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In Canadian remote oil sites, natural gas extracted with the bitumen is flared or vented, impacting on the environment. Providing a pipeline network to recover the gas is unaffordable in most cases. Here we propose the economic framework of an innovative process to recover the gas, based on pyrolysis at T = 1223 K and P = 0.1 MPa, performed in situ. Part of produced hydrogen combusts to sustain the process, while solid carbon is sold. We conceptualised and simulated in Aspen Plus two process alternatives. In configuration 1, the remaining part of hydrogen is sent to a gas turbine, where it burns to produce electricity. In configuration 2, the unburnt hydrogen is purified and sold. Both configurations reduce CO 2 emissions by more than 92 % compared to flaring. Both configurations produce a profit over 10 years, being their IRR above 20 % and payback time below 3.5 y. • Flaring and venting natural gas contribute to 1.7 % of Canada's global emissions. • Methane pyrolysis is a promising technology to abate oil sector's emissions. • We present techno-economics and sensitivity analysis of two process alternatives. • Turquoise H 2 sustains energetically the process that produces carbon, to be sold. • Emissions compared to the flaring scenario are reduced by over 90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The North-South gap of China has widened in recent decades. • This paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer and its impact on emissions. • The North-South transfer aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions across regions in China. • The spillover effect is the dominant path behind the impact of the transfer. In recent years, the gap between the north and the south of China has been expanding, showing a decreasing proportion of value-added and an increasing proportion of carbon emissions in the north of China, and vice versa in the south of China. Based on the most recent inter-provincial input-output table of China in 2012 and 2017, this paper focused on the North-South industrial transfer of manufacturing, quantified its impact on regional carbon emissions, and decomposed the path of impacts. The results suggest that the North-South industrial transfers of China during 2012-2017 indeed aggravated the imbalance of carbon emissions in the north and the south of China. Further explorations of path decompositions show that the spillover effect through production linkages is the major path where industrial transfer influences regional carbon emissions, particularly in the north of China. The results provide insightful policy implications for the achievement of carbon emissions reduction targets in China as well as the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a sustainable future, the adoption of renewable energies is crucial. The uneven global distribution of renewable energy necessitates efficient cross-border transportation methods. This study proposes an electricity-hydrogen-methanol-hydrogen-electricity system that utilizes methanol (MeOH) as a renewable energy carrier, facilitating the transport of green energy across borders. Our approach includes Aspen Plus plantwide simulation of MeOH synthesis, MeOH reforming, H 2 /CO 2 separation and purification, and CO 2 liquefaction processes. We evaluate each process's material balance, energy consumption, and economic evaluation, encompassing water electrolysis, MeOH/CO 2 transportation, and fuel cells electricity generation. Our calculations of current, near future and sustainable future scenarios demonstrate that 10.3–8.5 MWh e of green electricity is required for electrolyzing water to produce 0.196 tonnes of hydrogen, which is then used for synthesizing MeOH (1 tonne). The imported MeOH is reformed in the importing country, recovering 94 % of hydrogen (0.184 tonnes), contributing 2.0–2.9 MWh e of electricity to the grid. The solar and wind supply chains have the CO 2 emissions of 575-365 kg/MWh e and 385-257 kg/MWh e respectively. The cost ranges of imported renewable electricity, MeOH and H 2 vary depending on the price of exporting renewable electricity, the capital costs, and the operating efficiencies of electrolyzers and fuel cells. These factors contribute to USD 494-106/MWh e for renewable electricity, USD 684-201/t for MeOH and USD 5,199-1,993/t for H 2 in the importing countries. [Display omitted] • A MeOH-based international renewable energy supply chain is proposed and evaluated. • Exporters synthesize MeOH using green H 2 and captured CO 2 for long-distance transport. • Importers reform MeOH to generate power with H 2 fuel cells. • CO 2 from MeOH reforming is captured and returned to exporters for MeOH synthesis. • Cost of imported renewable electricity and H 2 are USD 494-106/MWh e and 5.2–2.0/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous SiC fibres have received widespread attention in the field of aero-engines due to their excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance. Free carbon is one of the main factors affecting the oxidation behaviour of SiC fibres, but its role and influence are still unclear. The oxidation behaviour of two types of SiC fibres with similar oxygen contents and crystallite sizes but different carbon-silicon ratios was investigated in this study. Free carbon did not significantly influence strength retention, but positively affected elastic modulus retention. The oxidised carbon-rich SiC fibres exhibited a thinner, smoother, and denser oxide scale. The oxidation rate of the carbon-rich fibres was lower than that of near-stoichiometric fibres after oxidising at 1200 °C. The oxidation activation energies of both were 170.44 ± 15.80 and 234.45 ± 24.94 kJ/mol, respectively. Free carbon can inhibit oxidation scale crystals at the beginning of oxidation while promoting crystallisation scale as oxidation intensifies. The oxidation scale crystals of carbon-rich fibres are mainly controlled by the interface, whereas those of near-stoichiometric fibres are mainly controlled by diffusion. A stress expansion zone was formed at the interface of the oxidised SiC fibres. Free carbon can enhance the internal stress of the stress expansion zone, resulting in lower residual compressive stress on the surface of carbon-rich SiC fibres. These results are significant for improving the oxidation resistance of SiC fibres by retaining free carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high purine diet could result in the increase of the level of blood uric acid, causing serious health problems such as hyperuricemia, gout, nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases. To find out a safe, cheap and super adsorption material for removing purines in stomach or pretreating high-purine beverages, we used different tissues of pomelo peel to prepare biomass carbon by drying, chemical modification and carbonization and then applied it to remove purine compounds in strong acidic solution, beer and soybean milk. The characteristic analysis of pomelo-peel-derived carbons (PPCs) indicated that the preparation methods significantly affected the structures and adsorption capacities of PPCs. Compared with the biomass carbon derived from bamboo, PPCs exhibited higher adsorption capabilities for purine compounds in strong acidic solution (adsorption rates > 99% in 15 min) and soybean milk (adsorption rates > 56% in 30 min) but slightly lower adsorption capabilities in beer (adsorption rates > 52% in 30 min). In addition, the adsorption capabilities of PPCs for purine compounds in beer and soybean milk were not obviously affected by temperatures. Therefore, PPCs are promising absorbents for applications in removing purine compounds from beverages to produce low-purine, healthier products for treating hyperuricemia. The strong adsorption capabilities of PPCs on purine compounds in strong acidic environment also provides a possibility of using the PPCs as food additives for removing purines in stomach for healthcare applications such as gout prevention after confirming their biosafety. [Display omitted] • The structures of PPCs were significantly affected by the preparation methods. • PPCs showed superior ability for removing purines in strong acidic solution than EBBC. • PPCs showed higher adsorption ability for purines in high-purine beverages than EBBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A field study for active aeration landfills was conducted at three landfill sites. • The MCF values under aerobic conditions were lower than the default value of 0.4. • The F default value of 0.5 for active aeration landfills was not suitable. • One-third of organic carbon converted to gas was due to anaerobic decomposition. Understanding the behavior of organic carbon in municipal solid waste landfills is a major challenge for estimating methane (CH 4) emissions using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) first-order decay (FOD) model. According to the IPCC guidelines, the default values of CH 4 correction factor (MCF) and fraction of CH 4 (F) for active aeration landfills are set as 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. However, whether it is reasonable to apply the default values of MCF and F to active aeration landfills is questionable. This study aims to estimate the MCF and develop a method to determine the F value for active aeration landfills. In this investigation, three landfill sites were operated as active aeration landfills to estimate the MCF and the F. The study results indicate that MCF values were lower than the default value of 0.4 provided in the IPCC guidelines under aerobic conditions with a CH 4 concentration of less than 5%. According to the carbon balance analyses, there was a mismatch between the theoretical CH 4 /CO 2 ratio based on the F default value of 0.5 and the measured CH 4 /CO 2 ratio. Using the F calculation method proposed in this study, the theoretical CH 4 /CO 2 ratio and the measured CH 4 /CO 2 ratio was calculated equally. The F values during air injection ranged from 0.25 to 0.93 at three landfill sites, suggesting that adapting the F default value of 0.5 for active aeration landfills may lead to significant errors in the estimation of CH 4 emissions using the IPCC FOD model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important chemical intermediate, the synthesis process of 1,4-butanediol is still energy-intensive and seriously polluting the environment. It is necessary to study its high efficiency and energy saving. The two step synthesis process of 1,4-butanediol: (1) ethynylation of formaldehyde reaction and separation, (2) hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol reaction and separation are simulated. A sequential iterative optimization method is used to optimize the whole process of 