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Our study has shown that in collisions p-He and p-Ar with energies above 50 keV fast electrons carry away as kinetic energy up to 70 % of energy released during particle stopping. Ignoring the fast electron contribution makes impossible bringing independently measured cross sections of elementary processes of ionization, excitation, stripping and charge exchange into compliance with measured cross sections of electronic stopping. Fast electron emission in collisions of energetic ions with solids may induce extra radiation effects (create additional vacancies and defects in solid). Mean kinetic energies of ejected electrons W e obtained from the analysis of cross section ratio agree well with directly measured energy spectra of the emitted electrons. The dynamic ionization theory implies the W e proportionality to initial velocity v. In the considered cases, such a dependence takes place at the velocities below 2 a.u. At higher velocities, the observed dependence is successfully described in the framework of the Born approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study in this paper non-relativistic properties of the non-hermitian and PT symmetric QED, in special the Pauli-Schrödinger Hamiltonian. It is shown that the scattering potential computed in terms of the Born approximation receives phenomenological modifications due to non-hermitian effects. In one side, we observe that the non-hermiticity changes the electric coupling as well as the magnetic coupling; on the other hand, and more important, the model induces two new types of phenomenological interactions: i) an electric dipole coupling and ii) a toroidal coupling. Under the light of these results, and also that the extraordinary agreement of the Standard Model with experiment nearly excludes any significant amount of non-Hermitian couplings, we establish an analysis for each coupling in terms of their experimental data to set stringent bounds upon the axial parameters of the non-hermitian model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The analytical theory for describing the angular and energy distributions of medium energies light ions reflected from solids is constructed. • The analytical theory is based on the phenomenological method of electrons reflection from solids named Oswald-Kasper-Gaukler method (OKG). • OKG method is based on the solution of boundary value problem for the transfer equation using the invariant imbedding method in the small-angle approximation. • Presented analytical formulas determine all scattering characteristics of reflected particles using dimensionless parameter, which is the ratio of the residual range to the transport length, and differential elastic cross section. • Energy losses of ions in solids are calculated using Fokker-Plank approximation. The paper presents an analytical theory for describing the angular and energy distributions of medium energies light ions reflected from solids. This analytical theory is based on the phenomenological method of electrons reflection from solids named Oswald-Kasper-Gaukler method (OKG), which was successfully verified for electron spectroscopy. It is shown, that OKG method is based on the solution of boundary value problem for the transfer equation using the invariant imbedding method in the small-angle approximation. The main advantage of OKG method is an opportunity for the description of atomic particles reflection processes from solids by means of spherical harmonics method. Presented analytical formulas determine all scattering characteristics of reflected particles using dimensionless parameter, which is the ratio of the residual range to the transport length, and differential elastic cross section ω el (n 0 , n). Energy losses of ions in solids are calculated using Fokker-Plank approximation. Differential elastic cross sections are calculated in first Born approximation using Kr-C potential. The value of the parameter which determines the differential elastic cross section on small angles is determined by the ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of incidence particle to the screening radius a = 0.8853 a 0 (Z 1 1/2 + Z 2 1/2)-2/3, where a 0 – first Bohr radius and was corrected in the range determined in Moliere works. For elastic scattering of protons, the path length distribution function (PLDF) was found. The function was tested by comparison with the results of computer simulations performed using the binary-collision simulation program SPIM-L. Analytical results are also compared with experimental angular and energy spectra of 0.1–30 keV protons reflected from Be, C, Al, Ti, Ni, Cu and W targets. Satisfactory agreement between the theoretical and experimental results was found. For the ions initial energies of hundreds of eV energy spectra of reflected protons were compared with results of computer simulation by means of MARLOWE program. The satisfactory agreement between the analytical, experimental and simulation results means the opportunity of the description not only electron scattering processes, but also the processes of light ions reflection from solids by means of OKG method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the first-order Born approximation and the Rayleigh scattering theory, the analytical expressions of the weak scattering and the radiation force of two types of partially coherent twisted beams are derived, respectively. Numerical examples show that the scattering's directionality and the radiation force's magnitude can be controlled by the twist factor and the cross-strength factor. Moreover, it can be obtained that these two beams can capture particles into the beams' center transversely and push the particles to move forward in the axial direction, which may be useful in optical micromanipulation. For example, we can use these beams to filter out high refractive index particles from clusters and separate them through axial force. This paper will be helpful to the fields of optical tweezers, optical communication, and so on. • A comparative study of two types of twisted beams is conducted. • The analytical expressions of the two types of twisted beams' weak scattering and radiation force properties are derived. • The scattering's directionality and the radiation force's magnitude can be controlled by the beam factors. • These two beams can transversely capture particles and push the particles to move forward in the axial direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first-principles study employed on chromium-based hydride XCrH 3 (X: Na, K) is the first time studied and investigated different physical properties incorporated for optoelectronics and hydrogen storage applications. The structural properties results revealed that these materials have cubic phases, with lattice constants are 3.54 Å (NaCrH 3), and 3.74 Å (KCrH 3), which was also confirmed by the XRD analysis. The XRD results revealed that the intensity of KCrH 3 is shifted towards to lower angle (2θ) degree due to high lattice constants and inter-planner distance. Moreover, both materials exhibited thermodynamically and mechanically stable due to negative formation energy, and elastic constants, and obeyed the Born approximation criteria. The phonons dispersion curve shows that XCrH 3 is dynamically stable due to no imaginary frequency presence. Electronic properties found that current materials have metallic characteristics, due to zero band-gap energy, which plays a vital role in hydrogen storage applications. Magnetic properties exhibited paramagnetic behavior of current materials highly contributed to hydrogen storage application due to unpaired electrons and studied materials have spin-polarized magnetic nature. However, elastic properties confirmed that these materials are found hard, and brittle, with an ionic bonding nature between the atoms, and an anisotropic character. Besides this, different optical parameters have studied like as conductivity, absorption coefficient, refractive