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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) in microtubular geometry offer promising solutions for efficient power generation. However, conventional fabrication techniques, involving single extrusion of anode support followed by dip coating of other cell layers, often increase production costs, time and complexity. This study explores alternative methods to reduce these challenges, mainly focusing on tape casting combined with isostatic pressing to create microtubular anode supported electrolyte structures with a functional layer. The main goal is to minimize the fabrication cost and time by eliminating some fabrication steps, including pre-sintering of anode support and anode functional layer. Various fabrication routes are investigated in this respect, while evaluating manufacturability, microstructure, and electrochemical performance. The findings indicate that cell fabrication on green anode supports yields unsatisfactory outcomes. On the other hand, a performance improvement of approximately 43 % at 800 °C, compared to the conventional cell, is achievable with a cell in which the anode support, anode functional, and electrolyte layers are sequentially wrapped, followed by co-lamination and co-sintering. Therefore, this approach can be regarded as a more cost-effective and efficient fabrication route. • Various approaches are tested to reduce the production cost of microtubular SOFCs. • Tape casting and isostatic pressing can reduce fabrication steps, time and cost. • Sequential wrapping of layers enhances cell performance, yielding a 43% increase. • Pre-sintering steps are eliminated, simplifying fabrication and reducing cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale hydrogen storage at scales ranging from gigawatt-hours (GWh) to terawatt-hours (TWh) is currently projected to be an important component of the lowest cost options for a 100% variable renewable energy system, driven partly by benefits to the grid from converting variable renewable electricity into hydrogen and partly by the anticipated growing role of hydrogen in a future net-zero energy system. Lined engineered cavities (LEC)s are among the prospective types of underground storage technology because they enable hydrogen storage at high-pressure in the gaseous form and are expected to not rely on specific types of rock mass. They fill a niche in moderate storage capacity and cost because of their complementary advantages. An overview of various possible configurations and materials suitable for LECs for storing hydrogen is first reviewed to identify potential cost savings and performance improvements. Amongst the various LEC configurations, lined engineered shafts (LES) are identified as having the greatest potential for cost reduction in softer rock masses, such as sedimentary formations, due to reduced excavation and construction complexity. Despite these advantages, significant gaps remain in understanding the long-term behaviour of LES under cyclical loading, as revealed through a review of the theoretical and experimental techniques used to study similar LEC configurations. This review paper concludes with several recommendations for future research in numerical model formulation and material advancement, with strong potential to increase the feasibility of LESs for hydrogen storage. • Various configurations of lined engineered cavities (LEC) are explored. • Construction methods and costs of each LEC configuration is discussed. • Potential materials for impermeable liners and concrete linings are evaluated. • Impact of geomechanical properties and in-situ stress on LECs is analysed. • Current theoretical and experimental approaches in analysing LECs are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) now includes dose reduction (DR) and treatment-free remission (TFR). Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of lifelong-prescribed expensive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for CML is crucial. Prior cost-effectiveness evaluations state that imatinib is the favorable frontline TKI. Some of these evaluations address TFR, but not DR, nor aging and second-generation (2G)-TKIs upcoming patent expirations. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of frontline TKIs for CML patients including these factors. This Markov model evaluates the cost-effectiveness of frontline TKIs for newly diagnosed patients with CML using 17 health states. Transition probabilities, costs, and utilities were derived from literature data. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated. Sensitivity analysis and model validation were conducted. Nilotinib is most effective (20.13 quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs]) and imatinib is least effective (17.25 QALYs) for the model including TFR and DR. Imatinib was favored over dasatinib (89.80%), nilotinib (62.70%), and bosutinib (78.40%), at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €80 000 per QALY. Without TFR and DR, fewer QALYs were generated. For patients at the age of 70 years, imatinib has a high probability of being more cost-effective than dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib. With 50% 2GTKI cost reductions, nilotinib is considered more cost-effective compared with imatinib (98.40%), dasatinib (94.80%), and bosutinib (68.90%). The findings indicate that 2GTKIs are more effective in generating QALYs, including for older (age >70 years) patients. Given the current TKI prices, imatinib remains cost-effective. Including DR and TFR in CML management generates more QALYs. Cost reductions from expected 2GTKIs patent expirations will greatly increase their cost-effectiveness. Results may inform 2GTKIs cost discussions after patent expiration, potentially broadening global availability. The findings also emphasize the importance of aiming for TFR and DR in CML management. • Evidence on the cost-effectiveness of first- and second-generation (2G) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for chronic myeloid leukemia—considering treatment-free remission (TFR), dose reduction (DR), anticipated patent-expirations, and treatment in older patients—is limited. • 2GTKIs are the most effective, but imatinib remains cost-effective because of its lower price. TFR and DR increase quality-adjusted life-years and reduce costs. • TFR and DR offer the potential to optimize chronic myeloid leukemia management and resource allocation. Cost reductions after patent expirations could improve worldwide 2GTKIs access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the full state dependent event-triggered aperiodic intermittent control (FE-AIC) strategy based on input constraints is introduced to minimize energy consumption and enhance speed tracking accuracy in the high-speed train (HST) operation. Firstly, a dynamic model based on multi-mass-point (MMP) for HST has been established, transforming the cruise control problem into an error asymptotic convergence problem. Secondly, restricted FE-AIC (RFE-AIC) controller is designed separately in the presence and absence of external disturbances to realize tracking objects. The proposed control scheme is not only based on control input constraints, but also intermittent control with full state event dependence. The RFE-AIC scheme and the conditions for determining parameters are given, which ensures the stability of the ideal tracking speed and coupler deviation at the equilibrium point. Eventually, the availability of the proposed method in cruise control is confirmed through numerical simulations. It is proved that the RFE-AIC has better performance compared with the self-triggered and guaranteed optimal cruise control methods. • The RFE-AIC is applied in HST systems with disturbances and parameter uncertainties to reduce control costs due to intermittent event-triggered control. • The RFE-AIC method ensures the asymptotic speed tracking reachability of the HST system with fewer control iterations. • The robust RFE-AIC can effectively improve the velocity accuracy of the HST system with disturbances, and an optimization algorithm is provided to obtain the minimum control gain under input constraints. • Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed RFE-AIC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different project management processes have been used in software engineering to support managers in keeping project costs manageable. One of the essential processes in software engineering is to accurately and reliably estimate the required effort and cost to complete the projects. The domain of software cost estimation has witnessed a prominent surge in research activities in recent years and being an evolving process, it keeps opening new avenues, each with advantages and disadvantages, making it important to work out better options. This research aims to identify the factors that influence the software effort estimation using the constructive cost model (COCOMO), and artificial neural networks (ANN) model by introducing a novel cost estimation approach, COCOMO-ANN (CANN), utilizing a partially connected neural network (PCNN) with inputs derived from calibrated values of the COCOMO model. A publicly available dataset (COCOMONASA 2), various combinations of activation functions, and layer densities have been systematically explored, employing multiple evaluation metrics such as MAE, MRE, and MMRE. In the PCNN model, the ReLU activation function and a 1000-dense layer have demonstrated better performance. While layer density generally correlates with better outcomes, this correlation is not universally applicable for all activation functions and outcomes vary across different combinations. The use of the relationships between 26 key parameters of COCOMO in PCNN produced better results than FCNN by 0.59%, achieving an MRE of 6.55 and an MMRE of 7.04. The results indicated that the CANN model (COCOMO & ANN) presented better results than existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3P-2L-VSC converter system suffers from complex control structure, cumbersome parameter design and slow system dynamic response under conventional double-loop scheme. In this paper, model predictive direct voltage control strategy with hybrid cost function and loss observer is designed to improve system