1,4-butanediol production to obtain the best parameters which achieve the minimum annual total cost. In order to further explore the energy-saving process, the heat integration technology is introduced on the basis of the common process, and the annual total cost of the process is reduced by 28.30%. In addition, the exergy efficiency and environmental impact of common process and heat integration process are compared. The results showed that the exergy efficiency of the heat integration process is increased by 6.67% and the CO 2 , SO 2 and NO X emission is reduced by 32.48%, 32.48% and 62.01% compared with the common process. Through the comprehensive analysis of the economy, exergy and environment of synthesis processes, it has important reference significance for the synthesis of 1,4-butanediol in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are the largest pool of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and are important for climate change mitigation. By analyzing the carbon sequestration process of forest ecosystem, the carbon sequestration amount of forest can be modeled as a nonlinear function, and the mechanism of forest carbon sequestration can be discussed on this basis. The research first introduced the relevant theories of forest carbon sequestration, followed by the preparation of the visualization system construction based on the research area and data sources, and then the construction of the visualization system, and finally carried out the simulation verification. The results show that the system is effective and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact assessment of alkaline pretreatment on bioplastics methanization via BMP. • The methanization rate of tested bioplastics was improved by alkaline pretreatment. • Carbon solubilization due to pretreatment and methanization were material dependent. • PLA and the PLA/PCL blend were only mesophilically digested when pretreated. The effect of alkali-based pretreatment on the methanization of bioplastics was investigated. The tested bioplastics included PHB [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)], PHBH [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)], PHBV [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate], PLA (polylactic acid), and a PLA/PCL [poly(caprolactone)] 80/20 blend. Prior to methanization tests, the powdered polymers (500–1000 μm) at a concentration of 50 g/L were subjected to alkaline pretreatment using NaOH 1 M for PLA and PLA/PCL, and NaOH 2 M for PHB-based materials. Following 7 days of pretreatment, the amount of solubilized carbon for PLA and its blend accounted for 92–98% of the total initial carbon, while lower carbon recoveries were recorded for most PHB-based materials (80–93%), as revealed by dissolved total organic carbon analysis. The pretreated bioplastics were then tested for biogas production by means of mesophilic biochemical methane potential tests. Compared to unpretreated PHBs, methanization rates of pretreated PHBs were accelerated by a factor of 2.7 to 9.1 with comparable (430 NmL CH 4 /g material feed) or slightly lower (15% in the case of PHBH) methane yields, despite featuring a 1.4–2.3 times longer lag phases. Both materials, PLA and the PLA/PCL blend, were only extensively digested when pretreated, yielding about 360–380 NmL CH 4 per gram of material fed. Unpretreated PLA-based materials showed nearly zero methanization under the timeframe and experimental conditions tested. Overall, the results suggested that alkaline pretreatment can help to enhance the methanization kinetics of bioplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon isotopic analysis has been challenging our ideas about hominin diet for nearly 30 years. The first study in 1994 revealed that Paranthropus robustus from South Africa consumed principally C 3 foods (e.g., tree fruits and leaves) but also about 25% C 4 /CAM resources (e.g., tropical grasses and sedges). This result was largely consistent with morphological and dental microwear evidence suggesting P. robustus had a diet which included hard objects like nuts and seeds. Decades later, however, P. boisei from eastern Africa was shown to have eaten nearly 80% C 4 /CAM plants like the contemporaneous grass-eating primate Theropithecus. Moreover, dental microwear revealed no evidence of hard object consumption in P. boisei , suggesting a diet of tough foods such as grass or sedge leaf and stem. So Paranthropus presents us with two central problems: 1) Why do dietary proxies suggest different diets for the two robust australopiths despite their morphological congruity; and 2) How could P. boisei have consumed tough foods with teeth that seem unsuited to the task. Here we review these questions and more with a particular focus on new isotopic data from the Omo and insights that can be gleaned from mammals outside the haplorrhine primates. We argue that extant Primates do not capture the ecomorphological diversity of P. boisei and other extinct primates and should not narrowly circumscribe the behaviors we ascribe to extinct taxa. We also discuss possible digestive strategies for P. boisei in light of its morphology, dietary proxy data, food mechanical properties, and comparative data on mammalian digestive kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of smart cities has a significant impact and involves many aspects. This article collects data from prefecture-level cities from 2009 to 2019 and explores the impact of smart city construction on carbon emissions through the staggered DID. Research has shown that the implementation of smart cities can reduce carbon emissions and improve the urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen and carbon isotope data from Natural Trap Cave provides insights into the environmental conditions of the Bighorn Basin, in north-central Wyoming, USA during the time intervals 151.1 to 132.2 cal ka BP, 51.8 to 17.4 cal ka BP, and 10.4 cal ka BP to present. Similarities between the buildup of the penultimate and last glacial maxima include abundant Artemisia, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae pollen, which, when combined with high δ13C values (>−25.0‰) and low plant discrimination values (18.0–19.0‰) from sedimentary organic matter, indicate steppe-like, cold-dry conditions. Between 151 and 142.5 cal ka BP, abundant Poaceae associated with much lower δ13C values (−28.0‰ to −26.0‰) and higher plant discrimination values (19.0‰–21.0‰) could be indicative of relatively wet summers. Similarly, after 25 cal ka BP increases in Poaceae may indicate wet conditions during the growing season. Holocene conditions differ from the earlier sections of the record, with greater arboreal pollen abundance (i.e., Pinus), consistent with woodland expansion in the region. Carbon isotope data from sedimentary organic matter show the Holocene was more humid than the glacial conditions of the late Pleistocene. This is especially clear at the start of the Holocene when a large negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE, < −28.0‰) occurred, providing a distinct chemostratigraphic marker defining the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary within these cave sediments. The association of this CIE with a pronounced spike in Pinus pollen supports an interpretation of a short-lived interval (<1000 years) of extremely warm, wet, forested conditions at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of distillation waste derived heterogeneous catalyst. • Physicochemical studies of catalyst by TGA-DSC, XRD, XPS, SEM techniques. • Optimization, E – factor and Recyclability studies. • High glycerol conversion with major selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. • Efficient transesterification of glycerol with high TOF through a cleaner and greener route. Biodiesel prices could be made competitive with petrol-diesel prices by valorizing its by-product glycerol. Glycerol carbonate can be derived from glycerol and is one of the widely needed chemical having high price and its extensive application in different industrial purposes. Glycerol carbonate can be synthesized via many routes; among them catalytic route gives promising activity and selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. For the first time, Ni modified distillation waste (CaO) derived heterogeneous catalyst Ni/CaO (NDW) was synthesized and utilized for the conversion of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC). The catalyst's physicochemical properties were studied by performing TGA-DSC, XRD, FT-IR, SEM- EDAX, HRTEM, and basicity through Hammet indicator. Through NDW, solvent-free synthesis of glycerol carbonate was achieved using glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as reactants upon conventional heating (90 °C). The validation of the synthesized product was performed through proton and carbon NMR analysis. In addition to this, HR-MS was performed to check the composition of the product formed. A plausible mechanism for the transesterification of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC) was also designed. Higher conversion (99.2%) and selectivity (95%) towards glycerol carbonate (GC) were achieved at mild reaction conditions, viz., 1:3 M ratio of glycerol to DMC, reaction temperature 90 °C, reaction duration of 90 min with catalyst dose of 300 mg. The green metric parameters were also calculated to show that the overall process is sustainable and the environment benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the differential cross-sections of the 12C(d, pγ 1-0)13C reaction channel at an angle of 90° have been measured in the 585–1993 keV range using thin targets. The validity the present differential cross sections is checked by a benchmarking experiment. The obtained results are compared with the existing ones from literature. The total uncertainty of cross-sections is estimated to be 9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic SIMS is often used to evaluate the concentration of impurities in solids because of its high sensitivity, depth profiling capabilities, good depth resolution, and high throughput. Continuous ion beam sputtering with a high-density primary beam provides high sensitivity and reduces the background contribution from residual gases within the analytical chamber. Dynamic SIMS experiments performed with several magnetic sector instruments using various sputtering rate conditions demonstrated a slow decrease of the carbon detection limit with the increase of sputtering rate (SR), when it was varied by changing the sputtering beam density. The dependence data, within the scatter limits, can be fit by a power function of SR with the exponent of about −1/2. The observed detection-limit-dependence curve is common for magnetic sector SIMS instruments, owing