index, reflectance, and loss function and the results revealed that the examined materials dominated the role in LED, sensors, solar cells, and optoelectronics applications. Thermal analysis revealed that increasing temperature increases energy and entropy but decreases free energy. Among the studied materials, NaCrH 3 has a high gravimetric ratio of 3.87 wt%, and KCrH 3 is 3.21 wt%. These materials provided new potential for hydrogen storage applications. [Display omitted] • Chromium based hydride XCrH 3 (X:Na, K) perovskite has been first time studied by using first principles study (DFT). • XCrH 3 (X: Na, K) perovskite hydrides are thermodynamically and mechanical stable. • XCrH 3 (X: Na, K) perovskite hydride has found metallic nature via a zero band gap. • Both materials hard, ionic bonding between the atoms and brittles. • The gravimetric hydrogen storage densities are computed for both materials are 3.87 wt% and 3.21 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-frequency radar tomography is an important subsurface imaging method for future planetary missions to solar system small bodies. We derive angular and radial sampling criteria for monostatic and bistatic radar tomography algorithms that are based on monochromatic free-space backprojection and spherical apertures. We use the vector Born approximation to highlight the degeneracy of monochromatic bistatic source/receiver direction pair measurements in k -space. Analytical expressions are then derived for the scalar point target response of different spherical sampling geometries. We also derive the angular sampling step and total number of sampling points required to fully reconstruct the point target response for monostatic, bistatic, and non-degenerate k -space spherical apertures. These are evaluated for object sizes and radar operating frequencies expected in small body tomography. We also analyze and derive expressions for the coherence loss of spherical apertures due to random errors in a sensor's radial position, which provides requirements on the a posteriori ephemeris knowledge. Finally, we derive a vector backprojection algorithm suitable for focusing quad-pol scattering matrix (S-matrix) data that is tested using full-wave S-matrix simulations of dielectric point targets. This work is intended to aid radar instrument performance analysis and inform the design and architecture of future instruments and missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ewald sphere curvature correction, which extends beyond the projection approximation, stretches the shallow depth of field in cryo-EM reconstructions of thick particles. Here we show that even for previously assumed thin particles, reconstruction artifacts which we refer to as ghosts can appear. By retrieving the lost phases of the electron exitwaves and accounting for the first Born approximation scattering within the particle, we show that these ghosts can be effectively eliminated. Our simulations demonstrate how such ghostbusting can improve reconstructions as compared to existing state-of-the-art software. Like ptychographic cryo-EM, our Ghostbuster algorithm uses phase retrieval to improve reconstructions, but unlike the former, we do not need to modify the existing data acquisition pipelines. • Ewald sphere curvature correction methods for cryo-EM have had limited success due to lost phase information in measured micrographs. • Phase retrieval algorithms can recover these phases. • Backpropagating these phase-retrieved exitwaves through the sample can computationally stretch a cryo-EM reconstruction's depth of field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present triple-differential cross section results for the positron and electron induced single ionization of the Ar (3p) and Ar (3s) atoms at incident energy 1 keV. The triple-differential cross sections (TDCSs) have been calculated in the modified distorted wave formalism using the second Born approximation. The TDCSs have been calculated in coplanar asymmetric geometry for different kinematical conditions. The second Born term has been found to be significant in obtaining the TDCS for electron as well as positron impact at smaller values of momentum transfer and it produces better agreement with the recent available measurements for Ar (3p). With the increase of momentum transfer, the dominance of binary emission of electrons has been found to increase for the positron impact ionization of Ar (3s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the eikonal approximation of quantum scattering theory, the problem of fast charged particle scattering in a thin crystal when particles fall along one of its planes of atoms and in a thin layer of an amorphous matter is considered. It is shown that the scattering cross section in this problem for parameters which are beyond the scope of application of the Born perturbation theory, differs significantly from the corresponding result of the Born approximation. In this case, the scattering in the transverse to the plane direction is determined mainly by a continuous plane potential which is widely used in the channeling theory. The scattering of a particle in the longitudinal direction has features of scattering in a two-dimensional amorphous medium with the inhomogeneous density of atoms. The concept of a continuous potential of the crystal plane of atoms in the suggested approach appears automatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the two-dimensional disordered topological superconductor with Hubbard interactions. When the magnitude of the pairing potential is tuned to special values, this interacting model is exactly solvable even when disorders are imposed on the potential term or coupling constants. The topology of this model is investigated in detail by the real space Chern number formula, which computes the topological index of disordered systems to high precisions. It is found that the disorders can drive the system from a topological trivial phase to a non-trivial phase, which generalizes the topological Anderson phenomena to interacting models. The self-consistent Born approximation is also employed to understand the influence of the disorders on the parameters of the interacting topological superconductor. It provides an alternative way to understand the topological transitions in the weak disordered region. • We present an interacting topological superconductor which is exactly solvable even with random interacting couplings. • A new type of topological Anderson transition is induced by disordered interactions. • The effects of disorders are studied by self-consistent Born approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverse scattering problem is to reconstruct or recover some physical and/or geometric properties of an object from the measured scattered field in the process of illumination by an incident wave. The probing radiation can be an electromagnetic wave (e.g., microwave, optical wave, and X-ray), an acoustic wave, or some other waves. The inverse scattering problem is important when detailed information about the structure and composition of an object is required, but it cannot be obtained directly from the measurements. The paper is devoted to the electromagnetic inverse scattering problem for a dielectric anisotropic and magnetically isotropic media. The properties of an anisotropic medium with respect to electromagnetic waves are defined by the tensors, which give the relation between the inductions and the fields. The tensor Fourier diffraction theorem derived in the paper can be considered as a useful tool for studying tensor fields in inverse problems of electromagnetic scattering. The Fourier diffraction theorem is obtained in a coordinate-free representation by the use of tensor (dyadic) analysis techniques. The method of inversion is based on the first Born approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents theoretical and numerical models for the backscattering of 2D Rayleigh waves in single-phase, untextured