performance and simplify system control structure. First, a model predictive direct voltage control strategy is proposed based on Euler discrete differential and integral method to enhance system dynamic response, which eliminates the cascaded intermediate link and achieves direct targets control. Second, a system power loss observer is designed based on Lyapunov function to improve prediction accuracy for FCS-MPC and system steady performance. Third, an improved hybrid cost function with targets and intermediate state is designed to track targets and reduce intermediate state fluctuation, which overcomes the lack of inner current loop. Finally, the advantages of the proposed strategy are verified in simulation and experiment, where the maximum RMSEs of steady state V dc , i q and i d are 0.045, 0.81 and 0.58 at rated power respectively, and the recovery time of DC voltage is reduced by about 30 ms and 35 ms compared with PI-MPC when DC load and DC voltage change. • Model predictive direct voltage control is designed to improve system transient performance. • The hybrid cost function with control targets and intermediate state is designed to reduce intermediate state fluctuation. • The system loss observer is designed to improve prediction accuracy of targets for FCS-MPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a life threatening disease. This study seeks to identify factors that contribute to greater financial burden in ACLF. In total, 55 patients were included. ACLF was defined as per 'European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic liver failure (EASL-CLIF)' criteria. Patient's sociodemographic profile, comorbidities, clinical features as well as 'Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP)' score, 'Model for end stage liver disease-Sodium (MELD-Na)', 'Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE-II)' and sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) scores were recorded. Direct costs (medicines, doctor visits, investigations, procedures, treatment), direct non-medical cost (transportation, food and accommodation), and indirect costs (due to loss of productivity by patient and care giver) were calculated. All charges were as prescribed by central government health scheme (CGHS). Patients were followed till discharge/death. The mean cost of management of ACLF was Indian Rupee (₹) 178,483 ± 83,460, equivalent to United States Dollars ($) 2174.69 ± 1016.90. The direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs were ₹134,310 ± 62,796 (1639.56 ± 766.5$), 13,809 ± 8455 (168.5 ± 103.2$) and ₹0.30,364 ± 21,142 (370.6 ± 258 $), respectively. There was no significant correlation between total cost and demographic and clinical variables. Length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay incurred higher cost (p < 0.0001). We found direct positive correlation between total cost of management and ICU stay (R = 0.80) and duration of hospital stay (R = 0.77). A negative correlation was revealed between total cost of managing ACLF and APACHE-II score (R = −0.10), MELD-Na score (R = −0.13). The current study can serve as a benchmark for future research on ACLF cost management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of green hydrogen-based chemicals using renewable energy is essential for the decarbonization of several sectors that are difficult to address through electrification. Various electrolysis technologies are often considered for sustainable green hydrogen production. They are therefore in a phase of dynamic development. Currently, hydrogen production costs are calculated on the basis of investment costs and lifetimes of the most recent components and future production costs are calculated using development targets. The impact of ongoing developments during the project lifetime is neglected. However, these ongoing developments will have an impact on the estimation of the levelized cost of hydrogen, which is expected to be non-neglectable. This paper proposes a novel methodology that incorporates the impact of evolving electrolysis technologies on the levelized cost of hydrogen. By integrating cost and lifetime development functions, the presented approach allows for precise hydrogen cost estimations tailored to individual stack replacements, adapting to varying annual operating times. Moreover, project-specific investment costs can be derived for a more accurate calculation of the hydrogen production costs. With this method, an average capital cost reduction of more than 11% is achieved for all investigated technologies compared to a cost estimation neglecting ongoing technology developments. The methodology presented provides a comprehensive understanding of ongoing technology developments that affect the economics of hydrogen production. • Techno economic assessment of H 2 production by the most developed water electrolysis technologies. • Economic model including expected electrolysis cost reduction and stack lifetime extension. • Average capital expenditure reduction of 11.8–44.5% for 2023 projects considering ongoing electrolysis developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous vehicle (AV) companies are rolling out driverless taxi-type services in cities around the world, promising to enhance road safety, promote equity, and foster environmental sustainability while simultaneously threatening the jobs of current taxi and ride-hailing drivers. The potential impacts of these "robotaxi" services hinge upon not only whether AV technology becomes sufficiently performant, but also whether AV services become economically competitive. In this study, we develop ground-up cost models for a traditional taxi and a robotaxi service to compare their relative competitiveness. We draw on direct observations of commercially available robotaxi services, semi-structured interviews with AV operational and regulatory experts (N = 27), and archival documents to include the most detailed accounting of frontline robotaxi labor roles to date. We find that labor remains a significant cost for existing robotaxi services but that robotaxi operating costs are still lower than those of traditional taxi services. Ultimately, utilization rates and annual mileage will serve as the most influential factors for robotaxi competitiveness. Finally, if jobs shift from traditional taxi to robotaxi services, the total number of frontline jobs could decrease by between 57% and 76%, but the distribution of worker wages would shift higher. Transportation planners, researchers, and policymakers should continue accounting for labor costs in an AV future, as these costs will influence where AV deployment and job losses are (and are not) likely to occur, and should proactively investigate alternative career paths for potentially displaced frontline workers. Robotaxi costs are highly sensitive to lower labor ratios (i.e., fewer vehicles per worker), but firms reach economies of scale relatively quickly. Robotaxi firms should weigh marginal labor cost reductions against impacts to passengers and workers. • Fieldwork and semi-structured interviews identify additional labor roles for robotaxis. • Labor remains a significant operational cost for existing robotaxi services. • Robotaxi operating costs are still lower than those of traditional taxi services. • Utilization rates and annual mileage will be limiting factors for robotaxi competitiveness. • Shift from taxi to robotaxi services could decrease the total number of frontline jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To review the self-reported costs of urology residency applications from 2019 to 2023 and examine the impact of Society of Academic Urologists (SAU) policy changes made during the COVID-19 pandemic on these costs. Data from the Texas Seeking Transparency in Applications to Residency (STAR) survey were used to evaluate costs incurred by fourth-year urology residency applicants from U.S. medical schools. Outcomes included median total cost (mTC), interview costs, application fees, and other associated costs, alongside the number of interviews offered and match outcomes. Cost comparisons among surgical specialties were made. Simple linear regression was used to identify cost drivers and cost-outcome correlations. Between 2019 and 2023, 522 urology residency applicants responded to the survey. The adoption of virtual interviews and discontinuation of in-person away rotations in the 2020-21 cycle led to a 79% reduction in mTC and a 92% reduction in interview costs. Key cost drivers were the number of away rotations and number of applications submitted. Each incremental away rotation is associated increased cost of $1490. In the 2020-21 cycle, urology applicants spent on average $2000 more than their general surgery counterparts. Urology shared the position of most expensive surgical specialty with thoracic surgery and ophthalmology in the 2021-22 match cycle. Pandemic-related policy changes significantly reduced the costs of urology residency applications, helping to reduce socio-economic barriers. The critical role of away rotations in securing match success, along with their associated costs, highlights equity concerns for students from institutions without home urology programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parcel delivery in rural areas suffers from low efficiency due to low drop density and high delivery costs. In the sense, we examine a new method of delivering packages using trucks and drones together. Specifically, we optimize the truck-drone delivery network and compare the performance of two modes: truck with one drone and truck with multiple drones. The existing model is extened by intergrating different types of truck-drone coordinated trajectory and accounting for both time-related and monetary costs. Furthermore, the specific influences of the truck and drone unit cost to the truck-drone joint delivery are tested and the advantages of such delivery in rural areas are explored with the comparison of the urban case. The results indicate that the truck-drone joint delivery is a feasible option for rural areas, as it can significantly reduce the costs. However, the practical application of this method requires optimal network incorporating designing suitable truck and drone coordinated trajectory as well as appropriate drone unit cost. It also shows that using