to contamination and the design of the analytical chamber. The depth resolution of light-element SIMS analysis (except for oxygen) performed using Cs+ sputtering is limited and cannot be improved by reducing the impact energy of the sputtering beam. A segregation-type depth profile with a long trailing edge was observed in the B, C, and N depth profiles when Cs+ sputtering was employed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. This effect is plausibly associated with preferential sputtering owing to the difference in the surface binding energy, along with the large difference in the mass of the interacting atoms within the collision cascade during sputtering. The depth resolution improved with surface oxidation when Cs + sputtering was combined with backfilling of the analytical chamber using O 2. The analytical chamber backfilled with oxygen can be sufficiently replaced with a very low-impact energy-focused oxygen beam, enabling simultaneous oxygen and cesium co-sputtering SIMS analysis. The practical feasibility of using a co-sputtering with focused Cs+ and O 2 + sputtering beams to achieve a high depth-resolution for carbon analysis under ultrahigh vacuum conditions was demonstrated. • A segregation-type depth profile with a long trailing edge was observed in the B, C, and N depth profiles when Cs+ sputtering was employed under ultra-high vacuum conditions. • The analytical chamber backfilled with oxygen can be sufficiently replaced with a low-impact energy focused oxygen beam, enabling simultaneous oxygen and cesium co-sputtering SIMS analysis. • The depth resolution improved with surface oxidation when Cs + sputtering was combined with backfilling of the analytical chamber using O 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, epoxidized lignin (HL) and sebacic acid (HSA) were used as the hard and soft segments, respectively, and a kind of reactive coordinated phosphorous-nitrogen flame retardants (DTZ) was designed and synthesized via Zn2+ coordination to fabricate a multifunctional non-bisphenol A lignin based epoxy (EP) composite. The swelling behavior and morphological analysis demonstrated that the crosslinking density of EP increased significantly after adding HL and DTZ. The existence of coordination sacrificial bond of DTZ dissipated more energy when it was subjected to external forces, thereby making 80HSA/14HL/6DTZ maintained a high tensile strength (10.65 MPa) while having little damage to the elongation at break (30.74 %). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 80HSA/14HL/6DTZ was significantly higher than that of 100HSA (22.3 %), reaching 36.6 %, and the vertical combustion test (UL-94) reached V-0 level. The morphology of carbon layer and residual carbon analysis showed that HL and DTZ had synergistic effect, and the flame retardancy mechanism of gas phase and condensed phase existed in the combustion process. Simultaneously, the addition of HL and DTZ also endowed the EP composite with excellent corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties. [Display omitted] • An environmentally friendly non-bisphenol A epoxy resin was prepared. • DTZ was incorporated into crosslinking network as co-curing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive accumulation of tetracycline (TC) presents significant challenges to both human health and the ecological environment. This study explores the impact of Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon (engineered biochar) on TC degradation in water, utilizing an advanced oxidation process facilitated by H 2 O 2 activation. The investigation encompasses an examination of the structural characteristics of Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon and an in-depth analysis of its catalytic degradation mechanism concerning TC. Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to construct an adsorptive degradation system for TC in water, thereby scrutinizing the optimal treatment process for TC. The findings highlight that Fe-loaded biochar exhibits not only a substantial pore structure but also inherent defects and a graphitic structure. The porous configuration enhances the TC adsorption capacity of the biochar system, while the graphitic structure bolsters the stability of the carbon framework, ensuring efficient charge transfer via the carbon defects. The activation effect of Fe(III) on H 2 O 2 into ·O 2 - is dependent on its specific location within the carbon structure. In the presence of 5 mmol H 2 O 2 , Fe-loaded biochar achieves a nearly 100 % degradation rate of TC, with its degradation proficiency minimally influenced by varying pH conditions. [Display omitted] • Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon was prepared for degradation of tetracycline. • Iron can provide active sites and graphite structure for biochar. • Free radical attack dominated by ·O2- was the main reason for TC degradation. • The adsorption capacity of Fe(III) for H 2 O 2 depends on its position on biochar. • The TC degradation pathway with Fe-loaded graphite carbon was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eco-friendly Dryopteris filix mas L. (DFM) extract demonstrated as an effective green corrosion inhibitor. • Achieved up to 88% inhibition efficiency for A210Gr steel in a 3% NaCl environment. • Significant corrosion rate reduction verified through both weight loss measurements and electrochemical techniques. • Adsorption behavior follows Langmuir isotherm, with mixed-type inhibition confirmed by Tafel slope analysis. • Surface characterization via FTIR/ATR, XRD, SEM, and AFM reveals the formation of a protective organic layer. • DFT simulations provide insight into the molecular interactions driving DFM's adsorption on steel surfaces. This study investigates the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of Dryopteris filix-mas L. (DFM) extract for A210Gr carbon steel in a 3 % NaCl solution. The DFM ethanolic extract was successfully prepared and comprehensively characterized using a combination of spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques, including HPLC, FTIR, and NMR (1H and 13C). These analyses confirmed the presence of key phenolic compounds, with Quercetin-3-O-diglucoside (Q3ODG) being the major component, comprising 82.14 % peak area as identified by HPLC. The extract, obtained via an economical ethanol extraction method, exhibited a maximum inhibition efficiency up to 88 % at a concentration of 400 ppm, as determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and weight loss measurements. Temperature studies revealed a drop in efficiency to 70.14 % at 323 K, indicating a temperature-sensitive inhibition mechanism. Extended immersion times led to a slight decrease in efficiency due to partial desorption, though significant protection remained after 72 h. The primary corrosion inhibition mechanism was determined to be physisorption, following the Langmuir isotherm model, with a Δ G ads 0 value of − 24.02 kJ/mol, indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an increase in E a from 22.11 kJ/mol (blank) to 56.61 kJ/mol (400 ppm), confirming the formation of a strong protective barrier. Surface characterization techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, and AFM, further confirmed the presence of a protective film rich in polar organic compounds. Complementary Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) studies provided detailed insights into the molecular interactions, highlighting the key role of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces in the adsorption of Q3ODG onto the steel surface. These findings underscore the potential of DFM extract as an effective and sustainable corrosion inhibitor, advancing the application of biocompounds in corrosion control and encouraging further exploration of their industrial applications and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon/Oxygen logging is an effective method to perform oil layer recognition and oil saturation calculation, which plays an important role in the evaluation of remaining oil after casing. At present, there are two main methods to calculate the ratio of carbon to oxygen (C/O). Compared with the energy window count method, the element yield method can avoid the influence of background count in the gamma spectrum and calculated carbon/oxygen value has the higher sensitivity and better accuracy, but it is still greatly affected by carbon and oxygen elements in the formation skeleton. Therefore, a new carbon/oxygen calculation method is proposed in this paper to overcome the influence of formation skeleton and improve the response sensitivity of Carbon/Oxygen logging. Based on Monte Carlo method, the inelastic gamma spectrum of pure sandstone and pure limestone skeletons are obtained. Based on spectrum analysis technology, the ratio relationship of carbon, oxygen yield and skeleton mark element (Si, Ca) yield in two skeletons are obtained. Using these ratio relationships, the carbon and oxygen yields from the sandstone and limestone reservoir skeletons are deducted from the total carbon and oxygen yield. A new carbon/oxygen parameter called the residual carbon/oxygen value (C/O) R is calculated to perform oil-water recognition and a set of oil saturation calculation model suitable for the residual carbon/oxygen value is proposed. The environment application of the residual carbon/oxygen value is also analyzed. The study shows that the residual carbon/oxygen value has higher sensitivity than original carbon/oxygen value in oil layer recognition and has a great accuracy in oil saturation calculation. In environment application aspect, the residual carbon/oxygen value is basically unaffected by formation water salinity and is affected by wellbore fluid and wellbore size obviously. This new carbon/oxygen value calculation method has an important significance to improve the application effect of Carbon/Oxygen logging. • A part carbon and oxygen yield of skeleton is deducted and the residual carbon/oxygen value is calculated. • The residual carbon/oxygen weakens the influence of skeleton carbon and oxygen and improves the recognition sensitivity. • A new oil saturation calculation model for the residual carbon/oxygen is established and gets good effects in simulated well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Achieving Six Sigma Quality for robust analytical method. • Utilizing design of Experiments techniques and tolerance analysis. • Stability indicating method for quantification of Impurities in Vonoprazan Fumarate. • Our Method Adheres to SFSTP guidelines for method validation. • Greenness, blueness and whiteness assessment for the proposed method. Vonoprazan fumarate (VPZ), a potent potassium-competitive acid blocker, holds great promise as a therapeutic option for addressing