polycrystalline materials with statistically equiaxed grains. The theoretical model, based on our prior inclusion-induced Rayleigh wave scattering model and the independent scattering approximation, considers single scattering of Rayleigh-to-Rayleigh (R–R) waves. The numerical finite element model is established to accurately simulate the scattering problem and evaluate the theoretical model. Good quantitative agreement is observed between the theoretical model and the finite element results, especially for weakly scattering materials. The agreement decreases with the increase of the anisotropy index, owing to the reduced applicability of the Born approximation. However, the agreement remains generally good when weak multiple scattering is involved. In addition, the R–R backscattering behaviour of 2D Rayleigh waves is similar to the longitudinal-to-longitudinal and transverse-to-transverse backscattering of bulk waves, with the former exhibiting stronger scattering. These findings establish a foundation for using Rayleigh waves in the quantitative characterisation of polycrystalline materials. • A theory for backscattering of Rayleigh waves in polycrystals has been developed. • Theory is constructed assuming single scattering with Born and IS approximations. • Backscattering of Rayleigh waves is similar to that of bulk waves. • FE model is developed to simulate backscattering of Rayleigh waves. • FE model verifies that theory can well describe Rayleigh waves backscattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defect detection of laminated composite plates using ultrasonic guided waves is of great interest nowadays. Nevertheless, it is still a challenging problem to reconstruct the true shape of defects in anisotropic materials. The inverse method proposed in this paper can directly reconstruct the specific shape of defects. Moreover, this method does not need iteration, is simple in form and easy to use. A three-step strategy of this method is performed as follows: Firstly, based on boundary integral equation and Born approximation assumption, flaw shape function and reflection coefficients form a set of Fourier transform pairs; Secondly, we propose an efficient way to quickly obtain Green's function and bring it to step 1. Finally, the actual shape and location of flaws can be inversely reconstructed by reflection coefficients in the whole frequency domain obtained by modified boundary element method (BEM). This method is implemented to reconstruct cavity-type flaws at the interface in a laminated composite plate. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method is finally validated for several benchmark problems, and the effect of frequency range, flaw size and mode selection on accuracy of the inverse reconstruction are discussed in detail. [Display omitted] • Accurate reconstruction of locations and shapes of multiple defects. • Finer flaw shape images with high-frequency range scattering data. • Sensitivity to small defects. • Fundamental guided wave mode recommended for flaw reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) toolkits used to estimate the biological damage induced by radiations in cells consider these latter as composed of single water molecule. In this work, we used the Geant4-DNA MCS toolkit to evaluate the biological damage in cells modeled as clusters of water molecules instead of single water molecule. Increasing the number of molecules in water clusters enable to approximate liquid phase. Total cross sections for the ionization of small water clusters by electron impact are calculated. The first Born approximation is used to describe the collision dynamics where the incident and the scattered electrons are described by plane waves while the ejected electron is described by a Coulomb wave. Electrons belonging to the target molecule are described by a single-center molecular wave function. Using calculated cross sections, a scaling law and a universal curve are extracted to predict cross sections for the ionization of water clusters by single electron impact. These cross sections are implemented in Geant4-DNA to simulate the number of ionizations, mean-free path, range, stopping power, and the number of double and single strand breaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The density of ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), a species of key ecological value, and related environmental factors were observed along two transects in the Amundsen Sea Coastal Polynya (ASCP) in Antarctica. The distribution of ice krill was processed using two-frequency acoustic backscatter data identification, and the target strength of ice krill was calculated via stochastic distorted-wave born approximation based on the ice krill sample. The ice krill density ranged from 0.96 to 11.01 g m−2 for each transect (mean value was 5.77 g m−2 for the entire survey). These results were of a lower order of magnitude than those of a previous study in the same waters, although the ice krill was still the dominant krill specie in this polynya. We contend that the extent of the phytoplankton bloom might be the factor behind this difference, while other hydrographic parameters such as surface temperature and salinity would have some effect on the spatial distribution of ice krill abundance. Meanwhile, the density and height of ice krill abundance suggested that the diurnal effect on the ice krill was almost negligible. According to the fitted results of regression model, the abundance of ice krill in ASCP in 2022 summer was estimated approximately 175,000 tons. • Ice krill density and related factors were observed in the Amundsen Polynya, Antarctica. • The ice krill density ranged from 0.96 to 11.01 g m−2 in two sampled transects. • Ice krill was still the dominant krill species considering previous findings. • The ice krill density, however, distinctly declined compared to the density in 2012. • The phenomenon of ice melting and eutrophication possibly influenced the density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An X-ray ptychography model of imaging amorphous materials. • Demonstration of the validity of the 1976 nature paper on "Seeing order in amorphous Materials". • Stereoscopic electron imaging of amorphous materials modelled. • The difficulty of three-dimensional imaging of amorphous matter illustrated. • Why electron ptycho-tomography may solve the amorphous structure problem. Abstract The nature of the atomic structure of many non-crystalline materials remains a long-standing open question. We use X-ray scattering to model electron images of amorphous materials, where the analogue 'atoms' consist of 1 μm diameter glass beads. The beads form a substantially random close-packed structure, but are partially ordered in places. X-ray ptycho-tomography reveals the exact position of the beads in 3D and so can be used to compare the modelled electron image with full knowledge of the underlying real structure. Using this, we repeat an experiment reported by Archie Howie and colleagues in 1978 that sought to test for real structure in bright-field electron images of amorphous materials; we demonstrate the validity of the technique, at least in the case of the resolution of the microscopes available at that time and the first Born approximation. We also illustrate how extremely demanding it would have been to infer 3D structure of amorphous material from pairs of stereoscopic images obtained with the same experimental kit: an approach that Archie proposed in the 1970s. We briefly discuss the possibility of using electron ptycho-tomography to solve the amorphous structure problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of the (d, p) reaction, which has been proven a powerful spectroscopic tool, is believed to be reasonably well understood. However, the 16O(d, p)17O reaction leading to the ground state in 17O seems to be a possible exception. It was found in the previous experiments that the 16O(d, p)17O angular distribution exhibits a rapid decline