multiple drones can lower down the costs, but only when the demand volume exceeds a certain threshold in the rural area under study. • We optimize the truck-drone delivery network for rural areas considering time and money costs, different trajectory patterns. • Truck-drone delivery suits rural areas well, meeting the needs of large-scale, low-density delivery while controlling costs. • Using multiple drones reduces delivery costs, but only when demand volume is high. • The combined trajectory pattern for trucks and drones significantly lowers both monetary and time costs. • Lowering drone unit costs is key to promoting efficient truck-drone joint delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid hydrogen plays a critical role in large-scale hydrogen storage and long-distance transport. The primary cost associated with liquid hydrogen supply is attributed to the liquefaction consumption. The hydrogen turbo-expander, a pivotal component in industrial hydrogen liquefaction plants, is instrumental in determining liquefaction costs. Improving the efficiency of the expander offers a significant opportunity for cost reduction. This paper commences by validating the loss model employed to assess the hydrogen turbo-expander using numerical simulation results. Subsequently, a regional division model is introduced for the expander impeller passage to identify the locations of various losses. Under diverse operational conditions, the boundaries of regions are determined through a comparison between the loss model and numerical simulation. Finally, an examination of losses in the hydrogen turbo-expander is conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results under varying operating conditions, yielding the following insights. With an increase in the expansion ratio of the hydrogen turbo-expander, the isentropic efficiency initially rises and then declines. Among the various losses observed under variable working conditions, incidence loss emerges as the most critical factor. When the expansion ratio is small, a negative attack angle forms at the impeller inlet, causing chaotic flow within the channel and an increase in passage loss. • Correlations in loss model are validated for hydrogen turbo-expanders. • The proposed regional division model enables a quantitative loss analysis. • Efficiency decays more severely with the expansion ratio lower than design value. • Incidence loss is the primary driver for efficiency decline far from design condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Innovative Conservation Model: Introducing a Character Area model to sustainably conserve built heritage in less-developed regions, integrating HUL values. • Integrated Conservation Approaches: Addressing the gap between traditional buffer zones around individual buildings and broader conservation areas worldwide. • Holistic Research Methods: Employing mixed methods—Character Appraisal for assessing HUL values and IDW technique for classifying Character Areas based on significance. • Efficiency and Cost Reduction: Enhancing sustainable heritage conservation on a larger scale, significantly reducing costs and time requirements. This study endeavors to confront the challenge of adhering to international guidelines for Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) values and heritage conservation in developing nations, specifically focusing on Iran. Conventional reliance on basic buffer zone methodologies for safeguarding national monuments often leads to the oversight and subsequent deterioration of valuable structures, resulting in irreversible decay. This research introduces an innovative GIS-based zoning methodology alongside a comprehensive framework for assessing heritage values to mitigate these deficiencies. Grounded in seminal texts such as the Venice Charter (1964), Washington Charter (1987), and Vienna Memorandum (2005), this study extends the HUL approach to establish a cost-effective yet robust practical foundation. Through the Lar Old City case study, the research systematically integrates the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) within GIS to evaluate heritage values and map character areas. This approach facilitates regular assessments and promotes sustainable management of built heritage, demonstrating efficiency in resource allocation. The framework aims to bolster conservation efforts by embedding HUL values and advocating for sustainable urban development consistent with contemporary planning principles. The findings underscore this approach's practical significance and applicability, offering a comprehensive framework to bridge gaps in heritage conservation practices and safeguard cultural heritage for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortcomings of business-like management systems in health care were exposed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic when the need for flexibility and a rapid response to patients' needs became pressing. Almost all administrative decisions concerning the management of health care services have an ethical dimension. This research aims to investigate current debates on this subject and fill in the knowledge gaps. A systematic review was undertaken to identify neurosurgical ethical concerns related to transformations in the functioning of health care institutions; however, the data analysis is presented in a narrative format. Two management models were identified and compared: a business/economic management model versus a medical model. Independent of the management model chosen, problems arise when a framework is adopted where measurement and proxy parameters are implemented and economic mechanisms are used for administrative steering. The proxy measures of physician performance proved to be entirely inappropriate during the pandemic. The pandemic suddenly made many management models obsolete as doctors tried to solve immediate problems according to their medical training rather than by following abstract systems for maximizing public health. The measures were largely taken in a bottom-up fashion based on physicians' training and knowledge, not in a top-down manner dictated by management. Purely financial cost containment strategies in health care can be ineffective or even harmful. Therefore, nonfinancial control mechanisms must ensure adherence to personal and professional ethics, together with professionalism based on sound medical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost-effectiveness of Robotic-assisted hepatectomy compared to the open approach is scrutinized. We compared the costs of robotic versus open hepatectomy at a large cancer center. Patients undergoing hepatectomy (1/2019-2/2022) were collected from a prospectively maintained database and 1:1 propensity score matched for 61 robotic and 61 open hepatectomy patients by complexity, tumor diagnosis, and age >65. Financial data was collected and converted to a ratio of service cost to average OR cost. Short-term and economic outcomes were compared. Median length of stay (2 vs. 3 days), major complication rates (0% vs. 8.2%), and 90-day readmission rates (3.3% vs. 11.5%) were lower for robotic hepatectomy (all p < 0.05). Total 90-day perioperative costs were lower by 19.5% for the robotic cohort (mean 6.89 vs 8.56; p < 0.01). Intraoperative costs were higher in the robotic cohort (mean 2.75 vs. 2.44; p < 0.01). Cost reduction drivers during postoperative care were supplies (mean 0.26 vs. 0.75), laboratory (mean 0.27 vs. 0.49), regular surgery unit (mean 0.19 vs. 0.32), recovery room (mean 0.26 vs. 0.29) and pharmacy cost (median 0.21 vs. 0.32; all p < 0.05). Hospital costs of robotic hepatectomy were lower than those of open hepatectomy due to significantly reduced postoperative costs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on secure consensus for leader-following multiagent systems (MASs) modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs) under denial of service (DoS) attacks. To mitigate the negative effects of DoS attacks, which can paralyze communication and cause agents to fail to receive valid control inputs, a buffer region is established in the communication channels among agents to temporarily store messages from neighbors. Additionally, since the states of the leader and followers are not always measurable, observers are used to estimate these states. To address these challenges, this paper proposes two boundary controllers to ensure leader-following consensus in both measurable and unmeasurable states. One controller is based on original boundary information, while the other utilizes observation information from both the leader and followers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use buffers to solve a class of PDEs-based MASs under DoS attacks. Furthermore, the boundary control approach has the potential to significantly reduce the number of actuators required, thereby lowering control costs. Finally, we present two numerical examples to validate the feasibility of the proposed methods. • The effects of time and position on state changes are considered to better reflect agents' behaviors. • Boundary control approach reduces the quantity of actuators used with lower control costs. • Buffer is used to defend against denial of service attacks. • The proposed method guarantees leader-following consensus for observer-based multiagent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its high energy density and zero-carbon emissions, the path to large commercialization for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems faces challenges related to cost reduction, efficiency enhancement, and durability improvement. One key strategy to address these hurdles is the development of reliable control algorithms that ensure operation at the Maximum Efficiency Point (MEP) of PEMFC systems. This optimization is essential for achieving high efficiency, a crucial factor for PEMFC technology commercial viability. This work explores the experimental design, implementation, and evaluation of Maximum Efficiency Point Tracking (MEPT) control algorithms for a PEMFC system. The investigated methods span across five distinct categories: conventional, data-driven, metaheuristics, online model identification, and filter-based approaches. To assess these methods, a real-time small-scale PEMFC system test bench