acid-related disorders. This study introduces a refined reversed phase liquid chromatography methodology tailored for the comprehensive analysis of eight related substances, including starting materials, byproducts, and degradants within VPZ. Our approach integrates response surface methodology and tolerance analysis to achieve six sigma quality standards in chromatographic performance. By embedding specifications into the optimization process, we ensure robustness during method development. Chromatographic separation was executed using an XSelect CSH Phenyl-Hexyl column under stepped gradient conditions, employing a mobile phase comprising 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The flow rate was maintained at 1.3 mL/min, with UV absorbance at 252 nm, and a column temperature set at 25 °C. To evaluate the stability indicating ability of the method, forced degradation studies were conducted. Importantly, identified degradants did not interfere with the accurate quantification of VPZ and its associated impurities. Validation of the method was achieved through accuracy profiles. A greenness assessment was conducted using National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), carbon footprint analysis, Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE), and Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (Complex GAPI). Additionally, blueness and whiteness assessments were conducted using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) and Red-Green-Blue 12 (RGB 12) algorithms, respectively. The proposed method exhibited a green profile in NEMI and Complex GAPI. The carbon footprint was calculated at 0.055 kg CO 2 equivalent per sample. The AGREE score was 0.67, BAGI was 80.0, and the whiteness score from the RGB12 algorithm was 83.5.This methodological framework holds promise for utilization in process development and quality assurance of VPZ in bulk drug manufacturing, particularly in the absence of official monographs within recognized compendia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new findings of bison remains associated with alluvial plains in central Mexico dating back to the Late Pleistocene. These discoveries encompass eight sites in Hidalgo (Conejos, Ventoquipa, Barranca del Berrendo, Barranca Jagüey Viejo, Las Cajas, El Barrio, Monte Alegre, and San Gabriel Azteca) and two sites in Puebla (Barranca Policarpio and Barranca Xocoa). Biometrical analysis was conducted on the herein studied material, consisting of a horn core fragment, a skull fragment, two mandible fragments, five isolated teeth, and several postcranial remains. A comparative study with selected specimens indicates the presence of Bison antiquu s and B. cf. latifrons. The record represents the first reported occurrences of these species for the states of Hidalgo and Puebla respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes in tooth enamel apatite from the material of Hidalgo and Puebla was used to characterize the bison's diet and habitat, providing evidence of the flexible dietary regime observed in Pleistocene bison populations and that were common inhabitants of mixed environments. Body mass estimation of some individuals (average weight ≈ 450 kg) is in the lower limit of B. antiquus populations from the Late Pleistocene of North America. New knowledge about the geographical presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons in central Mexico is provided. Comparison with another bison record of these species from North America suggests a biochronological delay between them, representing a younger time interval for Bison antiquus (maximum age at 50 ka), allowing us to biostratigraphically constrain some Mexican localities containing bison remains. • ++ Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus specimens from Hidalgo are described. • ++ Late Pleistocene Bison cf. latifrons was identified in Puebla. • ++ Both are recorded for first time in these states of central Mexico. • ++ Carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses indicate a flexible dietary regime. • ++ Biochronologically, B. antiquus is younger than B. latifrons in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general expressions for vertical deflection, horizontal displacement, and strain energy in a bent cantilevered carbon nanotube (CNT) are derived herein under a uniformly distributed load. This derivation employs nonlocal elasticity theory, crucial for understanding nanoscale mechanics due to size effects, and accounts for the nonlinear relationship between bending curvature and deflection under large bending conditions, a novel contribution. In the limiting cases, our expressions for large bending give the corresponding expressions reported in the literature for small bending. Additionally, we introduce the Laplace-Differential Transformation Method (LDTM) for the first time, providing efficient solutions to explore the influence of parameters like aspect ratio and small-scale factors on CNT bending behavior. Comparison with the analytical method validates the accuracy and efficacy of LDTM, offering a rapid solution for nonlinear equations. Our findings reveal that strain energy deviates more prominently from quadratic behavior in CNTs with high aspect ratios, while small-scale parameters have a pronounced effect on CNTs with smaller aspect ratios. These results will be relevant to designing and applying the nanoscale-sized cantilevered CNTs used in MEMs/NEMs. • Study of bending of CNT using curvature and deflection nonlinear relationship and nonlocal elasticity theory. • The results of bending of CNTs with LDTM agree with those of the analytical method. • Nonlinear equations can be solved quickly using the LDTM. • Our study helps design MEMs/NEMs cantilevered systems with a length scale of less than 100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new waste heat recovery process was proposed in this work. • 6E analysis was conducted for the proposed process. • The proposed process can purify methanol and recover waste heat efficiently. • 34.87% energy-saving and 34.15% TAC- saving can be realized from component to system. The post-COVID-19 resurgence in industry and employment necessitates increased energy consumption, particularly in methanol production—a sector known for being energy-intensive. This research presents a novel methanol purification method that integrates energy conservation with thermal management. The refined process yielded a methanol recovery rate of 99.82% and product purity of 99.99 wt%. Energy analysis indicates a 34.87% reduction in steam consumption compared to the basic process, underscoring its energy-saving merits. Exergy analysis reveals a 1.88% decrease in exergy destruction of the proposed process relative to the basic process. Economic analysis demonstrates that the proposed method cuts operating costs by 46.66% and total annual costs by 34.15% than that of the basic process. Moreover, environmental analysis shows a 30.30% reduction in both exhaust gas emissions and associated costs. Exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis also prove the remarkable effect of the proposed process, T105 has the highest cost of exergy destruction at 414.52 $/h, which is attributed to the higher operating load of T105 compared to other towers, resulting in more significant exergy destruction. Consequently, this refined process not only ensures optimal methanol purification but also significantly energy reduction, positioning it as a benchmark in carbon reduction initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the geometric analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) without external loading is carried out by energy method. Based on the theory of molecular mechanics, an improved mechanical model is proposed to predict the energy of armchair carbon nanotubes under stress-free conditions, and the diameter of CNTs is estimated according to the principle of minimum energy. The results show that the diameter obtained by the improved model is larger, but basically consistent with that obtained by conformal mapping. The inversion energy term is added to the modified model, and the inversion energy term related to atomic curvature is characterized by the conization angle. It can be seen from the error that the inversion energy of carbon nanotubes can not be neglected in the stress-free state, especially in the case of small diameter. The agglomeration of nanotubes is one of the important factors, which affects the effective elastic modulus of nanocomposites. Here, a new micro-mechanics model consisting of both agglomeration of CNTs and pure matrix is also presented to analyze its effect on the effective elastic modulus. It is noted from the results that the stiffness of nanocomposites is very sensitive to the CNTs agglomeration. [Display omitted] • A geometric analysis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) without external loading is carried. • An improved mechanical model is proposed to predict the energy of armchair CNTs. • Diameter of carbon nanotubes is estimated based on the principle of minimum energy. • Effects of both agglomeration of CNTs and pure matrix on elastic modulus is analyzed. • It is noted that stiffness of nanocomposites is very sensitive to CNTs agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global shift to cleaner cooking methods is gaining momentum, with many countries considering electricity as a viable alternative to reduce carbon emissions. Cooking raises temperatures and humidity in residential kitchens, impacting comfort and increasing energy consumption. This study employed scenarios with and without kitchen air conditioning and focused on the comparative benchmark between electric cooking and gas cooking through an experiment on the unifying cooking heating effect (CHE), meaning that the heat gained by the substance in the pot was the same for both methods. Subsequent experiments explored thermal comfort under different conditions. The findings revealed that air conditioning notably enhances the thermal environment during electric cooking compared to gas cooking. At 21 °C with air conditioning for gas cooking, the overall thermal sensation vote (TSV) increases by 0.827 units (a 68.9 % rise), while the thermal comfort vote (TCV) decreases by 1.74 units (an 89.7 % reduction) compared with electric cooking at 25 °C. Furthermore, carbon emission analysis demonstrated the clear advantage of electric cooking over gas, which showed a 25 % reduction (0.50 kgCO 2 /h) in Shanghai. Considering cooking only, and assuming a 50 % shift to electric cooking in Shanghai's residential buildings, this could lead to a substantial reduction of 1.07 million tons of carbon emissions (a 9.98 % decrease) as well as 4.09 million tons of direct carbon emissions. These