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This study aimed to determine the current epidemiological status of PLWHA aged ≥ 50 years in China from 2018 to 2021. It also aimed to recommend targeted interventions for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS in elderly patients. Data on newly reported cases of PLWHA, aged ≥ 50 years in China from 2018 to 2021, were collected using the CRIMS. Trend tests and spatial analyses were also conducted. Between 2018 and 2021, 237,724 HIV/AIDS cases were reported among patients aged ≥ 50 years in China. The main transmission route was heterosexual transmission (91.24%). Commercial heterosexual transmission (CHC) was the primary mode of transmission among males, while non-marital non-CHC ([NMNCHC]; 60.59%) was the prevalent route in women. The proportion of patients with CHC decreased over time (Z = 67.716, P < 0.01), while that of patients with NMNCHC increased (Z = 153.05, P < 0.01). The sex ratio varied among the different modes of infection, and it peaked at 17.65 for CHC. The spatial analysis indicated spatial clustering, and the high-high clustering areas were mainly distributed in the southwestern and central-southern provinces. In China, PLWHA, aged ≥ 50 years, were predominantly infected through heterosexual transmission. The primary modes of infection were CHC and NMNCHC. There were variations in the sex ratio among different age groups, infected through various sexual behaviors. HIV/AIDS cases exhibited spatial clustering. Based on these results, the expansion of HIV testing, treatment, and integrated behavioral interventions in high-risk populations is recommended to enhance disease detection in key regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and Objectives: To predict mutations in TP53 and PIK3CA genes in breast cancer using ultrasound (US) signatures and clinicopathology.Materials and Methods: In this study, we developed and trained a model in 386 breast cancer patients to predict TP53 and PIK3CA mutations. The clinicopathological and US characteristics (including two-dimensional and color Doppler US) were investigated. Statistically significant variables were used to build predictive models, then a combined model was developed using the multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results: Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that calcifications on US was an independent predictor of TP53 mutation (p < 0.05), whereas diameter on US and US type were independent predictors of PIK3CA mutation in breast cancer (all p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Luminal B/Human epidermal growth factor receptor two-positive (HER2+), HER2+/estrogen receptor-negative (ER-), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes were strong predictors of TP53 mutation (odds ratio [OR] = 3.13, 3.18, 3.44, respectively, all p < 0.05). HER2+/ER- and TNBC subtypes were negative predictors of PIK3CA mutation (OR = 0.223, 0.241, respectively, all p < 0.05). The areas under curves (AUCs) for PIK3CA mutation in the training set increased from 0.553-0.610 to 0.741 in the multivariate model that combined US features and molecular subtype, with a sensitivity and specificity of 80.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The application of the multivariate model in the validation set achieved acceptable discrimination (AUC = 0.715). For TP53 mutation, the AUC was 0.653.Conclusion: US is a non-invasive modality to recognize the presence of TP53 and PIK3CA mutation. The models combined with US features and molecular subtype have implications for the practical application of predicting gene mutation for individual decision-making regarding treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore wind energy is booming and floating offshore wind has been proved to be a promising clean energy. Wake effect is one of the biggest challenges in large-scale floating wind farm which results in power loss and increased fatigue load. In this paper, actuator line model (ALM) coupled with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) is adopted to investigate the wake characteristics and evolution of floating wind turbine under motion. Besides, modal analysis is adopted to extract typical features of turbine wake. Velocity fluctuation is the prominent characteristic of floating turbine wake. The increase of surge frequency results in the decrease of velocity fluctuating region and large surge amplitude leads to bigger velocity deficit fluctuations. In addition, the surge motion brings a faster recovery rate than fixed wind turbine. The induced velocity field generated by vortex ring structure is the key to understanding complex evolution of turbine wake and the vortex ring structure is analyzed in this paper. With the deep understanding of FOWT wake, an innovative vortex ring structure model is proposed in this paper. This work is the basic work of developing the engineering wake model of floating wind turbine, to cope with the wake effect challenge in the large-scale floating wind farm. • Wake characteristics and vortex structure is analyzed using actuator line method. • Wake evolution mechanism is clearly revealed through modal analysis. • Instability theory of helical vortices is introduced into the study of turbine wake. • A semi-empirical vortex structure model is proposed based on theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating offshore wind turbines, as large equipment for deep-sea wind energy utilization, must be carefully studied for their aerodynamic performances under platform motions. In experiments, the model wind turbine designed by the traditional thrust coefficient similarity is usually insufficient for unsteady aerodynamic reproductions of the prototype wind turbine. In this paper, a dynamic