was built. The setup consists of 200 W open-cathode PEMFC, industrial step-up DC–DC converter, programmable load and a cost-effective measurement and monitoring unit. Merits and demerits of each method are then discussed based on different performance metrics such as tracking speed, hydrogen consumption and power stress. Comparative analysis of the results reveals that, while all the algorithms achieved a maximum electrical efficiency of about 48%, data-driven methods exhibited a superior trade-off between performance metrics. This ultimately leads to improved PEMFC durability. • Enhancing PEMFC system efficiency through the implementation of MEPT control. • A detailed design of a small-scale experimental demonstration PEMFC test bench. • Comparative analysis of MEPT techniques based on multi-index performance metrics. • Data-driven methods provide the best trade-off for improving PEMFC durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclodextrins (CDs) market has increased due to their numerous applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The high cost of synthetizing one unique form of CDs, mainly the α- and γ- forms, hinders their use in certain processes. Since CDs are exclusively produced by the enzymatic conversion of starch or starch derivates using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), enhancing this enzyme production means feasible CD synthesis. Recent discoveries of novel CGTase producers and strategies for optimizing fermentation processes and immobilization techniques have expanded its applications. However, the low yield arising from wild strains remains an obstacle. Studies focused on overexpressing CGTase through heterologous expression and improving their catalytic properties by altering protein structure using protein engineering approaches have been explored to enable upscaling the applications of CGTase. This review surveys recent approaches employed in CGTases production aiming at industrial scale. Overall, the importance of advances in biotechnology for cost reduction in upscale processes and perspectives for future research were highlighted. [Display omitted] • The high demand for cyclodextrins has led to a significant increase in research on CGTases. • Many studies report cultivation optimization to increase CGTase production. • Heterologous expression strategies have been applied to improve CGTase secretion yields. • Molecular engineering approaches have successfully enhanced CGTases catalytic properties. • Immobilization techniques increase enzymatic stability and enable reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, several phase III trials of immunotherapy in combination with surgical or locoregional therapies for early-to intermediate-stage HCC have recently reported positive results, and other phase III trials in the same patient population are currently in progress. As the application of immunotherapy is shifting to include patients with earlier stages of HCC, one looming question now emerges: What is the role of immunotherapy in the pre-liver transplant population? Liver transplantation is a potentially curative therapy for HCC and confers the additional advantage of restoring a normal, healthy liver. In pre-transplant patients, immunotherapy may improve downstaging success and tumour control at the cost of some immunologic risks. These include immune-related toxicities, which are particularly relevant in a uniquely vulnerable population with chronic liver disease, and the possibility of acute rejection after transplantation. Ultimately, the goal of immunotherapy in this population will be to effectively expand access to liver transplantation while preserving pre- and post-transplant outcomes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms supporting combination immunotherapy, summarise key recent clinical data from major immunotherapy trials, and explore how immunotherapy can be applied in the neoadjuvant setting prior to liver transplantation in selected high-risk patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy (RT) is an integral component in the treatment of breast cancer. The aims of this study were to estimate the cost per 5-year Local Control (LC) and Overall Survival (OS) benefits of the first course of RT, based on breast cancer stage, and the potential cost savings with adoption of the FAST-Forward protocol. All RT activities for breast cancer RT July 2017-June 2020 and their associated costs were consolidated together. The average cost of treatment course was calculated (average cost per fraction X average no. of fractions). Cost per outcome was estimated based on published gains in 5-year LC and OS with optimal use of radiotherapy. 481 patients with breast cancer were analysed. The average cost per fraction was $285 AUD (£148 GBP) for all stages. The average costs for 5-year LC and OS gain were $31,483 AUD (£16 392 GBP) and $235,435 AUD (£122 566 GBP) respectively for all stages. The estimated costs for 5-year LC outcomes were $29,675 AUD (£15 450 GBP), $34,675 AUD (£18 053 GBP) and $32,478 AUD (£16 910 GBP) for Stage I-III respectively. The estimated costs for 5-year OS were $455,909 AUD (£237 378 GBP), $532,727 AUD (£ 277 375 GBP) and $60,717 AUD (£31 614 GBP) for Stage I-III respectively. 266 patients had characteristics that made them eligible for the FAST-Forward protocol. A cost saving of $2592–3864 AUD (£1350–2012 GBP) per patient was estimated had these patients been treated with the protocol. The cost of RT for LC outcome is similar across stages. The greatest value for OS outcome was seen in patients with Stage III breast cancer, due to the greater survival benefit with RT in these patients compared with Stage I-II breast cancer. Significant cost savings can be made by implementing the FAST-Forward protocol. • Cost per 5-year local control outcome was similar for Stage I-III breast cancer ranging from $29,675 AUD to $32,478 AUD. • Cost per 5-year overall survival outcome was cheaper for stage III breast cancer compared with Stage I-II breast cancer. • Use of the FAST-Forward ultrahypofractionation protocol significantly reduces RT costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiotherapy for cancer treatment. The importance of radiotherapy in cancer management and its time-intensive planning process make AI adoption appealing especially with the escalating demand for radiotherapy. This review highlights the efficacy of AI across medical domains, where it surpasses human capabilities in areas such as cardiology and dermatology. Focusing on radiotherapy, the paper details AI's applications in target segmentation, dose optimization, and outcome prediction. It discusses adaptive radiotherapy's benefits and AI's potential to enhance patient outcomes with much improved treatment accuracy. The paper explores ethical concerns, including data privacy and bias, stressing the need for robust guidelines. Educating healthcare professionals and patients about AI's role is crucial as it acknowledges potential job-role changes and concerns about patients' trust in the use of AI. Overall, the integration of AI in radiotherapy holds transformative potential in streamlining processes, improving outcomes, and reducing costs. AI's potential to reduce healthcare costs underscores its significance with impactful change globally. However, successful implementation hinges on addressing ethical and logistical challenges and fostering collaboration among healthcare professionals and patient population data sets for its optimal utilization. Rigorous education, collaborative efforts, and global data sharing will be the compass guiding its' success in radiotherapy and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was the aim of the study to analyze the distribution and pattern of facial fractures following e-scooter trauma. Prospective audit data of facial fractures were retrospectively collected to investigate the impact of e-scooter hire, specifically in the form of facial fractures associated with their use. Data collected included patient demographics, mode of injury, date of injury, facial bones involved, presence of soft tissue injury, and factors associated with injury, including intoxication and helmet use. A total of 849 patients were treated for facial fractures during the study period, of which 34 were attributed to e-scooter use. One-half of those injured riding e-scooters were intoxicated, and one-quarter were wearing helmets. There have been an increasing number of facial fractures associated with e-scooter use following the start of the shared e-scooter trial. Zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures were the most common pattern of facial fracture seen. Most patients required surgical management of their injuries. Policymakers should consider how to improve the enforcement of current regulations, given the healthcare cost associated with the management of these preventable injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Personal View discusses the challenges faced, especially by low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), in responding to the growing burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. Many patients in LMICs lack access to effective and affordable treatments needed to successfully treat patients. Meanwhile, traditional antimicrobial stewardship models face implementation challenges due to financial, health system, and human resource constraints. These constraints call for a paradigm shift from traditional high-income country-style antimicrobial stewardship, which is often resource intensive and aimed at cost containment, to a broader concept of sustainable access. We suggest a model of context-adapted stewardship that continues to emphasise providing the right antibiotic, at the right time, for the right duration, and at an affordable price. Taking lessons from other disease areas, including tuberculosis, we identify interventions such as task shifting to various health-care workers and the implementation of a hub-and-spoke model to support appropriate use of antibiotics, to enable optimal access and maximisation of scarce resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High discharge-energy-storage-density (W dis) ceramics with high breakdown strength (BDS) are in high demand nowadays. However, enhancing BDS always comes at