reductions account for 5.21 % and 19.99 % respectively of Shanghai's operational carbon emissions from residential buildings, respectively. A phased transition from gas to electric cooking is recommended to leverage these environmental benefits. • Comparison of thermal comfort and carbon emissions: electric vs. gas cooking. • Establishing a unified heating effect basis for comparing electric and gas cooking. • The TSV and TCV associated with electric cooking surpass those of gas cooking. • The application of electric cooking can significantly reduce carbon emissions. • This study can play a driving role in the development of electrification in cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the maturation of the carbon market, carbon sink projects have become a thriving business model, and the value co-creation of carbon sink has become a hot topic in interdisciplinary research. However, the theoretical foundation for value co-creation of carbon sink is limited, and existing theoretical frameworks do not fully cover resource allocation, power dynamics, and interaction mechanisms among different actors in project operations. Therefore, this study, based on the theory of value co-creation and supplemented by residual rights theory and circuit of capital theory, has established a comprehensive theoretical framework to consistently understand the driving factors, co-creation process, and outcomes of resource transformation in projects. Using the Forest Ecological Bank in Fujian Province, China as a case study, we applied our theoretical framework for analysis. The results show that our theoretical framework can depict the complete process of value co-creation of carbon sink, reveal the roles played by diverse actors, and capture the project's dynamic changes. The research findings can provide guidance for the sustainable development of carbon sink projects in areas such as strengthening cooperation and partnerships, creating incentive mechanisms, and enhancing the role of third-party institutions. • We have developed a theoretical framework for value co-creation of carbon sink. • This theoretical framework can be widely applied to environmental projects. • The framework covers drivers, production processes, and benefits. • The study provides insights for the sustainable development of carbon sink projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon self-doping in the specific site of the framework over g-C 3 N 4 was precisely fabricated. • Photocatalytic hydrogen rate has been enhanced about 7 folds than that of pristine g-C 3 N 4. • DFT analysis and characterization results revealed the photocatalytic mechanism. • Direct incorporation −N-C = C- sites into network of g-C 3 N 4 was conducive to the increased photoinduced carrier migration. Substituting carbon for nitrogen in g-C 3 N 4 enhances π-electrons activity and photocatalytic performance, despite the challenges posed by the higher electronegativity of nitrogen. We successfully achieved the substitution of C atoms for N atoms via the copolymerization of melamine and cytosine utilizing the Schiff base reaction, altering the g-C 3 N 4 band structure from 2.74 to 2.49 eV and enhancing photoinduced electron reduction due to the introduction of −N-C = C- unit into the g-C 3 N 4 network. The C-incorporated g-C 3 N 4 extended the light-response range to 673 nm and improved the electron cloud density around the self-doping sites, significantly reducing the ΔG H* as indicated the DFT results, implying the efficient separation and migration of photoinduced carriers in g-C 3 N 4. As anticipated, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) rate of the optimized C self-doped g-C 3 N 4 was five and seven times higher than that of the pristine g-C 3 N 4 under the full spectrum and the visible light (λ ≥ 400 nm), respectively. Moreover, g-C 3 N 4 - n also display superior activity (6.73, 4.48, 3.42, and 0.76 %) under the different wavelengths (λ = 420, 450, 480 nm, and 540 nm respectively). This report reveals a subtle atom-tailoring scheme to control carbon self-doping sites within the g-C 3 N 4 framework, modulating its inherent electronic properties and photoactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing forest industrial by-products, wood chips, with cement to produce thermal insulation concrete can help reduce energy consumption associated with temperature control in buildings. However, wood chips-based concrete usually has low strength due to the incompatibility between wood chips and the widely used ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To address this issue, this study explored using belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement to replace OPC to enhance the mechanical performance of wood chips-based thermal insulation concrete. The investigation includes the analysis of thermal properties, physical properties, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydration reaction, and carbon footprint analysis for mixtures. The findings show that the wood chips concrete achieved an average oven-dry bulk density of 803 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity of 0.237 W/mK, establishing it as a lightweight thermal insulation concrete. In addition, the UCS results highlight BCSA cement's superior compatibility with wood chips. When replacing OPC with BCSA cement, the one-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of wood chips concrete increased from 0.7 ± 0.0 MPa to 5.1 ± 0.0 MPa, and the 28-day UCS increased from 4.3 ± 0.2 MPa to 8.0 ± 0.4 MPa. The carbon footprint analysis showed that utilizing BCSA cement and wood chips to develop thermal insulation concrete can result in a negative net carbon footprint of −34 kg CO 2 per tonne of mixture. The results show that replacing OPC with BCSA cement in wood chips concrete can achieve higher mechanical performance, excellent thermal insulation properties, and a negative carbon footprint. • Thermal insulation concrete was developed with belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement and wood chips. • BCSA cement significantly increased the strength of wood chips-based concrete. • BCSA cement showed better compatibility with wood chips than Portland cement. • Concrete developed with BCSA cement and wood chips has a negative carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have explored the behaviour of various lignin types during carbonisation. Yet, misconceptions persist regarding the effects arising from both the source plant and production method of lignin. Lignin is often referenced merely by type, lacking detailed characterisation. Our research examines the properties of three lignin types, elucidates their behaviour during pyrolysis, and establishes the structure-property correlation and interaction of lignin with deep eutectic solvents. By combining several analytical techniques — including NMR, FTIR, XPS, TGA-MS for functional group detection, and HPLC, EA, and ICP for compositional analysis, alongside particle size distribution and SEC for morphology — we can conduct a thorough analysis that facilitates a meaningful comparison across lignin types. This approach allows for better control over the desired carbon properties. Furthermore, we demonstrate how modification with deep eutectic solvents enables the production of biochar from different lignin types, exhibiting properties conducive to large-scale, one-step sustainable production of biochar. • We establish a public lignin database, underlining the importance of thorough lignin characterisation before any investigation. • Structure-property relationship is shown through systematic carbonisation of three industrial lignin types. • We report the lowest quantity of eutectic salt mixture for one-step scale-up production of activated biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global shift to renewable energy sources to address environmental concerns, hydrogen has become a popular choice for energy transportation. The methane pyrolysis reaction is considered a promising technology for the future because it can produce hydrogen using only 13 % of the theoretical thermodynamic energy per 1 mole of H 2 needed for water electrolysis. Since methane pyrolysis operates at high temperatures above 1200 ℃ and produces byproducts such as solid carbon, research on high-performance catalysts and suitable reactor shapes is critical to commercialize the technology. This paper introduces the reaction mechanism of the methane pyrolysis reaction and summarizes available solid and liquid catalysts. In addition, existing reactor designs have been introduced, and the techno-economics based on the overall process design and operating conditions are analyzed. As a result, methane pyrolysis is proven to be a favorable way to produce clean hydrogen compared to other hydrogen production processes. • Advances in hydrogen production by methane pyrolysis have been reviewed. • Diverse catalysts and reactor types in the literature have been investigated. • From a techno-economic perspective, methane pyrolysis is a promising way to product clean hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 3D damage evolution of orthotropic laminates was in-situ investigated by SR-CT. • "Interlaminar shear alternating effect" realize the reinforcement of the material. • Pores produce "crack arrest segment" to realize the toughening of the material. • Provide a possible way to realize the strengthening and toughening of composites. In order to study the regulation mechanism between the internal micro-pores and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber orthogonal laminated composites. In this paper, a kind of carbon fiber orthogonal laminated composite with different types of interlaminar micro-pores was carried out in-situ loading experiments by SR-CT, and the internal fibers, pore microstructure and damage of the sample in the process of progressive failure were tracked in the whole field and in real time. Through in-situ experiments, special phenomena such as three times reduction progressive failure of the material loading curve, secondary cracking of the fiber layer, and crack arrest by porosity was observed, Furthermore, through the analysis of the two special stages of strength improvement and toughness enhancement of the loading curve, it is found that the strengthening mechanism of the orthogonal laminated structure to realize the repeated strength improvement of the material by controlling the interlaminar alternating shear action, and the toughening mechanism of crack tip passivation induced by micro-pores. It provides a possible way to realize the strengthening and toughening of composites through the design of microporous structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodosporidium toruloides has emerged as an excellent