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In Canadian remote oil sites, natural gas extracted with the bitumen is flared or vented, impacting on the environment. Providing a pipeline network to recover the gas is unaffordable in most cases. Here we propose the economic framework of an innovative process to recover the gas, based on pyrolysis at T = 1223 K and P = 0.1 MPa, performed in situ. Part of produced hydrogen combusts to sustain the process, while solid carbon is sold. We conceptualised and simulated in Aspen Plus two process alternatives. In configuration 1, the remaining part of hydrogen is sent to a gas turbine, where it burns to produce electricity. In configuration 2, the unburnt hydrogen is purified and sold. Both configurations reduce CO 2 emissions by more than 92 % compared to flaring. Both configurations produce a profit over 10 years, being their IRR above 20 % and payback time below 3.5 y. • Flaring and venting natural gas contribute to 1.7 % of Canada's global emissions. • Methane pyrolysis is a promising technology to abate oil sector's emissions. • We present techno-economics and sensitivity analysis of two process alternatives. • Turquoise H 2 sustains energetically the process that produces carbon, to be sold. • Emissions compared to the flaring scenario are reduced by over 90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The North-South gap of China has widened in recent decades. • This paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer and its impact on emissions. • The North-South transfer aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions across regions in China. • The spillover effect is the dominant path behind the impact of the transfer. In recent years, the gap between the north and the south of China has been expanding, showing a decreasing proportion of value-added and an increasing proportion of carbon emissions in the north of China, and vice versa in the south of China. Based on the most recent inter-provincial input-output table of China in 2012 and 2017, this paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer of manufacturing, quantified its impact on regional carbon emissions, and decomposed the path of impacts. The results suggest that the North-South industrial transfers of China during 2012-2017 indeed aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions in the north and the south of China. Further explorations of path decompositions show that the spillover effect through production linkages is the major path where industrial transfer influences regional carbon emissions, particularly in the north of China. The results provide insightful policy implications for the achievement of carbon emissions reduction targets in China as well as the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a sustainable future, the adoption of renewable energies is crucial. The uneven global distribution of renewable energy necessitates efficient cross-border transportation methods. This study proposes an electricity-hydrogen-methanol-hydrogen-electricity system that utilizes methanol (MeOH) as a renewable energy carrier, facilitating the transport of green energy across borders. Our approach includes Aspen Plus plantwide simulation of MeOH synthesis, MeOH reforming, H 2 /CO 2 separation and purification, and CO 2 liquefaction processes. We evaluate each process's material balance, energy consumption, and economic evaluation, encompassing water electrolysis, MeOH/CO 2 transportation, and fuel cells electricity generation. Our calculations of current, near future and sustainable future scenarios demonstrate that 10.3–8.5 MWh e of green electricity is required for electrolyzing water to produce 0.196 tonnes of hydrogen, which is then used for synthesizing MeOH (1 tonne). The imported MeOH is reformed in the importing country, recovering 94 % of hydrogen (0.184 tonnes), contributing 2.0–2.9 MWh e of electricity to the grid. The solar and wind supply chains have the CO 2 emissions of 575-365 kg/MWh e and 385-257 kg/MWh e respectively. The cost ranges of imported renewable electricity, MeOH and H 2 vary depending on the price of exporting renewable electricity, the capital costs, and the operating efficiencies of electrolyzers and fuel cells. These factors contribute to USD 494-106/MWh e for renewable electricity, USD 684-201/t for MeOH and USD 5,199-1,993/t for H 2 in the importing countries. [Display omitted] • A MeOH-based international renewable energy supply chain is proposed and evaluated. • Exporters synthesize MeOH using green H 2 and captured CO 2 for long-distance transport. • Importers reform MeOH to generate power with H 2 fuel cells. • CO 2 from MeOH reforming is captured and returned to exporters for MeOH synthesis. • Cost of imported renewable electricity and H 2 are USD 494-106/MWh e and 5.2–2.0/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous SiC fibres have received widespread attention in the field of aero-engines due to their excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance. Free carbon is one of the main factors affecting the oxidation behaviour of SiC fibres, but its role and influence are still unclear. The oxidation behaviour of two types of SiC fibres with similar oxygen contents and crystallite sizes but different carbon-silicon ratios was investigated in this study. Free carbon did not significantly influence strength retention, but positively affected elastic modulus retention. The oxidised carbon-rich SiC fibres exhibited a thinner, smoother, and denser oxide scale. The oxidation rate of the carbon-rich fibres was lower than that of near-stoichiometric fibres after oxidising at 1200 °C. The oxidation activation energies of both were 170.44 ± 15.80 and 234.45 ± 24.94 kJ/mol, respectively. Free carbon can inhibit oxidation scale crystals at the beginning of oxidation while promoting crystallisation scale as oxidation intensifies. The oxidation scale crystals of carbon-rich fibres are mainly controlled by the interface, whereas those of near-stoichiometric fibres are mainly controlled by diffusion. A stress expansion zone was formed at the interface of the oxidised SiC fibres. Free carbon can enhance the internal stress of the stress expansion zone, resulting in lower residual compressive stress on the surface of carbon-rich SiC fibres. These results are significant for improving the oxidation resistance of SiC fibres by retaining free carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high purine diet could result in the increase of the level of blood uric acid, causing serious health problems such as hyperuricemia, gout, nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases. To find out a safe, cheap and super adsorption material for removing purines in stomach or pretreating high-purine beverages, we used different tissues of pomelo peel to prepare biomass carbon by drying, chemical modification and carbonization and then applied it to remove purine compounds in strong acidic solution, beer and soybean milk. The characteristic analysis of pomelo-peel-derived carbons (PPCs) indicated that the preparation methods significantly affected the structures and adsorption capacities of PPCs. Compared with the biomass carbon derived from bamboo, PPCs exhibited higher adsorption capabilities for purine compounds in strong acidic solution (adsorption rates > 99% in 15 min) and soybean milk (adsorption rates > 56% in 30 min) but slightly lower adsorption capabilities in beer (adsorption rates > 52% in 30 min). In addition, the adsorption capabilities of PPCs for purine compounds in beer and soybean milk were not obviously affected by temperatures. Therefore, PPCs are promising absorbents for applications in removing purine compounds from beverages to produce low-purine, healthier products for treating hyperuricemia. The strong adsorption capabilities of PPCs on purine compounds in strong acidic environment also provides a possibility of using the PPCs as food additives for removing purines in stomach for healthcare applications such as gout prevention after confirming their biosafety. [Display omitted] • The structures of PPCs were significantly affected by the preparation methods. • PPCs showed superior ability for removing purines in strong acidic solution than EBBC. • PPCs showed higher adsorption ability for purines in high-purine beverages than EBBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A field study for active aeration landfills was conducted at three landfill sites. • The MCF values under aerobic conditions were lower than the default value of 0.4. • The F default value of 0.5 for active aeration landfills was not suitable. • One-third of organic carbon converted to gas was due to anaerobic decomposition. Understanding the behavior of organic carbon in municipal solid waste landfills is a major challenge for estimating methane (CH 4) emissions using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) first-order decay (FOD) model. According to the IPCC guidelines, the default values of CH 4 correction factor (MCF) and fraction of CH 4 (F) for active aeration landfills are set as 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. However, whether it is reasonable to apply the default values of MCF and F to active aeration landfills is questionable. This study aims to estimate the MCF and develop a method to determine the F value for active aeration landfills. In this investigation, three landfill sites were operated as active aeration landfills to estimate the MCF and the F. The study results indicate that MCF values were lower than the default value of 0.4 provided in the IPCC guidelines under aerobic conditions with a CH 4 concentration of less than 5%. According to the carbon balance analyses, there was a mismatch between the theoretical CH 4 /CO 2 ratio based on the F default value of 0.5 and the measured CH 4 /CO 2 ratio. Using the F calculation method proposed in this study, the theoretical CH 4 /CO 2 ratio and the measured CH 4 /CO 2 ratio was calculated equally. The F values during air injection ranged from 0.25 to 0.93 at three landfill sites, suggesting that adapting the F default value of 0.5 for active aeration landfills may lead to significant errors in the estimation of CH 4 emissions using the IPCC FOD model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important chemical intermediate, the synthesis process of 1,4-butanediol is still energy-intensive and seriously polluting the environment. It is necessary to study its high efficiency and energy saving. The two step synthesis process of 1,4-butanediol: (1) ethynylation of formaldehyde reaction and separation, (2) hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol reaction and separation are simulated. A sequential iterative optimization method is used to optimize the whole