below the peak at the angle of 15 degrees. To date this abnormal behavior has not been reproduced by theoretical models. In this work we present a re-measurement of the 16O(d, p) O g. s. 17 angular distribution by using a high-precision magnetic spectrograph. Our new angular distribution shows a slower decline than the previous data do. A comparative analysis with the distorted Born approximation (DWBA), the adiabatic distorted wave approximation (ADWA) and the continuum discretized coupled channels (CDCC) method suggests that the drop of the differential cross sections at the forward angles is due to the deuteron breakup coupling effects. In addition, we extracted the spectroscopic factor (SF) and the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) for the 17O ground state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The DOS and Landau levels of parabolic system under weak magnetic field are calculated and compared to linear system. • In lowest-order Born approximation, the relaxation rate is related to the imaginary part of the disorder-induced self-energy. • The RKKY range function for the parabolic Dirac system is calculated at finite temperature. Abstract We investigate the electronic properties of the parabolic Dirac system. In the presence of magnetic field, we discuss the thermodynamical potential and the anomalous diamagnetism due to the Dirac cone, and compared to the results of linear dispersion system. We found the local density of state peaks and the Landau levels are equidistant unlike the case of linear dispersion. The integer Hall conductivity and the intrinsic Hall conductivity induced by the Berry curvature are also investigated. Considering the disorder-induced self-energy in self-consistent Born approximation, the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction (temperature-dependent), long-range scattering rate and the spectral function are also calculated, which are distinct to these in the linear dispersion systems or the clean case (without impurity). In the presence of impurity scattering, the long-range scattering rate is not simply the inverse of quasiparticle lifetime, but the inverse of transport relaxation time which related also to the scattering angle θ (where the forward scattering θ = 0 is forbiddened due to the leading-order corrections to the current vertex). For the temperature-dependent RKKY indirect exchange interaction, its oscillation and power-law decay are shown and we found that its fluctuation amplitude decreases with the increasing temperature for itinerant electrons with parabolic dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calculations of the elementary process of electron–nucleus bremsstrahlung employing a partial–wave expansion of the initial and final electron wave functions are exact and offer results that match the experimental data, but they become impractical for increasingly higher electron energies, especially in some regions of the emitted photon phase space. Here we take the opposite approach and use analytic expressions based on the Olsen–Maximon–Wergeland additivity rule, valid above few MeV, to decouple the calculation of the screening and Coulomb corrections. The former is obtained from the first Born approximation, while the latter is evaluated within the formalism of the Furry–Sommerfeld–Maue wave functions using the leading–order expression by Elwert and Haug and the next–to–leading–order corrections by Roche, Ducos, and Proriol, which is presently the best way to calculate cross sections for electrons with energies in the range of hundreds of MeV. A detailed discussion of the approximations involved and an extensive comparison with experimental data have been published in previous works. Here we focus on the numerical procedures that have been developed and on the stringent cross checks that have been performed to ensure the accuracy of the results. Published benchmark calculations for bremsstrahlung in a pure Coulomb field, that stop at 100 keV, are extended here to 100 MeV by making available selected values that could be used by other independent researchers to validate their programs. We also discuss the numerical details of the procedure adopted to convolve the bremsstrahlung cross section with the impinging electron angular distribution due to multiple scattering in the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The continuum model, the Born approximation, and the Green's function approach are used to investigate thermoelectric properties of impurity-infected phosphorene subjected to a Zeeman magnetic field. We found that both disordered electrical and electronic thermal conductivities decrease (increase) with the magnetic field with (without) a threshold value in x −(y −)direction, stemming from the distributed charge with new potential. Furthermore, we found an anisotropic Drude weight at fairly low temperatures in the electrical conductivity. The opposite sign for low-temperature thermopower is captured by strong magnetic fields. Moreover, this information for the thermoelectric efficiency of disordered phosphorene tells us that the efficiency of the disordered phosphorene oscillates (increases) with the magnetic field in x −(y −)direction. Investigation of impurity configuration effects results in the significant differences. The efficiency regardless of the direction oscillates with high impurity concentrations and vanishes at low temperatures, whereas it does not change (oscillates) in x −(y −)direction with impurity scattering potential. Highlights • Investigation and comparison the direction-dependent electronic transport coefficients of monolayer black phosphorus in the presence of impurity and Zeeman magnetic field by using the tight-binding model and Green's function technique. • Observation of decreasing electrical conductivity and electronic thermal conductivity of impurity-infected BP in x -direction in the presence of strong magnetic fields. • Appearing the Drude weight at fairly low temperatures by impurity doping and turning on the magnetic field. • Opposite signs of the Seebeck in different directions of impurity-doped BP in the presence of strong Zeeman fields. • The efficiency of the disordered BP oscillates (increases) with the magnetic field in x-(y-) direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Radiotherapy and dosimetry are techniques used for the treatment of cancer cells and require the proper description of the energy deposition of swift heavy ions when penetrating a biological material. In this work, we report the electronic stopping cross section, by proton radiation, of several complex organic molecules of biological interest that contain, in particular, F and Ar atoms. Our work implements the Harmonic Oscillator approach for the bound electrons through a Floating Spherical Gaussian Orbital description of the molecule in the intermediate to high collision energy within the first Born approximation. In particular, we study the stopping cross section for the following molecules: DNA, guanine, adenine, alanine, glycine, trimethylamine, tissue equivalent gas based on methane and propane, A-150 plastic equivalent material, tissue equivalent liquid, nylon, and air. For complex compounds, where the structure is given in percent by weight (or volume) of molecular fragments, we use a Bragg's-like rule within our model, to determine the electronic stopping cross section. We calculate the orbital and total mean excitation energies for these molecules, finding that it is the orbital mean excitation energy the principal parameter that characterizes the stopping cross section instead of the total molecular mean excitation energy. Our results are in good to excellent agreement to available experimental and theoretical data reported in the literature for these molecules and have an even better agreement than semi-empirical results from approaches like SRIM and PSTAR with the advantage of being analytically simple to implement as well as having a predicting capability for its region of validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a method to compute the muon anomalous precession frequency through solving the wave functions of the Dirac equations straightforwardly. The Lorentz violation terms are also considered. Our method is different from the traditional two-step algorithm in the literature, with the first step to extract the anomalous magnetic momentum factors through the Fouldy-Wouthuysen transformation or Born approximation comparison methods regarding the muon particle as a "quantum" object, and the second step to utilize the Thomas-Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi formula regarding the muon particle as a "classical" point-like object. Compared with the literature, the method we developed is more consistent and the Lorentz violation terms are taken into account in a unified and straightforward frameset, and expand perturbatively up to the lowest non-trivial order and find out that only b 3 , c 11 , c 22 , H 12 ′ and d 30 affect the precession up to this order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of triple differential cross section (TDCS) for the electron impact single ionization of water molecules at incident electron energy 81 eV for coplanar asymmetric emission of electrons. The TDCS results have been obtained in distorted wave second Born approximation using orientation averaged molecular orbital (OAMO) approximation. The TDCS results have been calculated for the ionization of 1b 1 and 3a 1 molecular orbital of water molecules for the coplanar asymmetric emission of electrons. The obtained theoretical TDCSs are compared with the available measurements as well as with the first Born results. The second Born results are found to be significant by improving agreement with the measurements particularly in the binary peak region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absolute generalized oscillator strengths of the valence-shell excitations of krypton have been determined with an incident electron energy of 1500 eV and an energy resolution of about 80 meV. By employing the relative flow technique with a dilute target, the pressure effect is excluded and the accuracy of the measured generalized oscillator strengths is improved. By comparing the present generalized oscillator strengths with the previous experimental and theoretical results, it is found that the first Born approximation is not reached at the squared momentum transfer larger than 1 a.u.. The optical oscillator strengths have been obtained by extrapolating the measured generalized oscillator strengths to zero squared momentum transfer, which cross-checks the previous electron impact and photoabsorption results. With the aid of the BE-scaling method, the integral cross sections of krypton have been determined from the excitation threshold to 5000 eV. The present oscillator strengths and integral cross sections supplement the fundamental database of the electron scattering of krypton and provide a benchmark for the theoretical methods. • Generalized oscillator strengths of the krypton were determined by fast electron scattering. • Standard relative flow technique was used to improve the experimental accuracy. • The validity condition of the FBA in the present experiment was clarified. • Optical oscillator strengths were obtained based on the Lassettre formula. • BE-scaled integral cross sections were determined and compared with the available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The staining algorithm-based reverse time migration (RTM) technique has shown promise in improving imaging results for certain complex structures, such as subsalt and steeply dipping layers, by incorporating the complex domain. However, RTM suffers from low-resolution images as it utilizes the adjoint of the forward modeling operator rather than its inverse operator. To address this limitation, we propose a new approach called stained least-squares RTM (ST-LSRTM) that enhances the gradient through the integration of the staining algorithm. In ST-LSRTM, we first develop the wave equation and Born approximation, transitioning from the real to the complex domains. To simplify the linear perturbation operator, we constrain the magnitude of the imaginary velocity. Next, we compute the gradient in the complex domain. The enhanced gradient is obtained by replacing the traditional gradient with the normalized stained gradient within the stained region. Finally, we construct a misfit function based on the L2 norm and calculate the step size and gradient direction using the conjugate gradient method. Model tests demonstrate that ST-LSRTM achieves high-resolution imaging results even when the stained area is imprecise. Comparisons of waveform curves and normalized residual curves confirm that ST-LSRTM approaches true reflection coefficient model more closely compared to traditional LSRTM. • We propose a new approach called ST-LSRTM that enhances the gradient through the integration of the staining algorithm. • In ST-LSRTM, we first develop the wave equation and Born approximation, transitioning from the real to the complex domains. • Model tests demonstrate that ST-LSRTM achieves high-resolution imaging results even when the stained area is imprecise. • ST-LSRTM is closer to the true reflection coefficient model compared to traditional LSRTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The bosonic phase of the three-band [one flat band and two dispersive bands] Lieb lattice can be significantly influenced by the impurity. Taking into account the combined Zeeman magnetic field, the next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) coupling, and the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction (DMI), we demonstrate this by studying the Heisenberg model on the spin S = 1∕2 Lieb lattice. We perform numerical calculations of the density of states (DOS) within the Green's function method and the full-consistent Born approximation. The flat band becomes unstable upon the inclusion of the impurity and new degenerate- and mid-states appear. Our numerical results show that the energy of these states depends strongly on the NNN coupling, DMI, and the Zeeman splitting effect. Furthermore, we found different phase transitions depending on the strengths of potentials above. Also, the number of van Hove singularities provided by DOS have a high susceptibility to the Hamiltonian model terms, which provide an intriguing possibility to control the finite impurity doping. Highlights • Comparison of electronic density of states (DOS) of 2D impurity-infected three-band spin Lieb lattice in the presence of next-nearest-neighbor, Zeeman magnetic field, and Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction by using the tight-binding model and Green's function technique. • Becoming the flat band unstable upon the inclusion of the boson-impurity interaction. • Observation of bosonic phase transition and new degenerate- and mid-states in both bosonic valance and conduction bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The entanglement concentration protocols (ECPs) are presented for concentrating arbitrary partially entangled Bell-like state, N -photon GHZ state and N -photon W state, respectively, and the corresponding maximally entangled state can be obtained finally with a certain probability. Besides, compared with other ECPs, the accurate coefficients of the initial partially entangled state in our ECPs do not need to know in advance. Moreover, current ECPs can be repeated to acquire a higher success probability. The devices used in the schemes are linear which leads to flexible operations and improves the performance greatly in the present experiment and our ECPs may be useful in the long-distance quantum information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Many aspects of the interaction of charged particles with matter can be expressed in terms of the dielectric function ε (q , ω). The dielectric function is relatively well known in the optical limit (q = 0) but, for