option for microbial lipid production due to its ability to accumulate up to 70 % of lipids per cell dry weight, consume multiple substrates such as glucose and xylose, and tolerate toxic compounds. Despite the potential of Rhodosporidium toruloides for high lipid yields, achieving these remains is a significant hurdle. A comprehensive review is essential to thoroughly evaluate the advancements in processes and technologies to enhance lipid production in R. toruloides. The review covers various strategies for enhancing lipid production like co-culture, adaptive evolution, carbon flux analysis, as well as different modes of fermentation. This review will help researchers to better understand the recent developments in technologies for sustainable and scalable lipid production from R. toruloides and simultaneously emphasize the need for developing an efficient and sustainable bioprocess. [Display omitted] • Rhodosporidium toruloidesaccumulate high lipids, ideal for biofuel production. • Different fermentation modes to enhance lipid production. • Synergetic effects of co-culturing on lipid accumulation. • Carbon flux analysis and adaptive laboratory evolution improve strain efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an indispensable component and intermediate bridge, electrochemical battery as an indispensable component is essential for power supply reliability, stability, grid-friendly interaction, sustainability with e-transportation and building electrification. However, the lifecycle carbon intensity of electrochemical batteries is uncertain throughout lifecycle battery-related activities. In this study, a generic methodology is proposed to accurately quantify the lifecycle carbon intensity of electrochemical batteries. A cross-scale multi-stage analytic platform with inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary is formulated, involving battery materials (anode, cathode, electrolyte), charging/discharging behaviours, cascade battery utilization, recycling, and reproduction. A case study on a zero-energy district in subtropical Guangzhou indicates that lifetime EV battery carbon intensity is +556 kg CO 2,eq /kWh for the scenario with pure fossil fuel-based grid reliance, while the minimum carbon intensity of EVs at −860 kg CO 2,eq /kWh can be achieved for the solar-wind supported scenario. The grid mandatory EVs charging will slightly increase the battery carbon intensity to −617.2 kg CO 2,eq /kWh, and the exclusion of embodied carbon on both solar PV and wind turbines will increase the battery carbon intensity to −583.8 kg CO 2,eq /kWh. The proposed approach and formulated platform can enable synthetical and comprehensive analysis on battery sustainability, throughout integrated cross-disciplinary approaches for 2060 carbon neutrality in China. [Display omitted] • A cross-disciplinary platform for lifecycle battery carbon footprint. • Raw materials, manufacturing & assembling, and retired battery recycling. • Renewable-based carbon-negative offsetting over carbon-positive stages. • Solar-wind energy district for carbon intensity transit from positive to negative. • Carbon intensity with exclusion of embodied carbon on solar PV and wind turbines • Digital twin on battery sustainability in energy digitalization era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the marl clay was improved by different contents of sodium lignosulfonate (NLS) and cured at different times and then, all samples were subjected to Bender Element (BE), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), and Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS) tests considering two different dry condition (DC) and wet condition (WC). The durability of the samples was further controlled by a special technique, namely the soaking test. The carbon footprint analysis was undertaken for a low-volume trench project to address the sustainability benefits associated with replacing cement and lime as traditional stabilizers with NLS. The results show that the reuse of NLS as a non-traditional alternative for stabilizing marl soil can play an influential role in improving dynamic parameters as well as sustainable development. It has been observed that the CO 2 emission decreases up to 5.6 and 4.4 times compared to lime and cement, respectively. Additionally, the use of NLS enhances the UCS by 249%, BTS by 208%, and small strain shear modulus by 117%. Furthermore, reducing the adverse effects of the WC on soil properties, among others, was the main finding of utilizing the NLS in marl stabilization with curing time. NLS-treated marl samples were able to preserve the integrity of their particles even after being soaked in water for a period of 3 weeks. In contrast, the particles of the untreated sample started to disintegrate within a few seconds of initiating the soaking test. Finally, possible equations correlating the dynamic and static moduli were reported in this study. [Display omitted] • The potential of sodium lignosulfonate in stabilizing marl soil was investigated. • Dynamic and mechanical properties of samples were assessed under wet-dry states. • NLS remarkably improved the durability of the marl samples. • Possible equations correlating the dynamic and static moduli were reported. • A carbon footprint analysis was estimated by considering a small trench project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ZrSn composites materials were prepared in one pot by chemical co-precipitation method. SnO 2 was incorporated to Zr x O y modifying the molar percentage from 1 to 5 mol%. The ZrSn composites were characterized by different techniques: XRD, FTIR, DRS, SEM, N 2 physisorption and HR-TEM. The ZrSn composites were dried at 80 °C and thereafter were evaluated in the photodegradation of phenol under UV irradiation. The percentages of degradation and mineralization were determined after a reaction time of 150 min by UV–Vis spectroscopy and Total Organic Carbon analysis (TOC), respectively. The composite containing SnO 2 in a 3 mol% showed the highest photoactivity with a 72% of photodegradation, a higher value compared with the obtained with TiO 2 -P25 (62%). Finally, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on certain studies, which allows to follow the formation of the active species •OH, •O2− and h+. The formation of the •OH specie was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy whereas the inhibition of the species •O 2 − and h+ was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the ZrSn composites not promotes the hydroxyl radical formation. In addition, the holes capture showed a full-loss of the photoactivity while the minimization of (•O 2 −) radicals in the reaction media results in a decrement of the photoactivity. The formation of heterojunctions and the presence of localized states in the synthesized composites offer an excellent alternative for a fast photodegradation of phenol. [Display omitted] • The effect of the addition of 3% of SnO2 on ZrO2 favors the efficiency of phenol photodegradation. • The mineralization obtained with ZrSn-3% photocatalyst is higher than that obtained using TiO2-p25. • Using the ZrSn-3% material, the production of intermediates is minimal. • The photodegradation occurs by the interaction between the holes and the phenol molecule. • A composite material was obtained, heterojunctions and oxygen vacancies were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The novel PEtOx/PDDA-Mt were synthesized by intercalation. • Hydration properties were investigated. • PEtOx-Mts exhibit a more hydrophobic nature compared to PDDA-Mts. The novel functionalized montmorillonites (Mts) with non-ionic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) were created via an intercalation method with different loading ratio of both polymers. A comprehensive investigation into their physicochemical properties was conducted using Carbon analysis (CA), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) and BET-N 2 adsorption analysis. The impact of hydration on PEtOx-Mts and PDDA-Mts was assessed through gravimetric analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) spectroscopy. PXRD analysis revealed a significant increase in 001 diffraction of PDDA-Mt corresponding to a PDDA interlayer with a basal spacing ranging from 1.47 to 1.49 nm. Conversely, the basal spacing exceeding 2 nm for PEtOx suggested, that the PEtOx polymer was intercalated in a larger amount and packed in a less compact manner compared to PDDA. After modification of Na-Mt with PEtOx polymer, FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the carbonyl C O group (3265 and 1641 cm-1) and the stretching (2982, 2942 and 2883 cm-1) and bending (1480–1200 cm-1) vibrations of the CH 2 and CH 3 groups. The vibrations of CH groups were further verified following PDDA modification. NIR spectroscopy also confirmed the vibrational bands attributed to both modifiers after intercalation of PEtOx and PDDA. The results of BET-N 2 adsorption revealed a significant decrease in the specific surface area (SSA) after intercalation with a non-ionic PEtOx polymer. On the contrary, in the case of saturation of Na-Mt with polycation PDDA, SSA increased slightly in two instances. TGA analysis confirmed greater weight loss for PEtOx-Mts compared to PDDA-Mts. Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) revealed the release of physisorbed bound water around 100 °C, decomposition of the organic phase within the 250–550 °C range and dehydroxylation of OH groups around 550–800 °C in both cases. The results obtained from the gravimetry and NIR analysis indicated a greater hydrophobic nature for PEtOx-Mts compared to PDDA-Mts. These findings hold substantial potential for enhancing the properties of novel organo-montmorillonites, thereby facilitating their application as adsorbents for pollutants, surface coatings, biodegradable materials, fillers in polymer nanocomposites, drug carriers, anticancer agents and various other significant applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore defects formed during the impregnation and carbonization of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were investigated. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was used to analyze the pore characteristics of C/C composites during liquid-phase impregnation and carbonization (LIC), highlighting the pore structural evolution from impregnation to carbonization and the resultant porous morphology. The porosity, pore location, pore size, and pore shape of the samples were subjected to quantitative analysis. At the micro-scale within the fiber bundles, the pores exhibited an ellipsoidal and elongated shape. In the impregnated samples, the pores were all isolated, and the ellipsoidal and elongated pores accounted for the majority of the pores, but their volume accounted for less than 9 % of the total pore volume. At the macro-scale, pores were predominantly distributed along the surfaces of fiber bundles and between layers, representing the primary form of pore distribution. Analysis of the carbonized samples showed that elongated pores within fiber bundles extended along both the fiber depth and radial directions. Macroscopic pores between fiber bundles and layers extended along the fiber bundle surfaces. The carbonization process caused the micro- and macro-pore spaces to interconnect to form connected pores, which accounted for 79 % of the total pore volume, while the ellipsoidal and elongated pores in the isolated pores accounted for less than 18 % of the total pore volume, forming a porous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sedimentation rate was introduced for the first time as an evaluation indicator. • Novel CO 2 fixation strategy achieved 94.6 % sedimentation rate in 10 h. • Low-cost shells introduced as carbon supplement and pH stabilizer. • Pilot-scale cultivation under indoor and outdoor conditions. • Data quality was assessed by kinetics, economics, and carbon fixation analysis. A novel two-stage carbon sequestration strategy (3 % and 10 % CO 2) was developed and its feasibility was comprehensively demonstrated by multiple methods (pilot-scale cultivation, kinetics, economics and carbon fixation analysis). It was also a safe, efficient and low-cost harvesting strategy. At the end of the culture, astaxanthin production and content increased 2.3 and 2.2 times, respectively. Sedimentation rate (SR) was introduced for the first time to evaluate microalgae culture methods. The SR reached 82.2 % after 2 h of standing. Pilot-scale cultivation was achieved outdoors, with the optimal photobioreactor being a 40 L tubular photobioreactor (T-PBRs), which individually achieved 3.1 g/L and 2.3 % biomass and astaxanthin content. The maximum rate of carbon sequestration (227.9 mg/L/d) was observed in 40 L T-PBRs. The cost of producing 1 kg of astaxanthin-enriched Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) was only 17.5 USD. This study brings new perspectives to carbon sequestration and the development of astaxanthin markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve carbon neutrality, the collaborative involvement of various entities, such as nations, regions, and industries plays a crucial role. As a valuable tool to undertake macro-level research on carbon emissions, input-output analysis can provide insights and references to formulate effective policies and measures for carbon reduction. Therefore, 1156 carbon emission studies based on the input-output method were critically reviewed in this study. Meanwhile, the bibliometric method was employed to analyze the number of studies, academic influence and collaborative networks of countries, institutions and journals, as well as cluster analysis of keywords. The findings show a significant increase in the number of papers in this field, China, the USA, and the UK emerged as the most influential countries in this field. Apart from quantitative analysis, this study incorporates a qualitative analysis of the literature from the perspectives of research objects and research methods. It is observed that, carbon footprint inequality and embodied carbon transfer of trade receive a lot of attention. In addition, and there are still gaps remain in the research of carbon emission at city level and emerging industries. There is an urgent need to improve the comprehensiveness and refinement of carbon emission related research based on IO model. This paper proposes future research directions in data, topics, methods and application of research results. This helps to explore future research agenda, to formulate carbon emission reduction policies, and to promote the global carbon neutrality process. [Display omitted] • Combining quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze carbon emissions research. • Analyzing applicability of different methods in combination with IO model. • Multi-methods studies to explore carbon emission are trends in this field. • Research gaps still exist in carbon emission at city level and emerging industries. • Mechanism to apply research findings to policy making process needs attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of chiral analytical methods for tyrosine enantiomers, characterized by superior recognition performance and selectivity, holds significant potential for application in the biochemical and biomedical domains associated with tyrosine. Herein, a straightforward and effective strategy for tyrosine enantiomers identification and purity analysis by chiral carbon dots (CDs) fluorescence sensor were reported. The chiral CDs were designed by using L-cysteine and 2,4-diaminophenol hydrochloride through a gentle one-step synthesis strategy at room temperature. The resulting chiral CDs exhibited completely different fluorescence response to L-tyrosine and D-tyrosine, that is, L-tyrosine could enhance the fluorescence of the chiral CDs, but D-tyrosine made no difference. The fluorescent differential recognition factor for enantiomers was as high as 23.2, which was the highest be achievement to our best knowledge so far. The varying discriminatory capabilities of chiral CDs towards tyrosine enantiomers were also applicable to HeLa cells. To confirm the recognition mechanism of chiral CDs to tyrosine enantiomers, the chiral CDs-modified SiO 2 stationary phase were synthesized and applied to separate the tyrosine enantiomers in reverse-phase HPLC mode. Furthermore, density functional theory was combined with the fluorescence spectroscopy and chromatographic results to verify that the recognition ability was related to the difference of weak interaction energy and Gibbs free energy between the precursor molecule of the chiral CDs and the tyrosine enantiomers. This cost-effective and highly selectivity assay not only provided a valuable tool for tyrosine enantiomers identification and purity analysis, but also delivered an important reference for the recognition and purity identification of other chiral drugs. [Display omitted] • Chiral fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were quickly prepared at room temperature. • Chiral CDs were used to distinguish between tyrosine enantiomers. • Chiral CDs modified SiO 2 was prepared to verify the chiral differentiation mechanism. • DFT was applied to confirm the chiral differentiation mechanism. • Chiral CDs were utilized for the nanobiological imaging of tyrosine enantiomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-reduction policy affects socio-economy and Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus contained therein. Existing studies concentrated on policy performances on resource consumption, but cannot quantify the impacts on resource utilization efficiency. To fulfill such gap, this study developed an integrated evaluation method through integrating computable general equilibrium model with data envelopment analysis to explore the impact of carbon tax on WEF environmental efficiency of China. Results show that increasing carbon taxes would improve the energy structure and reduce carbon emissions. While the increased cost of fossil fuels would have negative but limited impacts on economic output of water supply and food sectors through economic activity connections. Synergistic effect of WEF resource conservation could be observed in most production sectors, expect for clean energy sectors. Carbon tax would improve the WEF environmental efficiency expressed as the trade-offs between economic and carbon emission outputs and WEF resource inputs. There are significant differences in WEF efficiency and its growth rate among production sectors, with food sectors experiencing the most significant improvement in WEF efficiency at a carbon tax of 70 yuan/ton. The evaluation results raised the awareness of the performance of carbon tax on WEF nexus and provide a new perspective for promoting WEF nexus efficiency. • An integrated evaluation approach is developed with the combination of CGE and DEA models. • This method can assess the impacts of carbon tax policy on WEF environmental efficiency. • Carbon tax improves energy structure, but negatively affects water and food sectors' economic output. • Synergistic effects of WEF resource conservation exist in most production sectors. • Carbon tax would improve both the national and the sectoral WEF environmental efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of lignocellulose into valuable products is an area of interest to achieve sustainable development. Nowadays, the corn stover-ethanol biorefinery just produces lignin as a waste. However, lignin valorization can enhance profitability, improve resource utilization efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. Thus, the objective of this work is to comprehensively evaluate the benefits of integrating lignin thermochemical conversion to generate bioproducts within ethanol biorefineries. Herein, 2000 metric tonne per day corn-stover biorefineries with various lignin utilization processes (combustion for power, pyrolysis to produce arenes, and gasification-syngas fermentation to produce ethanol) were modeled. Then, a comparative analysis was conducted across various dimensions of energy, environment, and economy (3E). The results suggest that integrating lignin valorization instead of combustion enhances carbon and energy recovery, as well as environmental and economic benefits. The minimum ethanol selling price has been estimated to be 834–873 $/t for various lignin utilization processes. Notably, lignin gasification-syngas fermentation demonstrates the best performance in all 3E metrics. However, related lignin thermochemical conversion processes still face high levels of uncertainty, necessitating further laboratory and pilot-scale research to improve technology readiness levels. This work is valuable for future advancements in the full conversion of lignocellulose into biofuels and chemicals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Smaller/lighter materials which dominate retrofit are poorly characterised in datasets. • Materials are poorly named, described, or are absent in LCA datasets. • LCA for retrofit may not yield reliable information for design decisions. • Embodied energy coefficients may be more reliable than embodied carbon ones. • Reporting only carbon could lead to externalisation of impacts, not avoidance. Low energy domestic retrofit consumes materials, such as insulation, membranes and glazing, with smaller quantities of structural timber, steel or concrete, which have associated embodied impacts from resource extraction, manufacture and end-of-life treatments. In retrofit design, coefficients