the cost of significantly reduction on polarization. In this work, a stepwise-optimization strategy combining two-step sintering and chemical-coating is proposed to enhance BDS of 0.6Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 -0.4SrTiO 3 (BNT-ST) ceramics. Finally, significant enhancement on BDS , delayed saturation polarization and considerable polarization are successfully achieved simultaneously. The BNT-ST ceramic prepared via chemical-coating and two-step sintering (BNT-ST@Si-TSS) maintains a high polarization (44.36 μ C/cm2 at 270 kV/cm) and achieves a high W dis of 3.14 J/cm3. BDS and W dis of BNT-ST@Si-TSS ceramics are enhanced by nearly 70 % and 60 % than that of BNT-ST ceramics prepared by traditional sintering, respectively. Besides, BNT-ST@Si-TSS ceramics exhibit excellent thermal stability (∆ W dis ≤ 4.6 % among 30–140 ℃) and outstanding fatigue stability (∆ W dis ≤ 2.7 % after 106 cycles). This work offers a feasible avenue to optimize ceramic characteristics step-by-step, showing great potential in high-energy-storage fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study explores the efficacy and economic benefits of neurosurgical teleconsultations in managing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), focusing on reducing unnecessary patient transfers and associated costs. We conducted a cost-savings analysis at our institution of a previously published pilot study involving a cohort of patients with ICH who were potential candidates for airlift to our tertiary care center but instead received neurosurgical consultation via teleconsultation to avoid the transfer. Data on patient demographics, distances, and costs were collected and analyzed to assess the economic impact of teleconsultations. The cohort comprised 14 patients; we noted significant cost savings from avoiding interhospital transfers, ranging from $84,346.52 to $120,495.03 per patient. Teleconsultations facilitated immediate, collaborative decision-making between healthcare providers at community hospitals and a tertiary care center, reducing the need for expensive air transportation and unnecessary hospital transfers. Neurosurgical teleconsultations offer a cost-effective alternative to traditional patient transfer methods for ICH management, providing substantial economic benefits while maintaining high physician and patient-family satisfaction levels. This study underscores the potential of our teleneurosurgery program to significantly reduce costs by reducing unnecessary financial burdens on patients' families and healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the most common cause of death in Europe. • Lipid-lowering therapies continue to be under-used, and treatment goals often not achieved. • CV events that occur in patients, despite optimal risk factor control, are called " residual risk ". • Lifestyle measures and the full and appropriate use of pharmacotherapies are needed to lower CV risk. • There is a need for simplified clinical recommendations, promotion of earlier lifestyle changes, and the use of combination therapies. Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the most common cause of death in Europe. Despite proven benefits, use of lipid-lowering therapy remains suboptimal. Treatment goals are often not achieved, even in patients at high risk with atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD). The occurrence of CV events in patients on lipid-lowering drugs is defined as " residual risk ", and can result from inadequate control of plasma lipids or blood pressure, inflammation, diabetes, and environmental hazards. Assessment of CV risk factors and vascular imaging can aid in the evaluation and management decisions for individual patients. Lifestyle measures remain the primary intervention for lowering CV risk. Where drug therapies are required to reach lipid treatment targets, their effectiveness increases when they are combined with lifestyle measures delivered through formal programs. However, lipid drug dosage and poor adherence to treatment remain major obstacles to event-free survival. This article discusses guideline-supported treatment algorithms beyond statin therapy that can help reduce residual risk in specific patient profiles while also likely resulting in substantial healthcare savings through better patient management and treatment adherence. Types of residual lipid-related risk in patients with known CVD after initial optimal treatment of other risk factors CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, hsCRP, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); TG, triglyceride. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a power-to-hydrogen system, designed to provide high-temperature heat to hard-to-abate industries. We leverage on a geospatial analysis for wind and solar availability and different industrial demand profiles with the aim to identify the ideal sizing of plant components and the resulting Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). We assess the carbon intensity of the produced hydrogen, especially when grid electricity is utilized. A methodology is developed to size and optimize the PV and wind energy capacity, the electrolyzer unit, and hybrid storage, by combining compressed hydrogen storage with lithium-ion batteries. The hydrogen demand profile is generated synthetically, thus allowing different industrial consumption profiles to be investigated. The LCOH in a baseline scenario ranges from 3.5 to 8.9 €/kg, with the lowest values in wind-rich climates. Solar PV only plays a role in locations with high PV full-load hours. It was found that optimal hydrogen storage can cover the users' demand for 2–3 days. Most of the considered scenarios comply with the emission intensity thresholds set by the EU. A sensitivity analysis reveals that a lower variability of the demand profile is associated with cost savings. An ideally constant demand profile results in a cost reduction of approximately 11 %. [Display omitted] • Geospatial analysis of renewables across Europe. • Hydrogen to heat for heavy industry. • Optimization of wind and PV resources. • Hydrogen storage dominates battery storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the era of big data provides unprecedented opportunities for the transformation and innovation of corporate accounting, but also poses severe challenges to its development. Taking Company M as an example, this paper analyzes the accounting transformation under the current big data environment, and raises many new issues, such as the security of accounting information and the authenticity of information, and the transformation of accounting information data processing mode. At the same time, enterprises are also facing many opportunities, such as: the impact on accounting confirmation, enterprise financial forecasting, decision-making and cost control, and the management of enterprise accounting electronic documents in the cloud computing environment and big data environment. This paper intends to study the accounting information system under the environment of cloud computing and big data, aiming to improve the security and reliability of enterprise accounting information. This article constructed an accounting information big data analysis platform. Through experimental testing, it was found that before using the platform, the cost of hardware investment and system maintenance in 2019 was 19,803 yuan, while the cost after using the platform was 13,256 yuan. Studies have shown that using big data processing technology to extract useful information from huge financial and accounting databases can help enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production cost forecasting is the key link to control the production cost of products, is an important step for enterprises to scientifically plan the future cost level and cost objectives, and is also the basis for enterprises to make scientific decisions. Taking women's clothing as an example, this paper introduces a simple and practical product production cost prediction method based on multiple linear regression mathematical model, describes the establishment process and prediction steps of multiple linear regression mathematical model in detail, and makes a prediction empirical research. It is found that the design difficulty and production volume are the key factors affecting the production cost of women's clothing, while the unit cost of raw materials and the man-hour required for production are not significant. The sample equation was fitted by the least square method, and the mathematical model was established, and the empirical analysis was carried out by SPSS22.0 software. The results show that the model has a high degree of fitting and forecasting ability, and provides a scientific and practical cost forecasting tool for enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the booming development of network and e-commerce, emerging logistics models such as shared logistics and express delivery platforms have attracted widespread attention. However, this model poses significant challenges in cost control, delivery time, and resource utilization efficiency. In the design of path planning and scheduling algorithms, map data can be integrated, including road network, traffic flow, and other information. Taking into account factors such as road conditions and traffic congestion, heuristic algorithms such as genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm can be used to calculate the optimal route. When optimizing resource allocation, a real-time data collection system can be built to monitor order quantity, vehicle location, etc. Based on real-time monitoring data, route planning and resource allocation strategies can be dynamically adjusted to cope with unexpected events and order changes. Based on feedback information, the algorithm architecture can be continuously improved to enhance its adaptability. The average cost reduction rate for regular packages is 12%, the average delivery time is reduced by 18%, and the average resource utilization rate is increased by 14%. This article helps to balance costs, shorten time, and improve resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to address the obstacles of efficiency and cost control within project cost management? These limitations would be