process of 1,4-butanediol production to obtain the best parameters which achieve the minimum annual total cost. In order to further explore the energy-saving process, the heat integration technology is introduced on the basis of the common process, and the annual total cost of the process is reduced by 28.30%. In addition, the exergy efficiency and environmental impact of common process and heat integration process are compared. The results showed that the exergy efficiency of the heat integration process is increased by 6.67% and the CO 2 , SO 2 and NO X emission is reduced by 32.48%, 32.48% and 62.01% compared with the common process. Through the comprehensive analysis of the economy, exergy and environment of synthesis processes, it has important reference significance for the synthesis of 1,4-butanediol in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are the largest pool of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and are important for climate change mitigation. By analyzing the carbon sequestration process of forest ecosystem, the carbon sequestration amount of forest can be modeled as a nonlinear function, and the mechanism of forest carbon sequestration can be discussed on this basis. The research first introduced the relevant theories of forest carbon sequestration, followed by the preparation of the visualization system construction based on the research area and data sources, and then the construction of the visualization system, and finally carried out the simulation verification. The results show that the system is effective and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact assessment of alkaline pretreatment on bioplastics methanization via BMP. • The methanization rate of tested bioplastics was improved by alkaline pretreatment. • Carbon solubilization due to pretreatment and methanization were material dependent. • PLA and the PLA/PCL blend were only mesophilically digested when pretreated. The effect of alkali-based pretreatment on the methanization of bioplastics was investigated. The tested bioplastics included PHB [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)], PHBH [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)], PHBV [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate], PLA (polylactic acid), and a PLA/PCL [poly(caprolactone)] 80/20 blend. Prior to methanization tests, the powdered polymers (500–1000 μm) at a concentration of 50 g/L were subjected to alkaline pretreatment using NaOH 1 M for PLA and PLA/PCL, and NaOH 2 M for PHB-based materials. Following 7 days of pretreatment, the amount of solubilized carbon for PLA and its blend accounted for 92–98% of the total initial carbon, while lower carbon recoveries were recorded for most PHB-based materials (80–93%), as revealed by dissolved total organic carbon analysis. The pretreated bioplastics were then tested for biogas production by means of mesophilic biochemical methane potential tests. Compared to unpretreated PHBs, methanization rates of pretreated PHBs were accelerated by a factor of 2.7 to 9.1 with comparable (430 NmL CH 4 /g material feed) or slightly lower (15% in the case of PHBH) methane yields, despite featuring a 1.4–2.3 times longer lag phases. Both materials, PLA and the PLA/PCL blend, were only extensively digested when pretreated, yielding about 360–380 NmL CH 4 per gram of material fed. Unpretreated PLA-based materials showed nearly zero methanization under the timeframe and experimental conditions tested. Overall, the results suggested that alkaline pretreatment can help to enhance the methanization kinetics of bioplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon isotope record of the Western Anabar Uplift lacks BACE excursion. • Central Taymyr and basement of Siberian Platform as clastic sources in late Ediacaran. • Evidence of Ediacaran–Cambrian rift-related magmatism at the northeastern Siberia. The Terreneuvian strata of the Anabar Uplift (northern Siberian Platform) represent one of the reference sections for the periodization of the Early Cambrian geological record and global correlation. The age of the underlying Staraya Rechka Formation remains unclear due to a lack of biostratigraphic data, equivocal carbon isotope record and controversial geochronological age constraints. Herein we present the detailed chemostratigraphic (carbonate carbon isotope analysis) and geochronological (U-Pb analysis of detrital zircons) study of the Staraya Rechka Formation in the Western Anabar Uplift. Our data reveal that this evaporite-associated carbonate succession accumulated in the terminal Ediacaran within 550–540 Ma and is unconformably overlapped by the Nemakit-Daldyn Formation no older than 537 Ma. Hence, the carbonate isotope record of the Western Anabar Uplift lacks the BACE isotope excursion. At the beginning of the accumulation of the Staraya Rechka Formation, the clastic material in the paleobasin was derived from the Central Taymyr Fold Belt and crystalline basement of the Siberian Platform. In contrast, detrital zircons in the upper Staraya Rechka and basal Nemakit-Daldyn formations mostly originate from the rift magmatism that occurred in the northeastern Siberian Platform around the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) will play one of the major roles in eradicating the contributions of industrialized countries to climate change and reaching net zero goals. CCUS clusters, where several industrial facilities create a network of emitters and share CO 2 transport and storage infrastructure, can provide strategic benefits for developing carbon management technologies. This work contributes to the assessment of CO 2 capture and transport infrastructure in terms of energy penalties and carbon footprints and enables a targeted improvement of the CCUS cluster sequencing process. In particular, the objective of this simulation-based study was to facilitate the identification of the technical and environmental characteristics of capture plants and pipeline networks for power, industrial and hydrogen projects, as part of cluster sequencing competition. To this end, a net energy analysis was used to assess the energy cost/benefit ratio of power decarbonisation projects, while carbon return on investment analysis provided results for emissions of carbon capture infrastructure in industrial and hydrogen decarbonisation projects, enabling the identification of the priority network elements for achieving the expected decarbonisation outcome. The hydraulic modeling approach and the results of the steady-state simulation of the pipeline network were used for the extension of the boundaries of the net energy analysis and taking into account the effect of transport infrastructure. Two case studies covering the Polish CCUS landscape are presented, the first related to the power sector and the second to industrial and hydrogen decarbonisation projects. The studies include preliminary sizing of capture plants and pipeline transport infrastructure, based on the assumption of the offshore storage site (or receiving terminal) in the Baltic Sea. The network has a tree structure and consists of 81 branches, 50 sending nodes, 3 compressor stations and one receiving node in the storage site location. The emission sources are coal- and natural gas-fired power plants, refineries, cement and fertilizer plants. The results show that the energy return on energy invested ratio of potential carbon capture projects in Polish energy market ranges from 8.3:1 to 14.7:1, while the carbon return on carbon invested ratio of industrial carbon capture projects ranges from 4.1:1 to 12.9:1. Therefore, the modeling framework incorporating net energy and net carbon analysis provides criteria for the evaluation of CO 2 sources that facilitate cluster sequencing programs and support future CCUS deployment. [Display omitted] • Managing the CCUS cluster sequencing process with net energy and net carbon analysis. • Hydraulic modeling used for the extension of the boundaries of net energy analysis. • Identification of priority connections to the CO 2 pipeline network. • Case studies covering power, industrial and hydrogen decarbonisation projects. • Shared CCS infrastructure reduces energy penalties and increases carbon benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs) are considered to be one of the key nanomaterials for novel sensors and detection platforms. While the limitations, including long synthesis cycles and complex data handling, still remain. The machine learning (ML), a powerful tool in accelerating analysis and optimizing results, exhibits elevated precision and generalizability, assumes a pivotal role when integrated with CDs. This review summarizes the recent advancements in ML-assisted CDs technologies, encompassing synthesis and analysis. It provides insight into model architecture, where traditional models are used for spectroscopy classification and quantification, while ensemble learning and neural networks improve modelling accuracy. Additionally, interspersed models and density functional theory (DFT) are integrated as needed. Paving the way for the application of ML in the synthesis, analysis, optimization, and elaboration of CDs. Lastly, the challenges and future prospects of the combination are described. [Display omitted] • The synthesis and analysis of carbon dots using machine learning were investigated. • The advantages of machine learning in extraction and classify were demonstrated. • The importance of machine learning in data analysis and optimization in carbon dots were emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dolostone-dominated Cambrian Jialao Formation was deposited in the south-eastern Guizhou Province. The scarcity of fossils severely limits the use of biostratigraphy for the division and correlation of dolostone strata. The Balang and Wuhe sections were selected as the study objects, and 129 whole rock samples were collected for isotopic analyses of carbon and oxygen. The results show that: (1) The δ13C carb values of the Balang and Wuhe sections range from −4.77 ‰ to 0.56 ‰ and − 4.88 ‰ to 1.08 ‰, respectively. Furthermore, the DICE has been identified in the lower part of the Loushanguan Formation in the Balang section and the upper part of the Jialao Formation in the Wuhe section. (2) The sections of this study demonstrate a high degree of correlation with the contemporaneous strata of different continents. Although the amplitude of the DICE in this study is relatively weak (0.73 ‰ and 1.79 ‰, respectively), it is considered that the recognition of the DICE in this study is reliable, based on the characteristics of the DICE reported worldwide and the biostratigraphy done by predecessors in the contemporaneous strata. (3) By observing sections deposited in different sedimentary facies where the DICE has