example, stopping power calculations require the knowledge of the dielectric function for q ≠ 0. Several approaches have been used to extend the dielectric function to q ≠ 0 for both the valence electrons, using variations of the Lindhard dielectric function and the core levels where an atomic description can be used. The intermediate case of shallow core levels is somewhat problematic. Here collective effects modify the atomic picture, and the hydrogenic approximation of the wave function is less accurate. In this paper we describe a new extension scheme of the contribution to the energy loss function of shallow core levels to q ≠ 0 and show that tor Al and Si it describes the experimental stopping data somewhat better than previous approaches. It also describes reasonably well the proton and electron induced ionization cross section of these shallow core levels. Lastly we investigate the dielectric function in the limit of high momentum, where it can be interpreted as a Compton profile. An approximation scheme in terms of Mermin dielectric function with an amplitude that depends on q works in all cases quite well. Highlights • Two ways to describe contribution of semi-core electrons to the energy loss function are described. • Stopping power, ionization cross section and Compton profiles are calculated for both approaches. • Method based on Mermin loss function, truncated at a fixed energy loss appears to give the best agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Rotational cross sections of tetrahedral molecules for low energy positron impact. • The Born-multipole is applied in the rotational excitation of Td molecules. • Analytical expression is achieved for rotational cross sections. • Relative momentum and partial wave analysis are made. • Good agreement with prior ab initio results. Abstract Rotational cross sections of tetrahedral molecules for low energy positron impact is the theme of this work. The scattering model is based in the Born approximation combined to multipole formulation for the scattering potential. We choose the CH 4 and CF 4 molecules as model systems to illustrate the theory. We obtain analytical expressions for octupole and hexadecapole transitions in relative momentum and partial waves formulations. The dependence of the cross sections on the molecular multipole moments, as well as the incident particle energy is directly identified. Comparison to the ab initio results found in literature exhibit good agreement for positron-CH 4 rotational cross sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We address the electronic phase engineering in the impurity-infected functionalized bilayer graphene with hydrogen atoms (H-BLG) subjected to a uniform Zeeman magnetic field, employing the tight-binding model, the Green's function technique, and the Born approximation. In particular, the key point of the present work is focused on the electronic density of states (DOS) in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. By exploiting the perturbative picture, we figure out that how the interaction and/or competition between host electrons, guest electrons, and the magnetic field potential can lead to the phase transition in H-BLG. Furthermore, different configurations of hydrogenation, namely reduced table-like and reduced chair-like, are also considered when impurities are the same and/or different. A comprehensive information on the various configurations provides the semimetallic and gapless semiconducting behaviors for unfunctionalized bilayer graphene and H-BLGs, respectively. Further numerical calculations propose a semimetal-to-metal and gapless semiconductor-to-semimetal phase transition, respectively, when only turning on the magnetic field. Interestingly, the results indicate that the impurity doping alone affects the systems as well, leading to semimetal-to-metal and no phase transition in the pristine system and hydrogenated ones, respectively. However, the combined effect of charged impurity and magnetic field shows that the pristine bilayer graphene is not influenced much as the functionalized ones and phase back transitions appear. Tuning of the electronic phase of H-BLG by using both types of electronic and magnetic perturbations play a decisive role in optical responses. Highlights • Comparison of electronic density of states (DOS) and of pristine bilayer graphene and hydrogenated ones using the tight-binding model and Green's function technique. • Investigation and comparison the DOS of these systems under external magnetic field and charged impurity doping. • Observation of electronic phase transition and new degenerate states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically investigate the electron-impurity interaction effects on the direction-dependent electronic heat capacity (EHC) and electrical conductivity (EC) of single-layer biased black phosphorus (BP) as a function of temperature. By means of the Born approximation besides the continuum approximation of the tight-binding Hamiltonian and the Green's function approach, we obtain a significant difference in the x − and y −direction EHC and EC. Inherent higher value of the y −direction density of states around the Fermi energy in the valence band exhibits interesting anisotropic EHC and EC results. The Schottky anomaly in EHC quantity decreases slightly with impurity in x −direction of unbiased BP, whereas there is no change in y −direction. On the other hand, the probability of transition between energy levels provided by the decreased critical temperature decreases with impurity in x −direction EC and similarly there is no alteration in y −direction EC. We show that the Drude weight in EC appears with impurity in both directions. Furthermore, we study the influence of bias voltage on the EHC and EC of impurity-infected BP. Our findings showcase the increased (decreased) EHC (EC) of disordered BP and disappeared the Drude weight of EC in the presence of bias voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the scope of scattering theory was expanded that the scattering of partially coherent radially polarized beams upon a deterministic media has been analyzed for the first time by application of the theory of first-order Born approximation. Influence of several factors, including incident beams’ correlation width δ and transverse width ω 0 , deterministic medium's effective radius σ R , in addition to the observation azimuth φ on the scattered spectral distribution in the far zone has been examined in detail. Some meaningful and interesting results obtained here may further enrich the scattering theory and find applications in remote sensing, medical diagnosis, and obtaining the structure information of a deterministic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the Green's function and the tight-binding model within the Born approximation, we obtain the electronic thermal conductivity (TC) and Seebeck coefficient [or thermopower (TP)] of monolayer black phosphorus (BP) under charged impurity doping. The results show that the TC and TP along the y −direction are larger than the x −direction in clean BP due to the inherent higher value of the electronic density of states in y −direction. Furthermore, the TC linearly decreases with low impurity concentrations in both directions, whereas it decreases and does not change with low impurity scattering potentials in x − and y −direction, respectively. On the other hand, TP increases (decreases) with very dilute impurity concentrations and scattering potentials in x −( y −)direction. To be a complete work, we also studied these properties in impurity-infected biased BP. We found that the TC of BP in the presence of impurity gradually increases with bias voltage in both directions and TP has a decreasing (increasing) treatment in x −( y −)direction. Our findings move the thermoelectric (TE) applications of BP into promising TE materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the electron-impurity interaction within the continuum