an issue because they are not suitable for the refined management requirements and would increase the amount of labor for the personnel. In this investigation, artificial intelligence (AI) was applied to improve the efficient and accurate refined amount in the cost management, for engineering, based on the refined construction cost information. Therefore, a significant amount of data of the construction engineering project was acquired. Key moments were the data cleaning, data preprocessing and data quality improvement. Furthermore, the machine learning algorithm was utilized to formulate the refined cost prediction model. For identifying the cost trend and probably other rules, the data mining technology was adopted. The cost model was further optimized by using the linear regression method in order to support the risk management and decision-making. The results of this study showed that the achievement for the refined construction amount of this paper was 93% to 98%. The application of AI in the refined amount of engineering cost management was able to significantly improve the cost prediction, and the refined cost control of engineering in the expeditious and accurate model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although low emission hydrogen has the prospect of huge growth in the future, the cost challenge hinders the deployment and makes it weak in the global market share. Green hydrogen has the advantage of zero carbon emission and has achieved rapid development with the support of renewable energy. Limited by investment, electricity and technology, the large-scale application of green hydrogen faces challenges in the short term. Blue hydrogen comes from natural gas reforming, and its output is guaranteed. However, its production reaction requires high energy consumption and additional carbon emission treatment, resulting in insufficient sustainability. To solve the problem of high-efficiency and large-scale production of low emission hydrogen, a hydrogen co-production scheme combining photovoltaic electrolysis and natural gas reforming with CCS was proposed in this study. Electrolytic hydrogen production, natural gas autothermal reforming, CO 2 sequestration and saline purification in the cogeneration hydrogen production system are coupled by energy and materials such as electricity, O 2 , CO 2 and water. The scheme is applied in Sichuan-Chongqing region to verify the feasibility and effectiveness. The results show that the proposed hydrogen co-production scheme can achieve cost reduction of up to 16.4%, and has long-term development prospects. [Display omitted] • Identifies the development status and bottlenecks of low-emission hydrogen. • Proposes a zero carbon emission co-production scheme of green and blue hydrogen. • Verifies the feasibility and benefit of the scheme in Sichuan-Chongqing region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present era has seen a surge in artificial intelligence-related research in oncology, mainly using deep learning, because of powerful computer hardware, improved algorithms and the availability of large amounts of data from open-source domains and the use of transfer learning. Here we discuss the multifaceted role of deep learning in cancer care, ranging from risk stratification, the screening and diagnosis of cancer, to the prediction of genomic mutations, treatment response and survival outcome prediction, through the use of convolutional neural networks. Another role of artificial intelligence is in the generation of automated radiology reports, which is a boon in high-volume centres to minimise report turnaround time. Although a validated and deployable deep-learning model for clinical use is still in its infancy, there is ongoing research to overcome the barriers for its universal implementation and we also delve into this aspect. We also briefly describe the role of radiomics in oncoimaging. Artificial intelligence can provide answers pertaining to cancer management at baseline imaging, saving cost and time. Imaging biobanks, which are repositories of anonymised images, are also briefly described. We also discuss the commercialisation and ethical issues pertaining to artificial intelligence. The latest generation generalist artificial intelligence model is also briefly described at the end of the article. We believe this article will not only enrich knowledge, but also promote research acumen in the minds of readers to take oncoimaging to another level using artificial intelligence and also work towards clinical translation of such research. • Risk prediction using artificial intelligence can triage patients for cancer screening. • Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis and molecular mutation prediction can save cost and time. • Artificial intelligence-based treatment response and toxicity prediction can guide management decisions. • Artificial intelligence-based survival outcome and recurrence prediction can aid in prognostication. • Researchers to focus on clinical translation of the developed mathematical algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) are novel high-cost treatments for the prevention of migraine. This study presents data on utilization, expenditure, and treatment patterns with CGRP mAbs available under a managed access protocol in Ireland, to a cohort of treatment refractory patients (failed 3 or more previous treatments) with chronic migraine. Data were extracted from the Primary Care Reimbursement Service High Tech claims database and special drug request online system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SAS. Treatment persistence was evaluated by refill patterns, and adherence was evaluated using the proportion of days covered method. Expenditure data were extracted directly from the database. Between September 1, 2021 and April 30, 2023, 1517 applications for reimbursement approval for a CGRP mAb were received; 1458 (96.1%) were approved for reimbursement. Total expenditure on CGRP mAbs in year 1 (September 1, 2021 to August 31, 2022) was €3.2 million. The majority of patients initiated treatment with fremanezumab (60.8%) or erenumab (37.1%). Almost 90% of patients were considered adherent, and treatment persistence was high, with more than 75% of patients receiving more than 12 months of treatment in our 18-month study time frame. This study demonstrates the importance of active health technology management, after reimbursement, in enabling cost-effective use of high-cost treatments while providing budget certainty for the healthcare payer. High levels of adherence and persistence suggest that treatment is successfully targeted in situations which unmet clinical need is greatest. • Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies are novel, high-cost treatments for the prevention of migraine. • In 1 year of reimbursement in Ireland, the total expenditure on calcitonin gene-related peptide was €3.2 million, with the majority of approved patients being highly treatment adherent. • Health technology management can ensure cost containment while maintaining access to treatment in situations which unmet clinical need is greatest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the perception of current and future impacts of Cloud Computing (CC) on enterprise operations, focusing on a comparative analysis among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland. The research addresses two primary questions: how enterprises perceive the current influence of CC and their outlook on its future role. The research examined the adoption and utilization of CC services, identifying key drivers and challenges. Findings indicate that CC significantly enhances operational flexibility, reduces costs, and fosters innovation, though concerns about security, dependency on providers, and data management persist. The results underscore the growing reliance on CC, predicting increased standardization and widespread use across various business areas within the next five years. The study concludes that while CC offers substantial benefits, ongoing efforts to improve security, cost management, and standardization are crucial for its sustained adoption and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT, BERT, Mistral or others, "reducing the domain space" for text generation involves limiting the range of content that can be utilized for generating responses. This approach aims at enhancing the relevance and precision of the text produced. While various strategies exist to achieve this, this work explores Sequential Language Model Integration (SLMI), which mirrors the organization and distribution of knowledge across different fields of expertise. More specifically, SLMI is the technique of linking multiple LLMs (LLM-Chains) in a systematic manner. In this paper, we refer to a process of choosing, linking and connecting LLMs with other services (often to complete a generative task, invoke external functions and machine learning services, or tackle problems) as "Large Language Models as a Service". We outline the development and evaluation process of an SLMI methodology to refine response accuracy. Focusing on the medical field, we also establish a framework for knowledge reduction based on "knowledge paths", analogous to the distinct specializations within medicine. We apply this framework to a dermatology case study and utilize our evaluation pipeline to assess the results. Reducing the knowledge domain from medicine in general down to dermatology, we tested our methodology and found gains regarding accuracy and diagnostic improvement, as well as a reduction in costs regarding total tokens generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine-125 (I-125) seeds, commonly used in low-dose rate brachytherapy for ocular malignancies, are often discarded after a single use. This study examines the potential cost savings at an institution with high ocular melanoma referrals, by re-using I-125 seeds for eye-plaque brachytherapy. In this single-institutional retrospective analysis, data was collected from I-125 seed orders from 8/2019 through 10/2022. Information including number of seeds ordered per lot, number of plaques built per lot, and number of seeds used per lot were collected. Cost per lot of seed was assumed to be the current cost from the most recent lot of 35 