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• Novel association between OXTR gene and impulsivity shown by gene network approach. • SLC6A4 and serotoninergic synapse are the most central gene and path in impulsivity. • Oxytocin and GG genotype decreased commission error and increased inhibition. • Oxytocin and GG genotype resulted in lower impulsivity rate compared to GA and AA. • rs2254298 and G allele may modulate the function and expression of OXTR gene. Impulsivity includes hasty actions, social intrusiveness or premature decision-making. Neuropeptides like oxytocin alleviate haste and anxiety, and affect fear conditioning. However, no investigations have been done via gene-network based approach with cognitive and interventional genetic association studies to scrutinize the link between impulsive behavior and oxytocin. Here, interactive gene network and pathways associated with impulsivity were reconstructed, and serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and serotoninergic synaptic transmission were identified as the most central gene and pathway related to impulsivity. Young healthy males received intranasal oxytocin or placebo, and impulsivity was evaluated via go/no-go test. Test performance scores then were analyzed based on commission and omission errors, response inhibition and reaction time. Blood DNA was extracted and a 761 bp intronic region in oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene was amplified and sequenced using PCR-pyrosequencing. Employing Haploview, haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern among all SNPs in the target sequence were determined based on D′ and LOD values, and rs2254298 with the highest LD was indicated as the tag SNP. Oxytocin group and participants with GG genotype showed a significantly decreased commission error and increased inhibition. This means that oxytocin alleviated impulsive behavior, and subjects with GG genotype had lower rate of impulsivity than those with GA and AA genotypes. rs2254298 may modulate the function or expression of the OXTR gene, implying that G allele may increase the expression of OXTR gene compared to A allele. We suggest that intranasal oxytocin may notably moderate impulsive behavior and tendency to make hasty or premature decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High phenotypic and endophenotypic heritability of schizophrenia indicates substantial involvement of genetic elements in the occurrence of this disorder. Multiplicity of hypotheses about the genetic basis of schizophrenia pathogenesis suggests that there is still no integrated image from cellular and molecular infrastructure of this disorder. Here, we aimed to gain an integrated insight into the genetic basis of schizophrenia through gene set enrichment and network analysis to find the most important developmental stages/brain regions, chromosomal locations and metabolic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We investigated major mental disorders whose genetic bases are significantly overlapping with the schizophrenia gene set. Enrichment analyses uncovered 60 developmental stages/brain regions, 21 chromosomal hotspots and 16 pathways which are significantly associated with the found gene set. Our results demonstrated early mid-fetal/cortex as the most prominent developmental stage/brain region, chr16q22 as the most significant cytoband and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction as the most central pathway associated with schizophrenia. Further analyses revealed that autistic disorder has the most shared genes with schizophrenia. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinase-3 (MAPK3), calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A) genes are the most central genes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In addition to summarizing what has been found on schizophrenia-associated genes in an integrative holistic framework, our results may help identify principle schizophrenia-associated cellular and molecular infrastructures, and provide support for further investigation on potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for schizophrenia. Unlabelled Image • Chr16q22 is the most significant cytoband associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). • Early mid-fetal/cortex is the most prominent stage/brain region associated with SCZ. • Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction is the most central pathway related to SCZ. • Autism spectrum disorder has the most shared genes with SCZ. • MAPK3, CACNA1C, SLC6A4 and HTR2A are the most central genes in pathogenesis of SCZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of VLSI circuits, addition and multiplication are the most pivotal operators in arithmetic units. In this regard, this work aims to propose an energy efficient 4:2 precise compressor utilizing 10 nm wrap gate CNTFET technology. The proposed compressor is constructed from 2 hybrids 14-transistors full adders. The proposed Gate All Around (GAA) CNTFET based full adder employs a hybrid XOR/XNOR logic structure to lower the transistor count and power consumption. After performing rigorous simulations, we have demonstrated that the proposed GAA CNTFET based full adder and 4:2 compressor depict 175.3 nW and 308.5 nW power consumption respectively along with superior propagation delay response (4.4 ps and 10.57 ps respectively) at a 0.5 V nominal supply voltage. Moreover, the proposed designs occupy a lower layout area (0.195 μm2 and 0.43 μm2 for the proposed full adder and 4:2 compressor respectively) compared to the other counterparts. Our results