approximation of tight-binding model, the Born approximation, and the Green's function method, the main features of anisotropic electronic phase transition are investigated in monolayer biased black phosphorus (BP). To this end, we concentrated on the disordered electronic density of states (DOS), which gives useful information for electro-optical devices. Increasing the impurity concentration in both unbiased and biased impurity-infected single-layer BP, in addition to the decrease of the band gap, independent of the direction, leads to the midgap states and an extra Van Hove singularity inside and outside of the band gap, respectively. Furthermore, strong impurity scattering potentials lead to a semiconductor-semimetal transition and one more Van Hove singularity in x -direction of unbiased BP and surprisingly, this transition does not occur in biased BP. We found that there is no phase transition in y -direction. Since real applications require structures with modulated band gaps, we have studied the influence of different bias voltages on the disordered DOS in both directions, resulting in the increase of the band gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we introduce a new channel to indirect search for the light charged Higgs bosons, which are predicted in several extensions of the standard model (SM) such as the two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDMs). We calculate the O ( α s ) QCD radiative corrections to the energy distribution of bottom- and charmed-flavored hadrons ( B / D ) produced in the dominant decays of the polarized top quark in the 2HDM, i.e. t ( ↑ ) ⟶ b ( → B / D + jet ) + H + ( → τ + ν τ ) . Generally, the energy distribution of hadrons is governed by the unpolarized rate and the polar and the azimuthal correlation functions which are related to the density matrix elements of the decay t ( ↑ ) → b H + . In our proposed channel, any deviation of the B / D -meson energy spectrum from its corresponding SM predictions can be considered as a signal for the existence of charged Higgs at the LHC. We also calculate, for the first time, the azimuthal correlation rate Γ ϕ at next-to-leading order which vanishes at the Born level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate the geometric phase (GP) for a qubit system coupled to its own anisotropic and isotropic photonic band gap (PBG) crystal environment without Born or Markovian approximation. The qubit frequency affects the GP of the qubit directly through the effect of the PBG environment. The results show the deviation of the GP depends on the detuning parameter and this deviation will be large for relatively large detuning of atom frequency inside the gap with respect to the photonic band edge. Whereas for detunings outside the gap, the GP of the qubit changes abruptly to zero, exhibiting collapse phenomenon of the GP. Moreover, we find that the GP in the isotropic PBG photonic crystal is more robust than that in the anisotropic PBG under the same condition. Finally, we explore the relationship between the variation of the GP and population in terms of the physical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of tissue-like disordered media exhibit local anisotropy of scattering in the scaling behavior. Scaling behavior contains wealth of fractal or multifractal properties. We demonstrate that the spatial dielectric fluctuations in a sample of biological tissue exhibit multifractal anisotropy. Multifractal anisotropy encoded in the wavelength variation of the light scattering Mueller matrix and manifesting as an intriguing spectral diattenuation effect. We developed an inverse method for the quantitative assessment of the multifractal anisotropy. The method is based on the processing of relevant Mueller matrix elements in Fourier domain by using Born approximation, followed by the multifractal analysis. The approach promises for probing subtle micro-structural changes in biological tissues associated with the cancer and precancer, as well as for non-destructive characterization of a wide range of scattering materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many problems in applied geophysics can be formulated as a linear inverse problem. The associated problems, however, are large-scale and ill-conditioned. Therefore, regularization techniques are needed to be employed for solving them and generating a stable and acceptable solution. We consider numerical methods for solving such problems in this paper. In order to tackle the ill-conditioning of the problem we use blockiness as a prior information of the subsurface parameters and formulate the problem as a constrained total variation (TV) regularization. The Bregmanized operator splitting (BOS) algorithm as a combination of the Bregman iteration and the proximal forward backward operator splitting method is developed to solve the arranged problem. Two main advantages of this new algorithm are that no matrix inversion is required and that a discrepancy stopping criterion is used to stop the iterations, which allow efficient solution of large-scale problems. The high performance of the proposed TV regularization method is demonstrated using two different experiments: 1) velocity inversion from (synthetic) seismic data which is based on Born approximation, 2) computing interval velocities from RMS velocities via Dix formula. Numerical examples are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed method for high-resolution velocity inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Rashba coupling induced Aharonov-Casher effect in a graphene based nano ring is investigated theoretically. The graphene based nano ring is considered as a central device connected to semi-infinite graphene nano ribbons. In the presence of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction, two armchair shaped edge nano ribbons are considered as semi-infinite leads. The non-equilibrium Green’s function approach is utilized to obtain the quantum transport characteristics of the system. The relaxation and dephasing mechanisms within the self-consistent Born approximation is scrutinized. The Lopez-Sancho method is also applied to obtain the self-energy of the leads. We unveil that the non-equilibrium current of the system possesses measurable Aharonov-Casher oscillations with respect to the Rashba coupling strength. In addition, we have observed the same oscillations in dilute impurity regimes in which amplitude of the oscillations is shown to be suppressed as a result of the relaxations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of previous plane wave and current twisted wave electron double ionisation (e, 3e) near the threshold energy using the second Born approximation to calculate the fully differential cross section (FDCS) T-SBA and also calculate the fully differential cross section for plane wave using the second Born approximation (SBA) and including post-collision interactions (FDCS) PW+PCI of the He atom. We investigate the effect of different "m" parameters on orbital angular momentum (OAM) using the second Born approximation for both twisted and plane waves incident and scattered electrons. We compare our theoretical twisted wave results with experimental non-twisted results (i.e., plane wave); we found that the theoretical twisted wave results are in good agreement with experimental non-twisted (i.e., plane wave) results of He atoms. • He atoms with excess energies of 5 eV and 27 eV, angle θ 2 increases, magnitude decreases. • plane and twisted electron beams have the same angular distribution and cross-section. • SBA plane-wave and the twisted wave (FDCS) T-SBA amplitude reduces, value of OAM increases. • Theoretical measurements are in good agreement with the experimental non-twisted data. • No experimental twisted wave results to confirm the theoretical twisted wave results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measured M-X-ray production cross sections for protons, which are used in the particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique, are