of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. Nuclear translocation of p65 subunit was also suppressed by EO–CO treatment. In addition, EO–CO inhibited phorbol ester-induced increase in ear swelling and skin water content in BALB/c mice. These results suggest that EO–CO might exert an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines which is mediated, at least in part, by blocking NF-κB activation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Silene armeria L. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various leaf extracts (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) as an antifungal potential. The GC–MS analysis determined that 28 compounds, which represented 89.03% of total oil, were present in the oil containing mainly 1-butene, methylcyclopropane, 2-butene and caryophyllene oxide. The oil (1000ppm/disc) and the leaf extracts (1500ppm/disc) revealed remarkable antifungal effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, in the growth inhibition range of 39.6–67.6% and 9.3–61.3%, respectively, along with their respective MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 1000μg/ml and 125 to 2000μg/ml. The essential oil had also a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of B. cinerea. Thus, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that S. armeria essential oil and various organic extracts possess a wide range spectrum of fungicidal activity and could become an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling certain important plant fungal diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Nandina domestica Thunb. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various organic extracts against a panel of food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19166, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1916, S. aureus ATCC6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC2004, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC2515, Salmonella enteridis KCCM12021, Escherichia coli 0157-Human, E. coli ATCC8739, E. coli 057:H7 ATCC43888 and Enterobacter aerognes KCTC2190. The chemical composition of essential oil was analysed by GC–MS. It was determined that 79 compounds, which represented 87.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contained mainly 1-indolizino carbazole (19.65%), 2-pentanone (16.4%), mono phenol (12.1%), aziridine (9.01%), methylcarbinol (4.6%), ethanone (3.3%), furfural (2.96%), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (1.29%) and 2(5H)-furanone (1.32%). The oil (1000 ppm/disc), and various organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (1500 ppm/disc) exhibited promising antibacterial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (9–18 and 7–13 mm) and MIC values (62.5 to 1000 and 250 to 2000 μg/ml), respectively against the tested bacteria. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. These results indicate the potential efficacy of plant-based natural products such as essential oil and organic extracts of N. domestica to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA), obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3, was assessed for its in vitro and in vivo anti-fungal potential. Mycelial growth inhibition of the tested plant pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phyptophthora capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum capsici) was measured in vitro. bEPA at the concentration of 5μl/ml inhibited 52–60% fungal mycelial growth for all of the plant pathogens in vitro except S. sclerotiorum. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of bEPA were found in the range of 250–500μg/ml. Also, bEPA had a detrimental effect on spore germination for all the tested plant pathogens. Three plant pathogenic fungi (F. oxysporum, P. capsici and C. capsici) were subjected to an in vivo anti-fungal screening. bEPA at the initial concentration of 3000μg/ml had a 100% anti-fungal effect against all of the tested plant pathogens. Concentrations of bEPA corresponding to 1500, 500 and 300μg/ml were applied to the plants and revealed promising anti-fungal effects, supporting bEPA as a potential anti-fungal agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil and various solvent extracts isolated from the floral cone of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu and to test their efficacy against a diverse range of organisms comprising food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC-MS. It was determined that 59 compounds, which represented 97.