been identified, it was found that there is an 'M'-shaped δ13C carb excursion under the DICE, which may be one of the pieces of evidence identifying the DICE. Furthermore, the results suggest that the Jialao Formation could be a diachronous unit from the Wuliuan to the Drumian. The identification of the DICE not only indicates that the Jialao Formation has significant value and potential for stratigraphic correlation, but also provides a reference for correlating other strata with few or no fossils from the same period. [Display omitted] • The δ13C carb chemostratigraphy in this study exhibit a high degree of correlation with the contemporaneous strata of different continents. • The DICE has been identified from the Loushanguan Formation in the Balang section and the Jialao Formation in the Wuhe section. • The Jialao Formation could be a diachronous unit from the Wuliuan to the Drumian. • The 'M'-shaped variation under the DICE could be one of the pieces of evidence identifying the DICE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid economic growth in China has caused a considerable rise in carbon emissions, posing major challenges to sustainable development. Traditional carbon emission analysis methods are limited to provide insights and projections for specific regions. Moreover, traditional methods usually require extensive data and complex operations, which restricts their practical application by policymakers. This study constructs a Carbon Emission Synergistic Development System (CESDS) framework, integrating an accounting model, a decomposition method, a System Dynamics model, and a decision-making method, for optimizing China's development paths. This study projects that China's carbon emissions will peak at 12.193 billion tons CO 2 by 2030, subsequently decreasing to 8.224 billion tons by 2050. Carbon emission intensity is expected to reduce from 3.1774 tCO 2 /104 RMB in 2000 to 0.3558 tCO 2 /104 RMB in 2050. Energy intensity changes have the most substantial impact on mitigating CO 2 emissions. The optimal development path for China from 2025 to 2050 is identified, supported by policy recommendations on energy transition, social progress, and environmental protection. The CESDS framework offers a practical and accurate tool for regional carbon emission analysis and policy formulation. The implementation of CESDS can assist cities, regions, and countries in making a substantial contribution to global sustainable development initiatives. • A four-stage framework is proposed to manage regional carbon emissions. • Regional heterogeneity is analyzed in dynamic scenarios to make long-term forecasts. • An entropy-based approach evaluates synergy in carbon emission systems. • Optimal pathway and policy recommendations support China's carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ingenious ejector-integrated organic Rankine cycle-based combined cooling, heating, and power generation system (ERORC-CCHP) is proposed to empower rural habitats and make them self-sustainable owing to the difficulties of providing grid power. For this, comprehensive energy, exergy, economic, and carbon footprint analyses of the proposed system are carried out to examine the impact of operating conditions with six ORC-compatible and environment-friendly zero or nearly-zero ODP refrigerants, namely R600a, R245fa, R236fa, R1233zd, R124, and R142b. The variation in thermodynamic performance is assessed across a broad range of evaporator, condenser, and boiler temperatures and turbine first-stage expansion pressure. The findings of evaporator and condenser temperatures indicate that R124 and R142b attain the highest cooling efficiency, heat recovery ratio, overall system's COP, and economic efficiency, while R1233zd achieves higher power and exergy efficiencies. However, R1233zd is not recommended for higher condenser temperatures. Similarly, the environmental impact of R124 and R142b is a major concern due to their higher total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) values. Whereas, R124 and R600a exhibit the lowest life cycle environmental impact potentials. Meanwhile, maximum cooling, heating, and power capacities with refrigeration COP and minimal TEWI are achieved with R600a. Further investigation with R600a establishes maximum second law efficiencies of 52.76 % at a turbine first-stage expansion pressure of 11.35 bar. A combined energy and exergy flow diagram showcases that the turbine produces 15.7 kW of power, accounting for 45.64 % of the system's total exergy input, while the boiler and ejector together destroy 12.3 kW (35.61 %). • Assessed energy-exergy enactment of ejector-integrated ORC-CCHP with 6 refrigerants. • Explored effect of boiler, condenser saturation states with two-stage expansions. • Observed higher cooling, heating and power capacities with R600a than other fluids. • Noted COP ref , COP system , exergy efficiency, carbon footprint across each component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The novel PEtOx/PDDA-Mt were synthesized by intercalation. • Hydration properties were investigated. • PEtOx-Mts exhibit a more hydrophobic nature compared to PDDA-Mts. The novel functionalized montmorillonites (Mts) with non-ionic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) were created via an intercalation method with different loading ratio of both polymers. A comprehensive investigation into their physicochemical properties was conducted using Carbon analysis (CA), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) and BET-N 2 adsorption analysis. The impact of hydration on PEtOx-Mts and PDDA-Mts was assessed through gravimetric analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) spectroscopy. PXRD analysis revealed a significant increase in 001 diffraction of PDDA-Mt corresponding to a PDDA interlayer with a basal spacing ranging from 1.47 to 1.49 nm. Conversely, the basal spacing exceeding 2 nm for PEtOx suggested, that the PEtOx polymer was intercalated in a larger amount and packed in a less compact manner compared to PDDA. After modification of Na-Mt with PEtOx polymer, FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the carbonyl C O group (3265 and 1641 cm-1) and the stretching (2982, 2942 and 2883 cm-1) and bending (1480–1200 cm-1) vibrations of the CH 2 and CH 3 groups. The vibrations of CH groups were further verified following PDDA modification. NIR spectroscopy also confirmed the vibrational bands attributed to both modifiers after intercalation of PEtOx and PDDA. The results of BET-N 2 adsorption revealed a significant decrease in the specific surface area (SSA) after intercalation with a non-ionic PEtOx polymer. On the contrary, in the case of saturation of Na-Mt with polycation PDDA, SSA increased slightly in two instances. TGA analysis confirmed greater weight loss for PEtOx-Mts compared to PDDA-Mts. Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) revealed the release of physisorbed bound water around 100 °C, decomposition of the organic phase within the 250–550 °C range and dehydroxylation of OH groups around 550–800 °C in both cases. The results obtained from the gravimetry and NIR analysis indicated a greater hydrophobic nature for PEtOx-Mts compared to PDDA-Mts. These findings hold substantial potential for enhancing the properties of novel organo-montmorillonites, thereby facilitating their application as adsorbents for pollutants, surface coatings, biodegradable materials, fillers in polymer nanocomposites, drug carriers, anticancer agents and various other significant applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon (HC) has emerged as the most promising anode material for the sodium ion battery because high theoretical capacity and cost-effective properties. However, unsatisfactory specific capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) significantly impede its further advancement. Moreover, the correlation between the microstructure and electrochemical performance has been not thoroughly elaborated. Here, a straightforward approach to regulate the closed nanopore and defect structure in the hard carbon matrix by adjusting the pyrolysis temperatures. Higher pyrolysis temperature will promote the growth of a long carbon chain and further fold and shrink generating more closed nanopores, which was beneficial to improve the Na+ plateau capacity. The long-range ordered turbostratic graphite domain structure should be avoided, as it can lead to a reduction in reversible capacity. Through detailed analysis of the hard carbon microstructure evolution and electrochemical performance, the relationship of which has been established. Simultaneously, the optimized hard carbon pyrolyzed at 1500 °C displays a remarkable reversible specific capacity of 338 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C with a high ICE of 87%. Based on the detailed analysis, a microstructure-dependent mechanism 'adsorption-intercalation-filling' was proposed for a comprehensive understanding of the sodium ion storage behavior. More significantly, fabricated 18650 cylindrical batteries demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 1175 mAh at 0.1 C with outstanding cycle stability (82.9% after 225 cycles at 0.5 C), outperforming commercial hard carbon counterparts. Our work provides deep insight into the rational design of the hard carbon structure and provides the possibility of building practical SIBs with high performance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore defects formed during the impregnation and carbonization of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were investigated. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was used to analyze the pore characteristics of C/C composites during liquid-phase impregnation and carbonization (LIC), highlighting the pore structural evolution from impregnation to carbonization and the resultant porous morphology. The porosity, pore location, pore size, and pore shape of the samples were subjected to quantitative analysis. At the micro-scale within the fiber bundles, the pores exhibited an ellipsoidal and elongated shape. In the impregnated samples, the pores were all isolated, and the ellipsoidal and elongated pores accounted for the majority of the pores, but their volume accounted for less than 9 % of the total pore volume. At the macro-scale, pores were predominantly distributed along the surfaces of fiber bundles and between layers, representing the primary form of pore distribution. Analysis of the carbonized samples showed that elongated pores within fiber bundles extended along both the fiber depth and radial directions. Macroscopic pores between fiber bundles and layers extended along the fiber bundle surfaces. The carbonization process caused the micro- and macro-pore spaces to interconnect to form connected pores, which accounted for 79 % of the total pore volume, while the ellipsoidal and elongated pores in the isolated pores accounted for less than 18 % of the total pore volume, forming a porous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A series of long-chain alkyl naphthalene isomer pairs (LANs) are investigated. • Isotopic evidence suggests that LANs were geosynthesized compounds. • The formation of LANs and methylated naphthalenes may compete. • Reducing environment is favorable for the formation and preservation of LANs. A series of straight long-chain alkyl naphthalene isomer pairs (LANs) have been detected in the Upper Cretaceous lacustrine sediments of Nenjiang Formation (K 2 n1+2) in the Songliao Basin, and their distribution and carbon isotopic composition were investigated. The results indicate that the composition and distribution of LANs exhibit significant variations. The relative abundance of methyl- and dimethyl-naphthalenes shows a reciprocal correlation with that of LANs, increasing and declining in tandem. The δ13C composition of LANs varies from −24.6 ‰ to –32.6 ‰, with an average of −28.5 ‰, which is notably higher than that of n -alkanes, ranging from −31.9 ‰ to −34.5 ‰. The δ13C composition of methylnaphthalenes (MNs) ranges from −26.9 ‰ to −27.1 ‰, which is generally more positive than the average δ13C composition of LANs. Analysis of the carbon isotopic composition of n -alkanes, methylnaphthalenes, and the series of LANs, along with their distribution patterns, suggests the presence of multiple formation mechanisms. Specifically, the observed declining variation pattern of δ13C values for LANs along with the increasing carbon number of the alkyl chain may indicate a novel formation pathway. This pathway likely involves a direct reaction between 13C-enriched naphthalene and 13C-depleted straight long-alkyl chains during diagenesis. The relative abundance ratio of total methyl-substituted naphthalenes (ΣMNs) to the total LANs (ΣLANs), expressed as the ΣMNs/ΣLANs ratio, exhibits a profile variation that correlates with the profile changes of the Pr/Ph ratio, TOC content, and HI index. This correlation indicates that specific environmental conditions or source inputs, such as reduced sedimentary conditions or specific algal contributions, may be conducive to the formation of LANs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined SAXS-shear analysis of polymer nanocomposites for the first time between parallel plates is presented. This set-up allows investigating microstructural changes accompanying macroscopic rheological phenomena, such as the Payne effect. The latter is known to induce filler network destruction and subsequent flocculation when the shear strain amplitude is increased or decreased, respectively. First, a detailed SAXS analysis of the microstructure of carbon black in styrene-butadiene nanocomposites is applied to a series of increasing filler loading. The average size and mass of primary particles and small aggregates are estimated using a model of inter-aggregate polydisperse hard-sphere interactions. In a second time, the impact of a new geometry of the shear experiments with a horizontal X-ray beam passing through a disc-shaped nanocomposite on the SAXS pattern is analyzed in terms of sample heterogeneity (different positions), anisotropy (orientations), and sample thickness (transmission and heterogeneity). Application of our quantitative analysis shows that hot molding induces a slight anisotropy of the aggregate shapes into prolate ellipsoids oriented parallel to the rubber sheet. The Payne effect is then followed by scattering, surprisingly showing no modification of the intensity under oscillatory shear. Thus, the aggregate structure observed on the scale of standard SAXS is not broken up during Payne experiments, hinting at either an averaging effect over oscillation periods, or to the reorganization of large-scale agglomerate or network structures. [Display omitted] • In-situ rheo-SAXS experiments have been performed on nanocomposites under shear. • The Payne effect and subsequent reflocculation are shown to have no effect on SAXS curves. • The nanocomposites microstructure has been quantitatively described on the scale of aggregates. • Anisotropy observed by 2D-SAXS has been rationalized using an anisotropic aggregate model. • The effect of sample thickness on scattering has been shown to be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sedimentation rate was introduced for the first time as an evaluation indicator. • Novel CO 2 fixation strategy achieved 94.6 % sedimentation rate in 10 h. • Low-cost shells introduced as carbon supplement and pH stabilizer. • Pilot-scale cultivation under indoor and outdoor conditions. • Data quality was assessed by kinetics, economics, and carbon fixation analysis. A novel two-stage carbon sequestration strategy (3 % and 10 % CO 2) was developed and its feasibility was comprehensively demonstrated by multiple methods (pilot-scale cultivation, kinetics, economics and carbon fixation analysis). It was also a safe, efficient and low-cost harvesting strategy. At the end of the culture, astaxanthin production and content increased 2.3 and 2.2 times, respectively. Sedimentation rate (SR) was introduced for the first time to evaluate microalgae culture methods. The SR reached 82.2 % after 2 h of standing. Pilot-scale cultivation was achieved outdoors, with the optimal photobioreactor being a 40 L tubular photobioreactor (T-PBRs), which individually achieved 3.1 g/L and 2.3 % biomass and astaxanthin content. The maximum rate of carbon sequestration (227.9 mg/L/d) was observed in 40 L T-PBRs. The cost of producing 1 kg of astaxanthin-enriched Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) was only 17.5 USD. This study brings new perspectives to carbon sequestration and the development of astaxanthin markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of chiral analytical methods for tyrosine enantiomers, characterized by superior recognition performance and selectivity, holds significant potential for application in the biochemical and biomedical domains associated with tyrosine. Herein, a straightforward and effective strategy for tyrosine enantiomers identification and purity analysis by chiral carbon dots (CDs) fluorescence sensor were reported. The chiral CDs were designed by using L-cysteine and 2,4-diaminophenol hydrochloride through a gentle one-step synthesis strategy at room temperature. The resulting chiral CDs exhibited completely different fluorescence response to L-tyrosine and D-tyrosine, that is, L-tyrosine could enhance the fluorescence of the chiral CDs, but D-tyrosine made no difference. The fluorescent differential recognition factor for enantiomers was as high as 23.2, which was the highest be achievement to our best knowledge so far. The varying discriminatory capabilities of chiral CDs towards tyrosine enantiomers were also applicable to HeLa cells. To confirm the recognition mechanism of chiral CDs to tyrosine enantiomers, the chiral CDs-modified SiO 2 stationary phase were synthesized and applied to separate the tyrosine enantiomers in reverse-phase HPLC mode. Furthermore, density functional theory was combined with the fluorescence spectroscopy and chromatographic results to verify that the recognition ability was related to the difference of weak interaction energy and Gibbs free energy between the precursor molecule of the chiral CDs and the tyrosine enantiomers. This cost-effective and highly selectivity assay not only provided a valuable tool for tyrosine enantiomers identification and purity analysis, but also delivered an important reference for the recognition and purity identification of other chiral drugs. [Display omitted] • Chiral fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were quickly prepared at room temperature. • Chiral CDs were used to distinguish between tyrosine enantiomers. • Chiral CDs modified SiO 2 was prepared to verify the chiral differentiation mechanism. • DFT was applied to confirm the chiral differentiation mechanism. • Chiral CDs were utilized for the nanobiological imaging of tyrosine enantiomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve carbon neutrality, the collaborative involvement of various entities, such as nations, regions, and industries plays a crucial role. As a valuable tool to undertake macro-level research on carbon emissions, input-output analysis can provide insights and references to formulate effective policies and measures for carbon reduction. Therefore, 1156 carbon emission studies based on the input-output method were critically reviewed in this study. Meanwhile, the bibliometric method was employed to analyze the number of studies, academic influence and collaborative networks of countries, institutions and journals, as well as cluster analysis of keywords. The findings show a significant increase in the number of papers in this field, China, the USA, and the UK emerged as the most influential countries in this field. Apart from quantitative analysis, this study incorporates a qualitative analysis of the literature from the perspectives of research objects and research methods. It is observed that, carbon footprint inequality and embodied carbon transfer of trade receive a lot of attention. In addition, and there are still gaps remain in the research of carbon emission at city level and emerging industries. There is an urgent need to improve the comprehensiveness and refinement of carbon emission related research based on IO model. This paper proposes future research directions in data, topics, methods and application of research results. This helps to explore future research agenda, to formulate carbon emission reduction policies, and to promote the global carbon neutrality process. [Display omitted] • Combining quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze carbon emissions research. • Analyzing applicability of different methods in combination with IO model. • Multi-methods studies to explore carbon emission are trends in this field. • Research gaps still exist in carbon emission at city level and emerging industries. • Mechanism to apply research findings to policy making process needs attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A systematic analysis of riverine carbon transport was performed. • 1,592 documents in total from 1997 to 2023 were analyzed. • In the future, the index quantification, scaling algorithms, and modeling framework of RCFs should be further investigated. Rivers are critical conduits of transporting and transforming carbon from land to coastal margins. Accurate estimates of the riverine carbon fluxes (RCFs) are crucial in assessing global carbon budget. Recently, a growing number of research has been conducted in this