seeds. During the study, 72 I-125 seed lots were ordered bi-weekly, with a median of 35 seeds per lot (Range: 15–35). Each seed was used on average 2.26 times prior to being discarded. The average duration of each seed lot used was 62.2 days (Range: 21–126). Each seed lot contributed to the construction of an average of 8.4 eye plaques (Range: 2–20). With seed recycling, 2,475 seeds were used to construct 608 eye-plaques. Without re-using practice this would require 5,694 seeds. This resulted in a percentage cost savings of 56.5%, with a total seed cost reduction of $344,884, or $559 per eye-plaque on average. This is the first study to evaluate cost savings relative to re-using I-125 seeds for eye plaques. The data demonstrates how an institution can decrease costs associated with I-125 radiation seeds used for eye-plaque brachytherapy by re-using them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to optimize the business environment is a very difficult issue. Now the stability of the timing control of the power grid is poor and the energy cost is high. This paper uses literature reviews and case studies to study the optimization of the business environment of the timing control of the power grid. Through collecting and analyzing relevant literature and combining actual cases, the current business environment problems of timing control of power grids are discussed, and corresponding solutions are proposed. The research results show that the stability of the power grid of this technology is up to 99%, and the continuous optimization of the business environment of the power grid timing control can reduce energy costs. It is necessary to conduct business interconnection and share timing signals, and through the formulation of unified technical standards, data security protection, management and supervision mechanism improvement, and fair investment and cost sharing mechanism, enhance the efficiency of power grid timing control and energy exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm (EWA) to optimize dependent task offloading in a multi-edge cloud computing environment. Our proposed algorithm aims to identify the most suitable offloading scenario for dependent tasks, focusing on minimizing total processing latency, energy consumption, and associated costs. We operate within a system comprising many decentralized Mobile Edge Computing servers (MECs) and a centralized cloud server. Two novel improvement operations, namely Frame Shifting (FS) and Load Redistribution Strategy (LRS), are introduced to enhance the performance of the whale algorithm. Through simulation, our results demonstrate the superior performance of EWA. Specifically, compared to the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), EWA achieves a remarkable reduction in latency by 22.84%, a substantial decrease in energy consumption by 78.28%, and a notable reduction in cost usage by 61.47%. These outcomes underscore the efficacy and practical significance of the proposed EWA in addressing the challenges posed by dependent task offloading in the multi-edge cloud computing landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sintering performance index can reflect the quality of sintered ore, and the level of sintered ore performance directly affects the stability of blast furnace production. Accurate prediction of sinter performance metrics is essential to optimise sinter quality, improve production efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Based on the sintering big data, this paper proposes the Optuna-DFNN model by combining the fuzzy neural network algorithm, the deep neural network algorithm and the Optuna framework to address the problems of difficulty in tuning the parameter, lack of self-learning ability, and poor generalisation of the model of the traditional method when faced with the input of multiple parameters. The paper predicts the four prediction indexes of yield rate, return fines ratio, drum index and RDI +3.15 respectively. Among them, the relative error of the prediction of the yield rate is within 1.3 %, the relative error of the prediction of the return fines ratio is within 2.8 %, the relative error of the prediction of the drum index is within 0.32 %, and the relative error of the prediction of the RDI +3.15 is within 1.4 %. The results indicate that the Optuna-DFNN model has better performance in predicting sintering performance metrics. Based on the Optuna-DFNN sintered ore performance prediction model, the quality of sintered ore can be accurately predicted, the sintering process parameters can be adjusted in a timely manner, the sintering process can be optimized, and the utilization coefficient of sintering can be improved. Provide a reference for the optimisation of production processes, with a positive impact on cost reduction, environmental protection and increased sustainability of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2013, Flanders has introduced a screening programme for colorectal cancer for all citizens aged between 50 and 74 years. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-utility of an expansion of the colorectal cancer screening policy in Flanders (Belgium) and to place these findings in the international context. Cost-utility analysis using high-detail data about screening participation, screening results, and epidemiological data, a Markov cohort model has been constructed to study long-term costs and effects. A cost-utility analysis was performed as a three-way comparison between current, expanded (from age 45 years), and no screening scenarios, from a societal and healthcare perspective. Robustness was assessed by both one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Analyses show that both current and expanded screening result in quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gains and are mostly cost-saving. Overall, 97.5% of Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICERs) remained well below € 2000 per QALY for all comparisons. Parameters related to the colonoscopy that follows a positive test result such as compliance and cost are especially impactful on the cost-effectiveness. Screening participation and screening costs have remained comparatively stable, making colorectal cancer screening a cost-effective (dominant) policy. Expanding the screen age to 45 years is also cost-effective (dominant) compared with current screening, albeit with a slimmer margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a notable push for cost reduction in space applications, aligning with the growing interest in CubeSats. To unlock their full capabilities, propulsion is essential for executing complex missions. However, many propulsion technologies struggle to combine a low power-to-thrust ratio (PTTR), delivering sufficient total impulse, and providing high thrust, all within the limited space of a CubeSat. In this context, the Advanced Cusp Field Thruster (ACFT) emerges as a novel candidate, encapsulating all these crucial characteristics. To validate its performance of the thruster without the integration of a dedicated feeding system and a Power Processing Unit (PPU), a miniaturized development model of an ACFT underwent a 1650-hour endurance test, followed by a subsequent end-of-test characterization. This led to the achievement of a total impulse of 4400 Ns and a maximum thrust of 1522 ± 41 μ N at a specific impulse of 1035 ± 41.4 s, a PTTR of 29.5 ± 0.8 W/mN (without neutralizer), and an overall efficiency of 17.2 ± 1.1% using krypton. • Overview of current CubeSat propulsion technologies. • Introducing ACFT as a novel CubeSat propulsion option. • 1650-hour endurance test of ACFT shows 4400 Ns total impulse. • Miniaturized ACFT: 1522 μ N thrust, 1035 s impulse, 29.5 W/mN PTTR with Kr. • Self-cleaning suspected to reduce backsputtering effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the outcomes, total healthcare utilization, and cost savings for same-day discharge (SDD) vs inpatient robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) and robotic-assisted radical nephrectomy (RARN). We compared 146 RAPNs and 65 RARNs consecutively performed as SDD (RAPN = 21, RARN = 9) vs inpatient (RAPN = 125, RARN = 56) from April 2015 to May 2023 at two academic medical centers. We collected baseline demographics, perioperative characteristics, and 30-day complications. We applied the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing analysis to compare total costs of RAPN and PARN throughout the cycle of care, including inpatient vs SDD. Baseline demographics and comorbidities were similar between patients undergoing inpatient vs SDD RAPN and RARN. One Clavien-Dindo grade II complication (3.3%) requiring readmission due to wound infection for antibiotics occurred after SDD RAPN; no complications occurred after SDD RARN. Two unscheduled office or emergency department visits (6.7%) occurred after SDD RAPN for surgical-site infection and urinary retention. SDD vs inpatient RAPN and RARN demonstrated a $3091 (18%) and $4003 (25%) overall cost reduction, respectively. SDD RAPN and RARN result in cost savings of 18%-25% without a difference in complications, and thereby improves value-based care for appropriately selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlocking supply-demand bottlenecks, extending chains, supplementing links, and strengthening chains to enhance supply chain resilience are key to improving financing efficiency for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper, based on panel data of all SMEs listed on the Small and Medium Enterprise Board and the Growth Enterprise Board of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2015 to 2022, constructs a double-difference model to explore, for the first time, the impact of supply chain digitalization on the financing efficiency of SMEs and its transmission mechanism from the perspective of supply chain resilience. The research findings indicate that supply chain digitalization significantly enhances the financing efficiency of SMEs. Mechanism analysis suggests that supply chain resilience is the key transmission path through which supply chain digitalization enhances financing efficiency for SMEs. By optimizing supply chain dynamic capabilities, including proactive capability, reactive capability, and quality capability, to promote key