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contains mainly α-pinene (29.54%), totarol (9.37%), α-thujene (8.63%), bornylene (8.63%), β-caryophyllene (4.40%), totarol acetate (3.98%), δ-3-carene (3.19%) and 2-β-pinene (2.25%). The oil was found containing mainly the oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes and their respective hydrocarbons. Antibacterial activity of essential oil, methanol extract and various organic sub-fractions of methanol extract of M. glyptostroboides was determined in vitro using agar diffusion method and MIC determination test against eleven (four Gram-positive, seven Gram-negative) bacterial strains including food spoilage and food-borne pathogens. The essential oil (5μl/ml, corresponding to 1000ppm/disc), methanol extract and various organic sub-fractions (7.5μl/ml, corresponding to 1500ppm/disc) of M. glyptostroboides exhibited great potential of antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19166), Staphylococcus aureus (KCTC 1916), S. aureus (ATCC 6538) and one Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCTC 2004). The zones of inhibition of different concentrations of essential oil, methanol extract and its derived various organic sub-fractions against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 10∼20mm and the MIC values were recorded between 125 and 1000μg/ml. This study shows that M. glyptostroboides mediated essential oil and extracts can be applied in food industries as a natural preservatives or flavoring additives to control food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria causing severe destruction in food. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the floral cone of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC–MS. It was determined that 59 compounds, which represented 97.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contains mainly α-pinene (29.54%), caryophyllene oxide (4.49%), α-thujene (8.63%), bornylene (8.63%), totarol (5.28%), β-caryophyllene (4.40%), δ-3-carene (3.19%), 2-β-pinene (2.25%) and α-humulene (1.18%). Thus, the oil was found mainly contained oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes and their respective hydrocarbons. Essential oil and methanol extract of M. glyptostroboides and the derived fractions of hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate were tested for anti-fungal activity, which was determined by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination methods. The oil and the methanol extract and the derived fractions of methanol showed great potential of anti-fungal activity as a mycelial growth inhibition against the tested phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Sclerotonia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotricum capsici, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora capsici, in the inhibition range of 49–70% and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 500 to 1000μg/ml. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of bioconversion extracts of EPA and DHA against a range of foodborne pathogenic bacteria was investigated. The bioconverted EPA and DHA exhibited antibacterial activities against four Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and S. aureus (KCTC 1916) and seven Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, E. coli O157:H7 (human), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium. The growth inhibition by both bioconverted EPA and DHA was similar against Gram-positive bacteria, while the bioconverted extract of DHA was more effective than EPA against Gram-negative bacteria as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important enzyme with numerous biological functions. Overexpression of COX-2 has been associated with various inflammatory-related diseases and therefore, projected as an important pharmacological target.Purpose: We aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential of isolated bioactive compounds, 3-caffeoyl-4-dihydrocaffeoyl quinic acid (CDQ) and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (IDG), from Salicornia herbacea against COX-2 using both computational and in vitro approaches.Methods: Computational analysis, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and post-simulations analysis, were employed to estimate the binding affinity and stability of CDQ and IDG in the catalytic pocket of COX-2 against Celecoxib as positive control. These predictions were further evaluated using in vitro enzyme inhibition as well as gene expression mediation in macrophages cells.Results: Molecular docking analysis revealed substantial binding energy of CDQ (-6.1 kcal/mol) and IDG (-5.9 kcal/mol) with COX-2, which are lower than Celecoxib (-8.1 kcal/mol). MD simulations (100 ns) and post simulation analysis exhibited the substantial stability and binding affinity of docked CDQ and IDG compounds with COX-2. In vitro assays indicated significant COX-2 inhibition by CDQ (IC50 = 76.91 ± 2.33 μM) and IDG (IC50 = 126.06 ± 9.44 μM). This result supported the inhibitory potential of isolated bioactive compounds against COX-2. Also, a cellular level study revealed a downregulation of COX-2 expression in tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with CDQ and IDG.Conclusion: Computational and experimental analysis of CDQ and IDG from S. herbacea established their potential in the inhibition and mediation of COX-2. Hence, CDQ and IDG can be considered for therapeutic development against COX-2 linked disorders, such as inflammation and cancer. Furthermore, CDQ and IDG structures can be served as a lead compound for the development of advanced novel anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Characterization of a protoberberine alkaloid (−)-Tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate. • Potentiation of cellular antioxidant activity by (−)-Tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate. • Biofilm inhibition by (−)-Tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate on glass substrate. • (−)-Tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate compromising membrane permeability parameters. • Inhibition of B. cereus in a rice food model by (−)-Tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate. A protoberberine alkaloid, (−)-tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate (THBA) was assessed for its antioxidant potential and ability to inhibit the growth of a food hazard bacterium Bacillus cereus in vitro and in situ. THBA displayed significant and dose-dependent cellular antioxidant potential against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells and decreased the ROS levels as well as increased the expression levels of SOD1 and SOD2 enzymes. The inhibitory spectrum of THBA confirmed its mechanistic role in the disruption of the membrane integrity of B. cereus as evidenced by the results of time-inactivation, cell membrane integrity, NPN membrane uptake, membrane potential, and electron microscopy analyses. Moreover, THBA inhibited biofilm formation by B. cereus and disrupted pre-established biofilms on a glass surface. Furthermore, THBA was also able to inhibit B. cereus in raw rice with a significant amount of reduction in CFU counts, suggesting its potential role as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scombroid poisoning in fish-based and other food products has raised concerns due to toxicity outbreaks and incidences associated with histamine, thus measuring the amount of histamine toxic molecule is considered crucial quality indicator of food safety and human health. In this study, liposome-based measurement of histamine was performed via rupturing mechanism of sulforhodamine B dye encapsulated anti-histamine antibody conjugated liposomal nanovesicles. The immunosensing ability of immuno-liposomal format was assessed by monitoring the fluorescence at excitation/emission wavelength of 550/585 nm. Immuno-liposomal format assays were considered, one based on single wash procedure (Method 1), which had a detection limit of 10 ppb and quantification limit 15–80 ppb. While Method 2 based on one-by-one wash procedure had a detection limit of 2–3 ppb and quantification limit 8.5 ppb–200 ppm that required 2 h 30 min to perform. In view of better quantification limit, Method 2 was chosen for further tests required to validate its applicability in real samples. The feasibility of Method 2 was reconfirmed in fresh mackerel fish, and canned fish (tuna and salmon) with a similar detection limits but with low amplified fluorescence signals and sufficient levels of histamine recovery from fresh mackerel (73.50–99.98%), canned tuna (79.08–103.74%) and salmon (74.56–99.02%). The specificity and method accuracy were expressed as % CV in the range 5.34%–8.48%. Overall, the developed multi-well sensing system (Method 2) showed satisfactory specificity, cost effectiveness, rapidity, and stability for monitoring histamine toxicity as a practical food diagnostic device. Image 1 • Scombroid fish poisoning has raised concerns due to histamine related environmental toxicity. • Double layered positioned liposomal vesicles as fluorescent probe. • Anti-histamine IgG conjugated liposomal nanovesicles (anti-His-LNs)-based multiplexed biosensing system. • Anti-His-LNs-assisted rapid, sensitive and cost-effective detection of histamine toxic molecule in fish foods. • Designed sensing platform diverse the application of various ELISA-based complicated commercial detection kits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meju, a cooked and fermented soy bean based food product, is used as a major ingredient in Korean traditional fermented foods such as Doenjang . We developed a novel type of Meju using single and combined extracts of Allium sativum (garlic clove), Nelumbo nucifera (lotus leaves), and Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo leaves) at 1% and 10% concentrations to improve the safety of Meju -based fermented products. Biogenic amines (BAs) in protein-rich fermented food products pose considerable toxical risks. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding selected plant extracts in Meju samples during fermentation. Nine BAs, including tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine, were isolated from Meju samples after sample derivatization with dansyl chloride and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. As a result, all tested Meju samples with added plant extracts showed total BAs levels in the range of 20.12 ± 2.03 to 118.42 ± 10.68 mg/100 g, which were below the safety limit set by various regulatory authorities (USFDA/KFDA/EFSA). However, among all tested Meju samples, LOM10 ( Meju fermented with Nelumbo nucifera at 10% concentration) showed higher levels of BAs content than others either due to batch-to-batch variability or reduced beneficial microorganisms and/or due to increase in BA forming microorganisms. Also, none