field. However, there still lacks a systematic analysis concerning the emerging, development, current status, and future trends of RCFs in existing studies. To identify the major characteristics and evolution of the research on RCFs, this study adopts a bibliometric method to analyze the publications retrieved from Web of Science during 1997–2023. The information related to journals, collaboration, keywords, and research evolution is statistically analyzed and scientifically visualized through R studio, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace. Findings indicate that a total of 1,592 documents from 368 different journals related to RCFs have been published by 7,035 researchers affiliated with 2,019 institutes from 95 countries. Research on RCFs has sharply increased since 2009, with an average annual publication number of 115. Around 45% of the total publications are attributed to the research categories of Environmental Science, and the most productive journal, country, institute, and author are Science of the Total Environment , the USA, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Worral from Durham University, respectively. The analysis of keywords demonstrates that current study on RCFs mainly focus on monitoring the fluxes of multiple forms of carbon in the fluvial systems, modeling the fluxes of riverine carbon at larger scales, elaborating the complex biogeochemical processes of riverine carbon transport. Future research should further investigate the index quantification, scaling algorithms, and modeling framework of RCFs. This study contributes to holistically understanding the evolution and prevailing trends in the field of RCFs, and better constraining the carbon budgets at the regional or global scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon isotopic analysis has been challenging our ideas about hominin diet for nearly 30 years. The first study in 1994 revealed that Paranthropus robustus from South Africa consumed principally C 3 foods (e.g., tree fruits and leaves) but also about 25% C 4 /CAM resources (e.g., tropical grasses and sedges). This result was largely consistent with morphological and dental microwear evidence suggesting P. robustus had a diet which included hard objects like nuts and seeds. Decades later, however, P. boisei from eastern Africa was shown to have eaten nearly 80% C 4 /CAM plants like the contemporaneous grass-eating primate Theropithecus. Moreover, dental microwear revealed no evidence of hard object consumption in P. boisei , suggesting a diet of tough foods such as grass or sedge leaf and stem. So Paranthropus presents us with two central problems: 1) Why do dietary proxies suggest different diets for the two robust australopiths despite their morphological congruity; and 2) How could P. boisei have consumed tough foods with teeth that seem unsuited to the task. Here we review these questions and more with a particular focus on new isotopic data from the Omo and insights that can be gleaned from mammals outside the haplorrhine primates. We argue that extant Primates do not capture the ecomorphological diversity of P. boisei and other extinct primates and should not narrowly circumscribe the behaviors we ascribe to extinct taxa. We also discuss possible digestive strategies for P. boisei in light of its morphology, dietary proxy data, food mechanical properties, and comparative data on mammalian digestive kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of smart cities has a significant impact and involves many aspects. This article collects data from prefecture-level cities from 2009 to 2019 and explores the impact of smart city construction on carbon emissions through the staggered DID. Research has shown that the implementation of smart cities can reduce carbon emissions and improve the urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen and carbon isotope data from Natural Trap Cave provides insights into the environmental conditions of the Bighorn Basin, in north-central Wyoming, USA during the time intervals 151.1 to 132.2 cal ka BP, 51.8 to 17.4 cal ka BP, and 10.4 cal ka BP to present. Similarities between the buildup of the penultimate and last glacial maxima include abundant Artemisia, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae pollen, which, when combined with high δ13C values (>−25.0‰) and low plant discrimination values (18.0–19.0‰) from sedimentary organic matter, indicate steppe-like, cold-dry conditions. Between 151 and 142.5 cal ka BP, abundant Poaceae associated with much lower δ13C values (−28.0‰ to −26.0‰) and higher plant discrimination values (19.0‰–21.0‰) could be indicative of relatively wet summers. Similarly, after 25 cal ka BP increases in Poaceae may indicate wet conditions during the growing season. Holocene conditions differ from the earlier sections of the record, with greater arboreal pollen abundance (i.e., Pinus), consistent with woodland expansion in the region. Carbon isotope data from sedimentary organic matter show the Holocene was more humid than the glacial conditions of the late Pleistocene. This is especially clear at the start of the Holocene when a large negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE, < −28.0‰) occurred, providing a distinct chemostratigraphic marker defining the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary within these cave sediments. The association of this CIE with a pronounced spike in Pinus pollen supports an interpretation of a short-lived interval (<1000 years) of extremely warm, wet, forested conditions at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of distillation waste derived heterogeneous catalyst. • Physicochemical studies of catalyst by TGA-DSC, XRD, XPS, SEM techniques. • Optimization, E – factor and Recyclability studies. • High glycerol conversion with major selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. • Efficient transesterification of glycerol with high TOF through a cleaner and greener route. Biodiesel prices could be made competitive with petrol-diesel prices by valorizing its by-product glycerol. Glycerol carbonate can be derived from glycerol and is one of the widely needed chemical having high price and its extensive application in different industrial purposes. Glycerol carbonate can be synthesized via many routes; among them catalytic route gives promising activity and selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. For the first time, Ni modified distillation waste (CaO) derived heterogeneous catalyst Ni/CaO (NDW) was synthesized and utilized for the conversion of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC). The catalyst's physicochemical properties were studied by performing TGA-DSC, XRD, FT-IR, SEM- EDAX, HRTEM, and basicity through Hammet indicator. Through NDW, solvent-free synthesis of glycerol carbonate was achieved using glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as reactants upon conventional heating (90 °C). The validation of the synthesized product was performed through proton and carbon NMR analysis. In addition to this, HR-MS was performed to check the composition of the product formed. A plausible mechanism for the transesterification of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC) was also designed. Higher conversion (99.2%) and selectivity (95%) towards glycerol carbonate (GC) were achieved at mild reaction conditions, viz., 1:3 M ratio of glycerol to DMC, reaction temperature 90 °C, reaction duration of 90 min with catalyst dose of 300 mg. The green metric parameters were also calculated to show that the overall process is sustainable and the environment benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CoP/C microspheres are synthesized by using hydrothermal and phosphide treatment. • The CoP/C consists of ultrafine CoP nanoparticles embed in carbon microspheres. • The CoP/C can effectively adsorb polysulfides when as catalyst for LSBs. • The CoP/C can provide fast redox reaction for Li 2 S deposition and decomposition. This work presents the synthesis and analysis of porous carbon microspheres embedded with CoP nanoparticles (PCM/CoP) as electrocatalysts for lithium-sulfur batteries. The 3D porous structure of PCM/CoP with high surface area can effectively adsorb lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and relief volume expansion of S 8. Moreover, the CoP nanoparticles embed within the PCM ensures maximized exposure of catalytic sites and improved oxidation–reduction process of sulfur. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that PCM/CoP@S cathode exhibits high reversible capacity, long cycle stability, and excellent rate ability, leading it a promising candidate for Li-S battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate in situ carbon isotopic measurements of magnesium-rich carbonates using LA-MC-ICP-MS require effective correction for isobaric interference, particularly from doubly charged Mg ions that can induce δ13C deviations of several permil. This study focuses on optimizing gas parameters and developing robust correction strategies to improve the accuracy of δ13C measurements. Experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of nitrogen gas at a flow rate of 4–6 mL/min effectively doubles signal sensitivity while optimizing low helium (0.1–0.2 L/min) and high argon (1.0–1.1 L/min) flow rates enhances the signal-to-noise ratio and minimizes Mg2+ interference. Three correction approaches were evaluated: (1) simple peak stripping without mass bias correction, (2) peak stripping with mass bias correction using bracketed standards, and (3) iterative mass bias correction. The simple peak stripping approach is limited to samples with low Mg/C ratios (25Mg2+/12C+ ≤ 0.051 ‰). Bracketed standard calibration offers broader applicability but is affected by the instrumental mass bias factor (f Mg), with long-term variations between 1.37 and 1.92 leading to δ13C deviations up to ∼2.35 ‰. This method performs well for carbonates with 25Mg2+/12C+ ratios below 0.139 ‰, aligning closely with IRMS results, but introduces inaccuracies for dolomite and magnesite. The iterative correction approach yielded the most accurate δ13C values, consistent with IRMS results, with deviations within 0.38 ‰ and improved external reproducibility. This method negates the need for prior determination of f Mg , offering enhanced external reproducibility. Utilizing optimal gas flow conditions and iterative correction, spatial resolution of 90 μm was achieved, with external reproducibility of 0.52 ‰ (2SD), representing a marked improvement over previous analytical methods. [Display omitted] • Optimized gas flow improves signal-to-noise ratio and reduces Mg2+ interference, enhancing δ13C precision. • Iterative correction strategy offers the most accurate δ13C measurements. • First reported