accentuate the application of the proposed GAA CNTFET based 4:2 precise compressor for ultra miniature microprocessing systems. • An energy efficient 4:2 precise compressor has been proposed based on 10 nm GAA CNTFET technology. • By utilizing ultra-compact 14T full adders, the proposed 4:2 precise compressor has only 28 transistors. • To reduce the transistor count in the proposed full adder, a hybrid XNOR/XOR gate with employing only 6 transistors has been demonstrated. • The main benefit of the proposed full adder and precise 4:2 compressor is the full-swing operation and elimination of unknown logic states at the outputs. • With a 0.5 V nominal power supply, the proposed full adder and 4:2 compressor consume 175.3 nW and 308.5 nW power with 4.4ps and 10.75ps delay response respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A digital fuzzy approach for image edge detection is proposed. • This method employs simple fuzzy rules for digital image edge detection. • Simple logic gates based on carbon nanotube transistor are used for implementation. • Delay and power are significantly reduced while a reasonable accuracy is provided. This study presents a novel digital fuzzy approach for image edge detection based on carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET). The proposed design employs a simple fuzzy rule for digital image edge detection. To investigate the functionality and performance of the proposed fuzzy approach, our results are compared with the MATLAB edge detection operators such as Sobel, Canny, and Prewitt. Based on the simulation results, we demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy approach can be implemented through nanoscale logic gates and provide a reasonable accuracy. The core element of the proposed fuzzy system, implemented with CNTFETs, occupies 0.22 µm2 layout area and consumes 535 nW power consumption. Our results also emphasize the benefits of the Gate-All-Around (GAA) CNTFETs as a potential candidate for nanoscale digital fuzzy image processing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel fully programmable membership function generator (MFG) based on carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). The proposed CNTFET-based MFG has full control over the output characteristics such as height, and position independently. The proposed design can produce four different membership functions only by calibrating the external control bias voltages. Moreover, two peripheral transmission gates are utilized to provide controllability over the slope of the generated membership functions in a wide range. The primary advantage of the proposed MFG compared to its counterparts is the ability to control the slope of the resulted membership functions entirely and separately using only two external bias voltages without the need for changing the device physical dimensions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design improves the power, delay, and layout area, on average by, 72%, 55%, and 33% as compared to the previous designs. Furthermore, the proposed MFG shows only 2.13% RMS error, and 5.65% maximum absolute error for the generated Gaussian trapezoidal membership function as compared to the ideal form. Our results certify that the proposed CNTFET-based MFG has the potential to be used as a promising platform for fuzzy inference systems in deep nanoscale technology nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Genetic association study showed a link between OXTR gene and risky decision-making. • Intranasal oxytocin and TT genotype increased net score in Iowa Gambling Task. • Intranasal oxytocin and TT genotype did not change total time in Iowa Gambling Task. • Intranasal oxytocin and TT genotype lowered risky decisions compared to CT and CC. • rs2254295 and T allele may modulate the function of OXTR gene in decision-making. The oxytocinergic system influences attentional bias towards emotional cues and feedback-based learning. Considering a tag single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found through analysis of an intronic haplotype in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene, we investigated the effect of oxytocin on risky decision-making via the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Young healthy males received intranasal oxytocin or placebo, and the IGT was performed where raw scores, net scores and total time were recorded, and ratio of advantageous to disadvantageous choices was calculated. Using PCR-pyrosequencing, a 761 bp target sequence in the OXTR gene was amplified and sequenced after the extraction of whole blood DNA. Employing Haploview, haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern among all 14 SNPs in the intronic region were determined based on D′ and LOD values, and rs2254295 with the highest LD was indicated as the tag SNP. GTT was shown to have the highest frequency among the found haplotypes. Oxytocin group and participants with the TT genotype demonstrated a significantly increased raw score, net score and advantageous choices, whereas the total time was not influenced remarkably. This means that oxytocin significantly reduced the risk taking in decision-making, and participants with the TT genotype had less premature or risky decisions than those with the CT and CC genotypes. rs2254295 may modulate the function or expression of the OXTR gene, implying that T allele may increase the expression of the OXTR gene compared to C allele. We suggest that oxytocin may remarkably moderate the risk attitude and its consequences during uncertain decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]