of the samples showed the aflatoxin level above the detection limit. Furthermore, all the tested Meju samples improved microbial safety as confirmed by the complete absence of Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus . However, some of the Meju samples showed the presence of coliforms (in range of 1.6 × 10 0 –1.1 × 10 3  CFU/g), which is under regulatory limits. These results suggested that the use of plant extracts in Meju during fermentation have potential to improve microbial and toxicological safety of Meju products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana as a natural antioxidant. The DPPH activity of the extract (20, 40, 50, 100 and 200μg/ml) was increased in a dose dependent manner, which was found in the range of 36.93–68.76% as compared to ascorbic acid 64.26–82.58%. The IC50 values of ethanolic extract and ascorbic acid in DPPH radical scavenging assay were obtained to be 93.46 and 26.75μg/ml, respectively. The ethanolic extract was also found to scavenge the superoxide generated by EDTA/NBT system. Measurement of total phenolic content of the ethanolic extract of S. rebaudiana was achieved using Folin–Ciocalteau reagent containing 61.50mg/g of phenolic content, which was found significantly higher when compared to reference standard gallic acid. The ethanolic extract also inhibited the hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, superoxide anions with IC50 values of 93.46, 132.05 and 81.08μg/ml, respectively. However, the IC50 values for the standard ascorbic acid were noted to be 26.75, 66.01 and 71.41μg/ml respectively. The results obtained in this study clearly indicate that S. rebaudiana has a significant potential to use as a natural antioxidant agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this research was to determine the synergistic effect of nisin and garlic shoot juice (GSJ) against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19118 found in whole (3.5%), low (1%) and skim (no fat content) milk. Garlic shoot juice (GSJ) at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% revealed strong and similar patterns of antilisterial effect against L. monocytogenes ATCC 19118 in all categories of milk. Nisin only at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250 and 500IU/ml displayed a strong antilisterial effect as compared to the control group. Also, the synergistic combinations of GSJ (2.5%, 5%) and nisin (62.5, 125, 250 and 500IU/ml) had a remarkable antilisterial activity in all categories of whole, low and skim milk after 14 days. Results of this study indicated the synergistic effect of GSJ and nisin as a potential antilisterial agent for the food industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nanotechnology is an emerging, novel area of applications in antimicrobial and eco-friendly food packaging that have tremendous potential benefits. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively studied and frequently used in food packaging applications due to their superior physicochemical, biological and antimicrobial properties. Recently, plant extract-mediated synthesis of AgNPs has gained enormous popularity due to environment-friendliness, relatively economical synthesis, and effective functionality in food packaging applications. Numerous medicinal plant extract(s) are used in the synthesis of AgNPs, which are most commonly spherical in shape and within 2–80 nm range in size. Amount and composition of plant extract, metal ion concentration, reaction temperature and time, and pH of the reaction mixture are the key factors affecting shape, size, morphology and crystallinity of the synthesized AgNPs. Compared to other synthesis methods, including microbial synthesis , plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs is faster, more convenient, and can be effective in utilization of wastes generated by fruit and vegetable producers and handlers. Plant-mediated AgNPs are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. Silver (Ag+) ions of AgNPs bind with negatively charged functional groups present in the microbial cell membrane, thereby increase permeability of the membrane disturbing the cellular transport system leading to cell death. In addition, entry of Ag+ ions into the cell cytoplasm may damage DNA, RNA, peptide forming compounds and metabolic enzymes resulting in the inhibition or hampering of cell division and microbial respiration. Scientific efforts are being made on the application of plant-mediated AgNPs in bionanocomposite films and coatings, as effective food preservation strategies. This review highlights innovative applications of plant-mediated AgNPs in sustainable antimicrobial food packaging. • Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-studied and frequently used in food packaging. • AgNPs have superior physicochemical, biological and antimicrobial properties. • Plant extract mediated synthesis of AgNPs is faster and more convenient. • AgNPs are effective against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. • Plant-mediated AgNPs are effective in sustainable antimicrobial food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]