the δ13C measurements of rhodochrosite by LA-MC-ICP-MS. • Improved spatial resolution of C isotope determinations by 1.4–2.2 times with ±0.52 ‰ reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the differential cross-sections of the 12C(d, pγ 1-0)13C reaction channel at an angle of 90° have been measured in the 585–1993 keV range using thin targets. The validity the present differential cross sections is checked by a benchmarking experiment. The obtained results are compared with the existing ones from literature. The total uncertainty of cross-sections is estimated to be 9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic SIMS is often used to evaluate the concentration of impurities in solids because of its high sensitivity, depth profiling capabilities, good depth resolution, and high throughput. Continuous ion beam sputtering with a high-density primary beam provides high sensitivity and reduces the background contribution from residual gases within the analytical chamber. Dynamic SIMS experiments performed with several magnetic sector instruments using various sputtering rate conditions demonstrated a slow decrease of the carbon detection limit with the increase of sputtering rate (SR), when it was varied by changing the sputtering beam density. The dependence data, within the scatter limits, can be fit by a power function of SR with the exponent of about −1/2. The observed detection-limit-dependence curve is common for magnetic sector SIMS instruments, owing to contamination and the design of the analytical chamber. The depth resolution of light-element SIMS analysis (except for oxygen) performed using Cs+ sputtering is limited and cannot be improved by reducing the impact energy of the sputtering beam. A segregation-type depth profile with a long trailing edge was observed in the B, C, and N depth profiles when Cs+ sputtering was employed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. This effect is plausibly associated with preferential sputtering owing to the difference in the surface binding energy, along with the large difference in the mass of the interacting atoms within the collision cascade during sputtering. The depth resolution improved with surface oxidation when Cs + sputtering was combined with backfilling of the analytical chamber using O 2. The analytical chamber backfilled with oxygen can be sufficiently replaced with a very low-impact energy-focused oxygen beam, enabling simultaneous oxygen and cesium co-sputtering SIMS analysis. The practical feasibility of using a co-sputtering with focused Cs+ and O 2 + sputtering beams to achieve a high depth-resolution for carbon analysis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions was demonstrated. • A segregation-type depth profile with a long trailing edge was observed in the B, C, and N depth profiles when Cs+ sputtering was employed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. • The analytical chamber backfilled with oxygen can be sufficiently replaced with a low-impact energy focused oxygen beam, enabling simultaneous oxygen and cesium co-sputtering SIMS analysis. • The depth resolution improved with surface oxidation when Cs + sputtering was combined with backfilling of the analytical chamber using O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, epoxidized lignin (HL) and sebacic acid (HSA) were used as the hard and soft segments, respectively, and a kind of reactive coordinated phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardants (DTZ) was designed and synthesized via Zn2+ coordination to fabricate a multifunctional non-bisphenol A lignin based epoxy (EP) composite. The swelling behavior and morphological analysis demonstrated that the crosslinking density of EP increased significantly after adding HL and DTZ. The existence of coordination sacrificial bond of DTZ dissipated more energy when it was subjected to external forces, thereby making 80HSA/14HL/6DTZ maintained a high tensile strength (10.65 MPa) while having little damage to the elongation at break (30.74 %). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 80HSA/14HL/6DTZ was significantly higher than that of 100HSA (22.3 %), reaching 36.6 %, and the vertical combustion test (UL-94) reached V-0 level. The morphology of carbon layer and residual carbon analysis showed that HL and DTZ had synergistic effect, and the flame retardancy mechanism of gas phase and condensed phase existed in the combustion process. Simultaneously, the addition of HL and DTZ also endowed the EP composite with excellent corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties. [Display omitted] • An environmentally friendly non-bisphenol A epoxy resin was prepared. • DTZ was incorporated into crosslinking network as co-curing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition stemming from insufficient intake of essential micronutrients like calcium and potassium impacts over two billion individuals, comprising more than a quarter of the world's population. This study investigated energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of elemental composition, physicochemical and techno-functional properties (bulk density, water adsorption capacity, swelling capacity, and foaming capacity) of various flour samples produced from fonio grains and date fruit, through spontaneous fermentation and malting. The study also investigated the sensory attributes of Porridge made from the flour samples. Elemental composition analysis revealed carbon content ranged from 52.045% in MD to 52.885% in AD. Oxygen content ranged from 46.826% in FF to 47.601% in MD. Fluorine content was observed only in AF, MF, and MD samples, with MD exhibiting the highest concentration. Manganese content ranged from 0.025% in AD to 0.051% in MD. Bulk density decreased in most samples over time, with variations attributed to processing methods. Water adsorption capacity showed minor fluctuations, while swelling capacity decreased gradually. Fermentation and malting processes, as well as date fruit addition, influenced the sensory characteristics, with fermented samples generally exhibiting higher ratings in aroma and overall acceptability. Date fruit addition enhanced attributes such as appearance, aroma, and taste. These findings provide insights into the impact of processing and storage on the elemental composition, physicochemical and functional properties of fonio flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive accumulation of tetracycline (TC) presents significant challenges to both human health and the ecological environment. This study explores the impact of Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon (engineered biochar) on TC degradation in water, utilizing an advanced oxidation process facilitated by H 2 O 2 activation. The investigation encompasses an examination of the structural characteristics of Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon and an in-depth analysis of its catalytic degradation mechanism concerning TC. Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to construct an adsorptive degradation system for TC in water, thereby scrutinizing the optimal treatment process for TC. The findings highlight that Fe-loaded biochar exhibits not only a substantial pore structure but also inherent defects and a graphitic structure. The porous configuration enhances the TC adsorption capacity of the biochar system, while the graphitic structure bolsters the stability of the carbon framework, ensuring efficient charge transfer via the carbon defects. The activation effect of Fe(III) on H 2 O 2 into ·O 2 - is dependent on its specific location within the carbon structure. In the presence of 5 mmol H 2 O 2 , Fe-loaded biochar achieves a nearly 100 % degradation rate of TC, with its degradation proficiency minimally influenced by varying pH conditions. [Display omitted] • Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon was prepared for degradation of tetracycline. • Iron can provide active sites and graphite structure for biochar. • Free radical attack dominated by ·O2- was the main reason for TC degradation. • The adsorption capacity of Fe(III) for H 2 O 2 depends on its position on biochar. • The TC degradation pathway with Fe-loaded graphite carbon was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eco-friendly Dryopteris filix mas L. (DFM) extract demonstrated as an effective green corrosion inhibitor. • Achieved up to 88% inhibition efficiency for A210Gr steel in a 3% NaCl environment. • Significant corrosion rate reduction verified through both weight loss measurements and electrochemical techniques. • Adsorption behavior follows Langmuir isotherm, with mixed-type inhibition confirmed by Tafel slope analysis. • Surface characterization via FTIR/ATR, XRD, SEM, and AFM reveals the formation of a protective organic layer. • DFT simulations provide insight into the molecular interactions driving DFM's adsorption on steel surfaces. This study investigates the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of Dryopteris filix-mas L. (DFM) extract for A210Gr carbon steel in a 3 % NaCl solution. The DFM ethanolic extract was successfully prepared and comprehensively characterized using a combination of spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques, including HPLC, FTIR, and NMR (1H and 13C). These analyses confirmed the presence of key phenolic compounds, with Quercetin-3-O-diglucoside (Q3ODG) being the major component, comprising 82.14 % peak area as identified by HPLC. The extract, obtained via an economical ethanol extraction method, exhibited a maximum inhibition efficiency up to 88 % at a concentration of 400 ppm, as determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and weight loss measurements. Temperature studies revealed a drop in efficiency to 70.14 % at 323 K, indicating a temperature-sensitive inhibition mechanism. Extended immersion times led to a slight decrease in efficiency due to partial desorption, though significant protection remained after 72 h. The primary corrosion inhibition mechanism was determined to be physisorption, following the Langmuir isotherm model, with a Δ G ads 0 value of − 24.02 kJ/mol, indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an increase in E a from 22.11 kJ/mol (blank) to 56.61 kJ/mol (400 ppm), confirming the formation of a strong protective barrier. Surface characterization techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, and AFM, further confirmed the presence of a protective film rich in polar organic compounds. Complementary Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) studies provided detailed insights into the molecular interactions, highlighting the key role of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces in the adsorption of Q3ODG onto the steel surface. These findings