systematically underestimated for low impact energies by the ECPSSR and ECUSAR theories. These theories, which are based on the plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) and use the screened hydrogenic wave functions, include corrections for the projectile Coulomb deflection and electron relativistic and binding effects. In the present paper, in order to interpret the observed disagreement at low impact energies, the systematic calculations of the M-shell ionization cross sections for gold were performed using the semiclassical (SCA) and the binary encounter (BEA) approximations in order to identify a role of the electronic wave function and electron binding effects. In these calculations the different wave functions, from nonrelativistic hydrogenic to selfconsistent Dirac-Hartree-Fock, were considered and the binding effect was treated within extreme separated- (SA) and united-atoms (UA) limits. The results are discussed in details and the observed discrepancies are attributed to inadequate description of the electron binding effect at the lowest impact energies for which the molecular approach is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the M αβ , M γ , M M2–O4,5 and total M shell X-ray production cross sections of the elements Au and Pb are measured with C 4,3+ ions in the energy range between 2.8 and 5 MeV. The obtained results are compared with the existing experimental data and with theoretical calculations based on three models: (i) first Born approximation (PWBA), (ii) the ECPSSR model using the ISICS code and (iii) Semi Classical approximation (SCA) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-shell X-rays of 48 Cd and 49 In have been measured for the bombardment of protons in the energy range 75–250 keV in steps of 25 keV. The individual Lι, Lα, Lβ, Lγ and total L X-ray production cross sections were extracted from the yield. The results were compared with theoretical predictions of PWBA, ECPSSR and ECUSAR, as well as with experimental results of other authors. Good agreements were observed for our data with others and ECPSSR or ECUSAR calculations. The influence of using different atomic parameter databases is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton inelastic scattering off a neutron halo nucleus, 11 Li, has been studied in inverse kinematics at the IRIS facility at TRIUMF. The aim was to establish a soft dipole resonance and to obtain its dipole strength. Using a high quality 66 MeV 11 Li beam, a strongly populated excited state in 11 Li was observed at E x = 0.80 ± 0.02 MeV with a width of Γ = 1.15 ± 0.06 MeV . A DWBA (distorted-wave Born approximation) analysis of the measured differential cross section with isoscalar macroscopic form factors leads us to conclude that this observed state is excited in an electric dipole (E1) transition. Under the assumption of isoscalar E1 transitions, the strength is evaluated to be extremely large amounting to 30 ∼ 296 Weisskopf units, exhausting 2.2 % ∼ 21 % of the isoscalar E1 energy-weighted sum rule (EWSR) value. The large observed strength originates from the halo and is consistent with the simple di-neutron model of 11 Li halo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution we present ab initio results for ionization total cross sections, probabilities at zero impact parameter, and impact parameter moments of order +1 and −1 of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe by proton impact in an extended energy range from 100 keV up to 10 MeV. The calculations were performed by using the continuum distorted wave eikonal initial state approximation (CDW-EIS) for energies up to 1 MeV, and using the first Born approximation for larger energies. The convergence of the CDW-EIS to the first Born above 1 MeV is clear in the present results. Our inner-shell ionization cross sections are compared with the available experimental data and with the ECPSSR results. We also include in this contribution the values of the ionization probabilities at the origin, and the impact parameter dependence. These values have been employed in multiple ionization calculations showing very good description of the experimental data. Tables of the ionization probabilities are presented, disaggregated for the different initial bound states, considering all the shells for Ne and Ar, the M-N shells of Kr and the N-O shells of Xe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher-order coherent effect of light waves on scattering from a collection of particles has been discussed within the accuracy of the first-order Born approximation. It is shown that the correlation of intensity fluctuation (CIF) of the scattered field is closely related to the characteristic of the collection of particles. An example of light waves on scattering from a collection of particles with Gaussian-centered distribution has been discussed, and the influence of the distribution characteristic on the normalized correlation coefficient of CIF of the scattered field has been studied. This result may provide a potential way to determine the distribution information of a collection of particles by measuring the intensity data of the scattered field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isospin characters of low-energy dipole excitations in neutron-rich unstable nucleus 20 O were investigated, for the first time in unstable nuclei. Two spectra obtained from a dominant isovector probe ( O 20 + Au ) and a dominant isoscalar probe ( O 20 + α ) were compared and analyzed by the distorted-wave Born approximation to extract independently the isovector and isoscalar dipole strengths. Two known 1 − states with large isovector dipole strengths at energies of 5.36(5) MeV ( 1 1 − ) and 6.84(7) MeV ( 1 2 − ) were also excited by the isoscalar probe. These two states were found to have different isoscalar dipole strengths, 2.70(32)% ( 1 1 − ) and 0.67(12)% ( 1 2 − ), respectively, in exhaustion of the isoscalar dipole-energy-weighted sum rule. The difference in isoscalar strength indicated that they have different underlying structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-principles calculations are performed for electron transmission through a metallic zigzag carbon nanotube with substitutional BN dimers parallel to the nanotube axis. The transmission coefficient is calculated in the energy range (around the charge neutrality point) in which there exist two degenerate subbands for each spin. Wave functions in the circumferential direction of one of the degenerate subbands can be chosen so as to have nodes at the position of a carbon dimer parallel to the nanotube axis. It is shown that the transmission probability of an incident wave with such wave-function nodes depends crucially on positions of BN dimers relative to the nodes. By placing each of dimers at one of the nodes, the transmission probability is substantially enhanced and is well described by the Born approximation in spite of spatially extended scattering potential due to ionized B and N. This suggests that the arrangement in the circumferential direction of various impurities influences transport through metallic zigzag carbon nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the theory of first-order Born approximation, analytical expressions for Gaussian Schell-model arrays (GSMA) beam scattered on a deterministic medium in the far-zone are derived. In terms of the analytical formula obtained, shifts of GSMA beam's scattered spectrum are numerically investigated. Results show that the scattering directions s x and s y , effective radius σ of the scattering medium, the initial beam transverse width σ 0 , correlation widths δ x and δ y of the source, and line width Γ 0 of the incident spectrum closely influence the distributions of normalized scattered spectrum in the far-zone. These features of GSMA beam scattered spectrum could be used to obtain information about the structure of a deterministic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]