for material embodied impacts vary widely between sources and can lead to different results in a life cycle energy or carbon analysis, and perhaps different material choices in retrofit implementation. This paper considers how and why results differ between sources, and whether such data is suitable for making climate-beneficial design decisions. Embodied energy and carbon coefficients for 18 key retrofit materials were obtained from two widely used LCA databases and their similarity was quantified. The data collected illustrates that 70% embodied energy and embodied carbon data is within 20%, but that 30% of data was more than 20% different. Consistency of product naming and the absence in the datasets of key retrofit materials are factors identified contributing to variation, and present real constraints in practice. Furthermore, this exercise showed that embodied impacts for the types of materials most prominent in retrofits are less-well characterised than other major construction materials, and presents another layer of uncertainty. The data showed embodied energy was more consistent between sources than embodied carbon. This raises doubts about the predominant use of embodied carbon over energy for such analyses and establishes that a focus on embodied carbon over embodied energy has less power to reduce greenhouse gas emissions than considering both metrics together. It is concluded that obtaining such data with confidence is challenging and requires expertise in LCA, and is therefore unlikely to be accessible to most retrofit designers. Datasets need to be more complete and offer higher confidence to ensure delivery of high quality and meaningful results for climate-beneficial design decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current analysis method for temporal-spatial characteristics of carbon emissions from port vessels overlooks the multidimensionality of the carbon emission process. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multidimensional approach for extracting characteristics of carbon emissions from vessels, aiming to enable multidimensional analysis of carbon emission information. Firstly, an inventory for calculating carbon emissions from port vessels was established using AIS data. Secondly, a method for constructing a three-dimensional tensor of carbon emissions from port vessels was proposed. This approach entails discretizing and encoding time, space, vessel type, and operating mode to generate a dataset with carbon emission labels. Following this, a three-dimensional tensor of carbon emissions was created using mapping rules. Thirdly, non-negative tensor factorization (NTF) was employed to decompose the tensor into multiple sub-vectors. The impact of tensor rank on the decomposition results was discussed, and an appropriate tensor rank value was determined, achieving multidimensional feature extraction of vessel carbon emissions. To validate the feasibility of this method, Tianjin Port was taken as the study area, and six major characteristics of vessel carbon emissions are obtained. This study reveals the temporal and spatial distribution of carbon emissions from different vessels under various operating modes. Compared to unidimensional analysis, this method provides more detailed multidimensional information on vessel carbon emissions, thus offering data support and decision-making basis for formulating energy-saving and emission reduction measures for ships and promoting green and sustainable development in the shipping industry. • A spatial-temporal analysis method of carbon emissions from ships in ports is proposed. • A three-dimensional ship carbon emission tensor construction method is developed. • The proposed model is verified through real case analysis and model comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In densely populated urban areas, the pressure on water resources is considerable and will tend to intensify over the next decades. Preserving water resources therefore seems fundamental, but many questions remain as to the transfer of contaminants to subsurface waters in these largely sealed areas. Because of their toxicity and persistence in the environment, this work focused on the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitous pollutants mainly produced by human activities. To better understand the main factors leading to the retention or transport of these pollutants in urban environments, vertical transects, from the surface to several meters down, were established on three study sites in or near Paris (France), selected according to an urbanization gradient. Soil samples collected at the surface and urban secondary carbonate deposits (USCD), similar to cave speleothems, sampled underground in quarries and aqueducts were analyzed. As the hydrophobic properties of PAHs favor their sorption onto organic matter, the latter was also studied using organic carbon analysis and UV fluorescence spectroscopy. The USCD located closest to the urbanized surface contained high concentrations of PAHs (76.8 ± 5.3 ng g−1), while the USCD located at greater depth with organic soil on the surface contained the lowest amount of PAHs (2.9 ± 0.4 ng g−1), and no PAHs with log K OC > 5. The results highlight the predominant role played by the presence of organic topsoil at the surface in retaining and storing large amounts of PAHs (1914–2595 ng. g soil −1), particularly the most hydrophobic ones (i.e. 60% of the 15 PAHs are characterized by a Log K OC >5), which are also the most toxic. The lithology and thickness of the bedrock (between the surface and the USCD) also play an important role in the retention of PAHs, particularly those adsorbed on the particulate phase. [Display omitted] • Urban speleothems are used to characterize the impact of land-use on sub-surface water. • The transport of PAHs from the surface to sub-surface waters is studied using a multisite approach. • PAH sorption on SOCs influences their transfer to seepage water. • The closer the speleothem is to the urbanized surface, the higher the PAH concentrations. • Presence of organic soil on the surface plays a key role in preserving water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable power system serves as a vital path towards achieving carbon peaking and neutrality goals. Accurately quantifying the carbon reduction emissions of renewable power systems and evaluating the contribution of various influencing factors to carbon reduction is quite important, which is related to the formulation of energy policies and regional power planning by the power grid or relevant departments. However, in the current research, there are few studies related to the quantification of carbon emission reduction, and in terms of optimal scheduling, the existing studies often only consider a single factor, ignoring the coupling effect between multiple factors, which makes the contribution of each optimization strategy to carbon emission reduction unclear. Therefore, based on the current power system scheduling mechanism and dual-carbon background, this paper optimizes the carbon emission reduction benchmark factor and its corresponding weight, proposes a new carbon emission reduction benchmark of renewable power system, and verifies the accuracy of this benchmark based on the classical scheduling model. On this basis, the mathematical models of thermal power deep peak shaving (DPS), electricity export (ELE) and green certificate trading (GCT) are established. Each factor is introduced into the classical scheduling model to simulate and verify the promoting effect of each influencing factor on carbon emission reduction. Finally, the above different influencing factors were constructed in different coupling scenarios to calculate the carbon emission reduction under each scenario, and the contribution degree of each influencing factor to carbon emission reduction was analyzed sharply according to the value of cooperation game instead of the traditional calculation method. The results show that the proposed benchmark can reduce the error by 2.6%–15.5 %. In the carbon emission reduction contribution simulation, the three factors have coupling effects, and deep peak shaving and electricity export are more sensitive to carbon emission reduction contribution. This study provides valuable insights for the development of carbon reduction strategies for renewable power systems. • A new carbon emission benchmark of renewable power systems is proposed. • Correlations between scheduling strategies and carbon reduction are revealed. • Electricity export exhibits the highest contribution to carbon reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a combination approach of the higher-order shear deformation theory, nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) and isogeometric analysis (IGA) for the free vibration of carbon nanotube-reinforced (CNT) magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) nanoplates. To account size-dependent effects at the nanoscale, the classical theory model is extended with two additional scale parameters. However, this extended model necessitates at least the third derivative of the approximation function, which is incompatible with the standard finite element method. So, IGA with NURBS offers higher-order continuity through its basis functions, making it well-suited for this size-dependent model. To simplify computations, a power-law scheme is employed to represent the material properties. Various distribution types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including UD, FG-X, FG-O and FG-V are incorporated to investigate their effects on mechanical behaviors of CNT-MEE nanoplates. The governing equations of motion are derived in their weak form using the principle of extended virtual displacement and then solved by isogeometric analysis (IGA). The impact of the magnetic, electric and elastic fields on the coupling behaviors of CNT-MEE nanoplates are studied. Specially, parametric studies are conducted to analyze the influence of geometrical parameters, CNT distributions, CNT volume fraction, matrix volume fraction, electric voltage, magnetic potential, nonlocal and strain gradient parameters on the natural frequencies of the CNT-MEE nanoplates. Comparisons between the results obtained using NSGT and the classical theory reveal significant findings. The natural frequencies calculated by NSGT exhibit dependence on the relative values of the nonlocal and strain gradient parameters. • Investigation of carbon nanotube reinforced magneto-electro-elastic nanoplates. • The exploration of phenomena related to both stiffness reduction and enhancement. • Accurate prediction of the magnetic and electrical coupling and size effects. • Novel benchmark numerical results are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]