resource integration such as cost control, fund circulation, and innovation collaboration, SMEs' financing efficiency is empowered. Further analysis reveals that state-owned enterprises and SMEs in the central and eastern regions of China experience more significant improvements in financing efficiency. The conclusions of this paper provide policy implications for government initiatives to promote supply chain digitalization, ensure industrial chain security, and formulate differentiated policies targeting weak links in the process of supply chain digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new constellation lifecycle cost optimization problem was introduced. • Useful insights to the satellite burn-in problem can guide satellite manufacturers. • Long testing durations are undesirable; testing can be traded off with number of satellites produced. • Combining burn-in, warranty and availability analysis opens new paths for constellation research. Constellation lifecycle costs are an important metric for constellation designers. Recurring costs of mega constellations in particular are large relative to the non-recurring costs, yet little attention has been given to the reduction of recurring costs. Moreover, few studies exist on the impacts of pre-launch activities such as satellite testing on subsequent operational reliability. We thus study the lifecycle cost impacts of environmental stress screening during acceptance testing to minimize constellation lifecycle costs. Parallels are drawn with the field of electronics testing, and costs arising from burn-in, replacement and availability are considered in our formulation. A single-objective cost minimization problem and a multi-objective cost and unavailability minimization problem are presented to capture different mission applications that require different objectives. The effects of system homogeneity and the use of sparing strategies are investigated. We propose genetic algorithms to solve the optimization problems and give some insight into how burn-in should be carried out for minimizing total costs. The optimization is also applied to a case study of a proposed mission scenario and the constellation lifecycle costs of an optimized burn-in plan are compared to those of a typical "reliability target" burn-in plan. The optimization resulted in lifecycle cost savings of around 19% while significantly reducing the burn-in duration, showing much promise in the burn-in cost optimization approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) compared with centrally inserted central catheters (CICCs). Prospective cohort study was followed by an economic analysis over a 30-day time horizon. Propensity score matching was used to select hospitalized adults with similar indications for PICC or CICC. The composite outcome was device removal or replacement because of complications before the end of treatment. The economic evaluation was based on a decision tree model for cost-effectiveness analysis, with calculation of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per catheter removal avoided. All costs are presented in Brazilian reais (BRL) (1 BRL = 0.1870 US dollar). A total of 217 patients were followed in each group; 172 (79.3%) of those receiving a PICC and 135 (62.2%) of those receiving a CICC had no device-related complication, respectively. When comparing the events leading to device removal, the risk of composite endpoint was significantly higher in the CICC group (hazard ratio 0.20; 95% CI 0.11-0.35). The cost of PICC placement was BRL 1290.98 versus BRL 467.16 for a CICC. In the base case, the ICER for placing a PICC instead of a CICC was BRL 3349.91 per removal or replacement avoided. On univariate sensitivity analyses, the model proved to be robust within an ICER range of 2500.00 to 4800.00 BRL. PICC placement was associated with a lower risk of complications than CICC placement. Although the cost of a PICC is higher, its use avoided complications and need for catheter replacement before the end of treatment. • For hospitalized patients who need a central venous access device for up to 30 days, a centrally inserted central catheter (CICC) is most often placed; however, it has higher rates of primary bloodstream infection than other devices used for the same purpose, such as the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). • Despite the higher cost of these devices (PICC), there has been exponential growth in indications in the last decade, with corresponding financial impact on the health system, especially in publicly funded settings. • This study presents effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 2 vascular devices (PICC versus CICC) carried out with primary data from a prospective cohort conducted in a public hospital; the CICC presented a greater need for replacement than the PICC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It describes a process of vacuum carbothermal reduction-directional condensation. • The obtained yields of Sn and Pb are superior to other treatment techniques. • Vacuum technology has once again proved to be a very useful method. Sn ash recycling is an industry with positive development prospects, as it provides better-protected resources, promotes sustainable development, and lays a solid foundation for future development. In this study, an innovative vacuum carbothermal reduction-directional condensation process was developed. The thermodynamic analysis results indicated that the initial reaction pressure and temperature for the carbothermal reduction of the system was 1–10 Pa and 998–1063 K, respectively. The saturation vapor pressure, separation coefficient, and condensation temperature of Sn, Pb, and Zn in the reduced products differed significantly, and their separation could be achieved by controlling the volatilization and condensation temperatures. A single-factor experiment investigated the effects of carbon ratio, temperature, and time on the reduction efficiency, direct yield, and recovery rate. The optimal experimental conditions were the ratio of MeO to C of 4:1, temperature of 1373 K, and time of 120 min. Sn, Pb, and Zn products were obtained at different positions. This process shortens the traditional process, reduces the reduction cost of Sn, and enables the implementation of the process, making it environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Regeneration of waste graphite by using surfactant assisted methanesulfonic acid. • The purity and recovery rate of regenerated graphite reaches 99.7% and 98.0%. • This method can protect the graphite structure under impurity removal conditions. • Regenerated graphite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. With the vigorous development of the new energy industry, the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is growing exponentially, and the recycling of spent LIBs has gradually become a research hotspot. Currently, recycling both cathode and anode materials of LIBs is important to environmental protection and resource recycling. This research reports a method of efficient purification and high-quality regeneration of graphite from spent LIBs by surfactant-assisted methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Under the optimal conditions (0.006 mol/L sodium dodecyl sulfonate, 0.25 mol/L MSA, 10 vol% hydrogen peroxide, liquid–solid ratio of 30:1 mL/g, 60 °C, 1.5 h), the purity of the regenerated graphite was 99.7 %, and the recovery efficiency was 98.0 %. The regenerated graphite showed the characteristics of small interplanar spacing, high degree of graphitization, a small number of surface defects, and excellent pore structure, which was closer to commercial graphite. Furthermore, the regenerated graphite electrode exhibited superior rate performance and cycling stability with a high specific capacity of 397.03 mAh/g after 50 cycles at 0.1C and a charge–discharge efficiency of 99.33 %. The recovery of anode graphite beneficial for resource utilization, environmental protection, and cost control throughout the entire production chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research performed on set-based multi-criteria optimization for the preliminary design of slab frame bridges. As a result of immense CO2 emissions emerging from concrete production, there is a need for optimization methods decreasing the volume of concrete without affecting the function of the structure. Previous research suggests a general correlation between CO2 footprint- and cost reduction, due to minimized material use. However, the aspect of buildability may conflict with lessened material, as optimized designs might simultaneously be less buildable. This research aimed to develop an optimization method with respect to the investment cost and environmental impact while also considering buildability cost aspects. The optimization algorithm shows the possibilities of reducing the environmental impact by up to 13.7% for a slightly increased cost of 2.3%. Thus, by implementing optimization procedures in the early stages of the planning process the holistic cost effects related to green solutions can be presented, favoring the choice of sustainable designs amongst clients during tendering procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current inflation rates have significantly been increasing construction project costs globally. Thus, it is crucial to consider potential inflationary trends when estimating the cost at completion of prolonged projects. However, the absence of literature providing guidance on analyzing inflation trends and adjusting the ongoing project cost performance factor is a gap that needs filling. This study proposes a framework for estimating ongoing project costs based on trend and seasonality analysis of the project cost performance through the Holt-Winters method. The proposed framework also incorporates the estimation of project completion time and is applied to a real case study to assess its efficacy. The results are compared with the ones obtained through pre-existing index-based methods. This paper seeks to improve the accuracy of project cost estimation and management in challenging and uncertain economic environments by providing an alternative to the traditional cost at completion forecasting approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]