underscore the potential of DFM extract as an effective and sustainable corrosion inhibitor, advancing the application of biocompounds in corrosion control and encouraging further exploration of their industrial applications and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new waste heat recovery process was proposed in this work. • 6E analysis was conducted for the proposed process. • The proposed process can purify methanol and recover waste heat efficiently. • 34.87% energy-saving and 34.15% TAC- saving can be realized from component to system. The post-COVID-19 resurgence in industry and employment necessitates increased energy consumption, particularly in methanol production—a sector known for being energy-intensive. This research presents a novel methanol purification method that integrates energy conservation with thermal management. The refined process yielded a methanol recovery rate of 99.82% and product purity of 99.99 wt%. Energy analysis indicates a 34.87% reduction in steam consumption compared to the basic process, underscoring its energy-saving merits. Exergy analysis reveals a 1.88% decrease in exergy destruction of the proposed process relative to the basic process. Economic analysis demonstrates that the proposed method cuts operating costs by 46.66% and total annual costs by 34.15% than that of the basic process. Moreover, environmental analysis shows a 30.30% reduction in both exhaust gas emissions and associated costs. Exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis also prove the remarkable effect of the proposed process, T105 has the highest cost of exergy destruction at 414.52 $/h, which is attributed to the higher operating load of T105 compared to other towers, resulting in more significant exergy destruction. Consequently, this refined process not only ensures optimal methanol purification but also significantly energy reduction, positioning it as a benchmark in carbon reduction initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon/Oxygen logging is an effective method to perform oil layer recognition and oil saturation calculation, which plays an important role in the evaluation of remaining oil after casing. At present, there are two main methods to calculate the ratio of carbon to oxygen (C/O). Compared with the energy window count method, the element yield method can avoid the influence of background count in the gamma spectrum and calculated carbon/oxygen value has the higher sensitivity and better accuracy, but it is still greatly affected by carbon and oxygen elements in the formation skeleton. Therefore, a new carbon/oxygen calculation method is proposed in this paper to overcome the influence of formation skeleton and improve the response sensitivity of Carbon/Oxygen logging. Based on Monte Carlo method, the inelastic gamma spectrum of pure sandstone and pure limestone skeletons are obtained. Based on spectrum analysis technology, the ratio relationship of carbon, oxygen yield and skeleton mark element (Si, Ca) yield in two skeletons are obtained. Using these ratio relationships, the carbon and oxygen yields from the sandstone and limestone reservoir skeletons are deducted from the total carbon and oxygen yield. A new carbon/oxygen parameter called the residual carbon/oxygen value (C/O) R is calculated to perform oil-water recognition and a set of oil saturation calculation model suitable for the residual carbon/oxygen value is proposed. The environment application of the residual carbon/oxygen value is also analyzed. The study shows that the residual carbon/oxygen value has higher sensitivity than original carbon/oxygen value in oil layer recognition and has a great accuracy in oil saturation calculation. In environment application aspect, the residual carbon/oxygen value is basically unaffected by formation water salinity and is affected by wellbore fluid and wellbore size obviously. This new carbon/oxygen value calculation method has an important significance to improve the application effect of Carbon/Oxygen logging. • A part carbon and oxygen yield of skeleton is deducted and the residual carbon/oxygen value is calculated. • The residual carbon/oxygen weakens the influence of skeleton carbon and oxygen and improves the recognition sensitivity. • A new oil saturation calculation model for the residual carbon/oxygen is established and gets good effects in simulated well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new findings of bison remains associated with alluvial plains in central Mexico dating back to the Late Pleistocene. These discoveries encompass eight sites in Hidalgo (Conejos, Ventoquipa, Barranca del Berrendo, Barranca Jagüey Viejo, Las Cajas, El Barrio, Monte Alegre, and San Gabriel Azteca) and two sites in Puebla (Barranca Policarpio and Barranca Xocoa). Biometrical analysis was conducted on the herein studied material, consisting of a horn core fragment, a skull fragment, two mandible fragments, five isolated teeth, and several postcranial remains. A comparative study with selected specimens indicates the presence of Bison antiquu s and B. cf. latifrons. The record represents the first reported occurrences of these species for the states of Hidalgo and Puebla respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes in tooth enamel apatite from the material of Hidalgo and Puebla was used to characterize the bison's diet and habitat, providing evidence of the flexible dietary regime observed in Pleistocene bison populations and that were common inhabitants of mixed environments. Body mass estimation of some individuals (average weight ≈ 450 kg) is in the lower limit of B. antiquus populations from the Late Pleistocene of North America. New knowledge about the geographical presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons in central Mexico is provided. Comparison with another bison record of these species from North America suggests a biochronological delay between them, representing a younger time interval for Bison antiquus (maximum age at 50 ka), allowing us to biostratigraphically constrain some Mexican localities containing bison remains. • ++ Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus specimens from Hidalgo are described. • ++ Late Pleistocene Bison cf. latifrons was identified in Puebla. • ++ Both are recorded for first time in these states of central Mexico. • ++ Carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses indicate a flexible dietary regime. • ++ Biochronologically, B. antiquus is younger than B. latifrons in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Achieving Six Sigma Quality for robust analytical method. • Utilizing design of Experiments techniques and tolerance analysis. • Stability indicating method for quantification of Impurities in Vonoprazan Fumarate. • Our Method Adheres to SFSTP guidelines for method validation. • Greenness, blueness and whiteness assessment for the proposed method. Vonoprazan fumarate (VPZ), a potent potassium-competitive acid blocker, holds great promise as a therapeutic option for addressing acid-related disorders. This study introduces a refined reversed phase liquid chromatography methodology tailored for the comprehensive analysis of eight related substances, including starting materials, byproducts, and degradants within VPZ. Our approach integrates response surface methodology and tolerance analysis to achieve six sigma quality standards in chromatographic performance. By embedding specifications into the optimization process, we ensure robustness during method development. Chromatographic separation was executed using an XSelect CSH Phenyl-Hexyl column under stepped gradient conditions, employing a mobile phase comprising 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The flow rate was maintained at 1.3 mL/min, with UV absorbance at 252 nm, and a column temperature set at 25 °C. To evaluate the stability indicating ability of the method, forced degradation studies were conducted. Importantly, identified degradants did not interfere with the accurate quantification of VPZ and its associated impurities. Validation of the method was achieved through accuracy profiles. A greenness assessment was conducted using National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), carbon footprint analysis, Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE), and Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (Complex GAPI). Additionally, blueness and whiteness assessments were conducted using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) and Red-Green-Blue 12 (RGB 12) algorithms, respectively. The proposed method exhibited a green profile in NEMI and Complex GAPI. The carbon footprint was calculated at 0.055 kg CO 2 equivalent per sample. The AGREE score was 0.67, BAGI was 80.0, and the whiteness score from the RGB12 algorithm was 83.5.This methodological framework holds promise for utilization in process development and quality assurance of VPZ in bulk drug manufacturing, particularly in the absence of official monographs within recognized compendia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the geometric analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) without external loading is carried out by energy method. Based on the theory of molecular mechanics, an improved mechanical model is proposed to predict the energy of armchair carbon nanotubes under stress-free conditions, and the diameter of CNTs is estimated according to the principle of minimum energy. The results show that the diameter obtained by the improved model is larger, but basically consistent with that obtained by conformal mapping. The inversion energy term is added to the modified model, and the inversion energy term related to atomic curvature is characterized by the conization angle. It can be seen from the error that the inversion energy of carbon nanotubes can not be neglected in the stress-free state, especially in the case of small diameter. The agglomeration of nanotubes is one of the important factors, which affects the effective elastic modulus of nanocomposites. Here, a new micro-mechanics model consisting of both agglomeration of CNTs and pure matrix is also presented to analyze its effect on the effective elastic modulus. It is noted from the results that the stiffness of nanocomposites is very sensitive to the CNTs agglomeration. [Display omitted] • A geometric analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) without external loading is carried. • An improved mechanical model is proposed to predict the energy of armchair CNTs. • Diameter of carbon nanotubes is estimated based on the principle of minimum energy. • Effects of both agglomeration of CNTs and pure matrix on elastic modulus is analyzed. • It is noted that stiffness of nanocomposites is very sensitive to CNTs agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general expressions for vertical deflection, horizontal displacement, and strain energy in a bent cantilevered carbon nanotube (CNT) are derived herein under a uniformly distributed load. This derivation employs nonlocal elasticity theory, crucial for understanding nanoscale mechanics due to size effects, and accounts for the nonlinear relationship between bending curvature and deflection under large bending conditions, a novel contribution. In the limiting cases, our expressions for large bending give the corresponding expressions reported in the literature for small bending. Additionally, we introduce the Laplace-Differential Transformation Method (LDTM) for the first time, providing efficient solutions to explore the influence of parameters like aspect ratio and small-scale factors on CNT bending behavior. Comparison with the analytical method validates the accuracy and efficacy of LDTM, offering a rapid solution for nonlinear equations. Our findings reveal that strain energy deviates more prominently from quadratic behavior in CNTs with high aspect ratios, while small-scale parameters have a pronounced effect on CNTs with smaller aspect ratios. These results will be relevant to designing and applying the nanoscale-sized cantilevered CNTs used in MEMs/NEMs. • Study of bending of CNT using curvature and deflection nonlinear relationship and nonlocal elasticity theory. • The results of bending of CNTs with LDTM agree with those of the analytical method. • Nonlinear equations can be solved quickly using the LDTM. • Our study helps design MEMs/NEMs cantilevered systems with a length scale of less than 100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global shift to cleaner cooking methods is gaining momentum, with many countries considering electricity as a viable alternative to reduce carbon emissions. Cooking raises temperatures and humidity in residential kitchens, impacting comfort and increasing energy consumption. This study employed scenarios with and without kitchen air conditioning and focused on the comparative benchmark between electric cooking and gas cooking through an experiment on the unifying cooking heating effect (CHE), meaning that the heat gained by the substance in the pot was the same for both methods. Subsequent experiments explored thermal comfort under different conditions. The findings revealed that air conditioning notably enhances the thermal environment during electric cooking compared to gas cooking. At 21 °C with air conditioning for gas cooking, the overall thermal sensation vote (TSV) increases by 0.827 units (a 68.9 % rise), while the thermal comfort vote (TCV) decreases by 1.74 units (an 89.7 % reduction) compared with electric cooking at 25 °C. Furthermore, carbon emission analysis demonstrated the clear advantage of electric cooking over gas, which showed a 25 % reduction (0.50 kgCO 2 /h) in Shanghai. Considering cooking only, and assuming a 50 % shift to electric cooking in Shanghai's residential buildings, this could lead to a substantial reduction of 1.07 million tons of carbon emissions (a 9.98 % decrease) as well as 4.09 million tons of direct carbon emissions. These reductions account for 5.21 % and 19.99 % respectively of Shanghai's operational carbon emissions from residential buildings, respectively. A phased transition from gas to electric cooking is recommended to leverage these environmental benefits. • Comparison of thermal comfort and carbon emissions: electric vs. gas cooking. • Establishing a unified heating effect basis for comparing electric and gas cooking. • The TSV and TCV associated with electric cooking surpass those of gas cooking. • The application of electric cooking can significantly reduce carbon emissions. • This study can play a driving role in the development of electrification in cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the maturation of the carbon market, carbon sink projects have become a thriving business model, and the value co-creation of carbon sink has become a hot topic in interdisciplinary research. However, the theoretical foundation for value co-creation of carbon sink is limited, and existing theoretical frameworks do not fully cover resource allocation, power dynamics, and interaction mechanisms among different actors in project operations. Therefore, this study, based on the theory of value co-creation and supplemented by residual rights theory and circuit of capital theory, has established a comprehensive theoretical framework to consistently understand the driving factors, co-creation process, and outcomes of resource transformation in projects. Using the Forest Ecological Bank in Fujian Province, China as a case study, we applied our theoretical framework for analysis. The results show that our theoretical framework can depict the complete process of value co-creation of carbon sink, reveal the roles played by diverse actors, and capture the project's dynamic changes. The research findings can provide guidance for the sustainable development of carbon sink projects in areas such as strengthening cooperation and partnerships, creating incentive mechanisms, and enhancing the role of third-party institutions. • We have developed a theoretical framework for value co-creation of carbon sink. • This theoretical framework can be widely applied to environmental projects. • The framework covers drivers, production processes, and benefits. • The study provides insights for the sustainable development of carbon sink projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon self-doping in the specific site of the framework over g-C 3 N 4 was precisely fabricated. • Photocatalytic hydrogen rate has been enhanced about 7 folds than that of pristine g-C 3 N 4. • DFT analysis and characterization results revealed the photocatalytic mechanism. • Direct incorporation −N-C = C- sites into network of g-C 3 N 4 was conducive to the increased photoinduced carrier migration. Substituting carbon for nitrogen in g-C 3 N 4 enhances π-electrons activity and photocatalytic performance, despite the challenges posed by the higher electronegativity of nitrogen. We successfully achieved the substitution of C atoms for N atoms via the copolymerization of melamine and cytosine utilizing the Schiff base reaction, altering the g-C 3 N 4 band structure from 2.74 to 2.49 eV and enhancing photoinduced electron reduction due to the introduction of −N-C = C- unit into the g-C 3 N 4 network. The C-incorporated g-C 3 N 4 extended the light-response range to 673 nm and improved the electron cloud density around the self-doping sites, significantly reducing the ΔG H* as indicated the DFT results, implying the efficient separation and migration of photoinduced carriers in g-C 3 N 4. As anticipated, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) rate of the optimized C self-doped g-C 3 N 4 was five and seven times higher than that of the pristine g-C 3 N 4 under the full spectrum and the visible light (λ ≥ 400 nm), respectively. Moreover, g-C 3 N 4 - n also display superior activity (6.73, 4.48, 3.42, and 0.76 %) under the different wavelengths (λ = 420, 450, 480 nm, and 540 nm respectively). This report reveals a subtle atom-tailoring scheme to control carbon self-doping sites within the g-C 3 N 4 framework, modulating its inherent electronic properties and photoactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing forest industrial by-products, wood chips, with cement to produce thermal insulation concrete can help reduce energy consumption associated with temperature control in buildings. However, wood chips-based concrete usually has low strength due to the incompatibility between wood chips and the widely used ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To address this issue, this study explored using belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement to replace OPC to enhance the mechanical performance of wood chips-based thermal insulation concrete. The investigation includes the analysis of thermal properties, physical properties, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydration reaction, and carbon footprint analysis for mixtures. The findings show that the wood chips concrete achieved an average oven-dry bulk density of 803 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity of 0.237 W/mK, establishing it as a lightweight thermal insulation concrete. In addition, the UCS results highlight BCSA cement's superior compatibility with wood chips. When replacing OPC with BCSA cement, the one-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of wood chips concrete increased from 0.7 ± 0.0 MPa to 5.1 ± 0.0 MPa, and the 28-day UCS increased from 4.3 ± 0.2 MPa to 8.0 ± 0.4 MPa. The carbon footprint analysis showed that utilizing BCSA cement and wood chips to develop thermal insulation concrete can result in a negative net carbon footprint of −34 kg CO 2 per tonne of mixture. The results show that replacing OPC with BCSA cement in wood chips concrete can achieve higher mechanical performance, excellent thermal insulation properties, and a negative carbon footprint. • Thermal insulation concrete was developed with belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement and wood chips. • BCSA cement significantly increased the strength of wood chips-based concrete. • BCSA cement showed better compatibility with wood chips than Portland cement. • Concrete developed with BCSA cement and wood chips has a negative carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodosporidium toruloides has emerged as an excellent option for microbial lipid production due to its ability to accumulate up to 70 % of lipids per cell dry weight, consume multiple substrates such as glucose and xylose, and tolerate toxic compounds. Despite the potential of Rhodosporidium toruloides for high lipid yields, achieving these remains is a significant hurdle. A comprehensive review is essential to thoroughly evaluate the advancements in processes and technologies to enhance lipid production in R. toruloides. The review covers various strategies for enhancing lipid production like co-culture, adaptive evolution, carbon flux analysis, as well as different modes of fermentation. This review will help researchers to better understand the recent developments in technologies for sustainable and scalable lipid production from R. toruloides and simultaneously emphasize the need for developing an efficient and sustainable bioprocess. [Display omitted] • Rhodosporidium toruloidesaccumulate high lipids, ideal for biofuel production. • Different fermentation modes to enhance lipid production. • Synergetic effects of co-culturing on lipid accumulation. • Carbon flux analysis and adaptive laboratory evolution improve strain efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]