aerodynamic similarity criterion based on the mapping of the optimal tip speed ratio is introduced for wind tunnel model tests, and a model wind turbine is designed using the NREL 5-MW prototype wind turbine. In this case, to avoid the over-height model tower aroused in pitch motions, a method of equivalent surge motions instead of pitch motions is proposed and validated for feasibility. Then dynamic aerodynamic similarities under different pitch amplitudes and frequencies are validated by the Unsteady Blade Element Momentum theory. Results indicate that temporal and spatial characteristics and hysteresis effects of thrust and power coefficients all maintain better similarity with those of the prototype wind turbine than those of the model wind turbine designed by the traditional criterion. This paper provides a criterion with equivalent pitch motions for unsteady aerodynamic studies in wind tunnel model tests, especially the high-fidelity Hardware/Software-In-the-Loop test. • A new similarity criterion is proposed for FOWT wind tunnel model tests. • The feasibility of equivalent surge motions instead of pitch motions is verified. • The problem of over-height model tower is avoided by equivalent pitch motions. • Spatiotemporal and hysteresis characteristics of unsteady aerodynamics are analyzed. • Unsteady aerodynamic performances of the prototype can be reflected more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albumin has been regarded as the ideal drug carrier for delivering hydrophobic agents into cancer cells over decades. Combination therapy of paclitaxel (PTX) with resveratrol (RES) could enhance the sensitivity of multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer cell lines to PTX. In this study, novel paclitaxel/resveratrol co-loaded albumin nanoparticles (PTX/RES NPs) were developed to achieve synergistic anticancer efficacy and conquer paclitaxel resistance. The hybrid NPs had an average diameter of about 150 nm and an apparent negative surface charge of about −33 mV. PTX/RES NPs could be efficiently internalized by cells and exert synergistic combination efficacy of the two drugs, thus resulting in dramatically in vitro cytotoxicity even against MDR cancer cells. In vivo antitumor assay demonstrated that the antitumor effect of the hybrid NPs was superior to that of single drug-loaded NPs or free drug combination. Molecular docking analysis disclosed that the binding of PTX and RES to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was noncompetitive but the binding free energy of BSA/PTX dockings was significantly lower than BSA/RES dockings, which resulted in high encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release profiles of PTX. In summary, the PTX/RES co-delivery system might be a promising strategy for combined anticancer therapy to overcome tumor drug resistance. • Novel paclitaxel/resveratrol co-loaded albumin nanoparticles were fabricated. • The NPs exhibited discriminatory in vitro drug release profiles at pH 7.4/5.0. • The NPs showed dramatically in vitro cytotoxicity even against MDR cancer cells. • The NPs showed effective in vivo antitumor efficacy and low toxicity features. • The binding of PTX and RES to BSA was disclosed as noncompetitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prior literature on dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature is systematically reviewed. • Reviewed are both experimental and theoretical works. • Different hypotheses are carefully explored, including bubble nucleation, transient conduction, vapor-gas layer analogy, and pressure balance. • Inconsistent findings point to a need for future systematic experimental work using advanced diagnostic measurement methods. Droplet impact on a high-temperature solid surface in the film boiling regime is widely encountered in various modern industrial and technological applications. The present article provides a systematic overview of the lower threshold of film boiling, the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature, for a single impacting droplet. An extensive literature survey is conducted which includes both experimental and theoretical works. The first section of the review focuses on the parameter influences of the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature, including impact conditions, surface characteristics, fluid properties, and the external environment. It is shown that, despite extensive prior work, there are many inconsistent conclusions regarding the effects of different parameters. Overall, contradictory experimental findings point to a need for future work using different types of fluids, and broad ranges of operating conditions and surface parameters. This is followed by a review of prior theoretical models which are derived using different fundamental hypotheses, including bubble nucleation theory, transient heat conduction, the vapor-gas layer analogy, and the pressure balance criterion, the majority of which are semiquantitative and rely on measured or simulated parameters for closure. In addition, measurement and modeling of the vapor layer thickness beneath an impacting droplet are discussed, which has a pivotal influence on the dynamic Leidenfrost phenomenon. It is concluded that future experimental investigations taking advantage of modern sophisticated imaging techniques are required to accurately capture the evolution and characteristics of the vapor layer. This information will play a crucial role in the development of a theoretical and experimentally-validated model for the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model tests and real-time hybrid simulation tests of floating offshore wind turbines have recently been extensively conducted to explore the aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupling mechanism. The traditional thrust similarity criterion under the Froude scale cannot satisfy the dynamic aerodynamic similarity in the wave basin experiments. Meanwhile, the traditional model wind turbine in model tests shows huge differences in Reynolds number and significant deviations in the optimal tip speed ratio, and the dynamic performance is different from that of the prototype wind turbine. Therefore, a new criterion based on the mapping of the optimal tip speed ratio is proposed, and a new model wind turbine is designed to physically reproduce the dynamic aerodynamics of the prototype wind turbine accurately in wind tunnel experiments. Then the dynamic aerodynamic similarity in this criterion is numerically verified and compared with that in the traditional criterion. The simulation is performed in steady and unsteady inflows by the open-source OpenFAST. The platform motions of the prototype and model wind turbine are inflow-motivated and program-forced, respectively. The calculation results show that the dynamic thrust, power and their coefficients in the new criterion all maintain better similarity compared to those in the traditional criterion. This study is important for wind tunnel model tests and RTHS tests to accurately obtain unsteady aerodynamics, and it can guide the aero-hydro-structure load evaluations and turbine-floater-mooring integrated designs for large-scale floating offshore wind turbines. • A new similarity criterion is proposed for FOWT's wind tunnel model tests. • Dynamic aerodynamics under wind-wave inflows and coupled motions are simulated. • Motions of prototype and model are inflow-motivated and program-forced respectively. • Similarity of dynamic thrust, power and their coefficients are analyzed and verified. • The criterion is important for RTHS tests to accurately obtain unsteady aerodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impact regime maps are presented for different alcohol-water mixture droplets. • Alcohol additives markedly promote atomization and breakup of water droplets. • Dynamic LFP temperature notably increases by adding a small amount of alcohol. • Negative effect of low impact velocities is compensated by alcohol additives. • A new triggering mechanism is proposed considering surface roughness effect. In the present study, an experimental investigation is conducted to explore the alcohol additive effect on water droplet impact on a smooth red copper surface and to construct impact regime maps. The observations show that the alcohol additives can effectively facilitate droplet atomization and breakup, and increase the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature. An interesting phenomenon is noted that the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperatures of alcohol-added water droplets at lower impact velocities are obviously elevated compared with pure water at higher impact velocities. In other words, the addition of a small amount of alcohol additive can effectively compensate for the decrease in the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature caused by smaller impact momentum. A new triggering mechanism of the dynamic Leidenfrost effect is proposed with the surface roughness effect taken into consideration. An approximation model based on the pressure balance criterion is then developed to discuss the underlying physics of the alcohol-induced elevation in the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature. Combining the scaling analysis of vapor layer thickness, a scaling relation of the dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature is derived, and the predictions agree well with present and previous data. It is concluded that the present findings provide an effective method to expedite the transformation from film boiling to transition boiling for heat transfer improvement with an increased dynamic Leidenfrost point temperature, simply by adopting alcohol additives to regulate the droplet thermophysical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety and reliability of wind turbine blades are increasingly challenged by extreme wind conditions such as typhoons, as wind turbines tend to become larger. Under these conditions, most units will be shut down and the blades will be pitched to around 90° to minimize the loads. This paper aims to compare a new strategy for the parked condition, i.e. , the trailing edge windward state, with the traditional leading edge windward state to verify its technical feasibility. The aerodynamic loads of a 30%-thickness airfoil and a commercial wind turbine blade are comprehensively evaluated by wind tunnel experiment, CFD simulation and engineering analytical model. The two-dimensional airfoil cases indicate that the airfoil resultant force is lower in the trailing edge windward state than in the leading edge windward state for a wide range of angles of attack. Consequently, the three-dimensional blade cases shows that the low load region of the trailing edge windward state is relatively wider than that of the leading edge windward state. The averaged blade root load is reduced by 41.4% ~ 57.8% through trailing edge windward state with prescribed error bounds of windward angular. Besides, it is suggested that the traditional engineering analytical model should improve the precision of the extrapolated airfoil data around AOA = 180 deg. to ensure the accurate load evaluation under the trailing edge windward state. This study suggests a new control strategy for wind turbine blades under the parked condition, which offers significant benefits for load reduction and has a good potential for future applications. • A new parked strategy is proposed for wind turbines under extreme wind speeds. • The trailing edge windward state is beneficial to reduce load, with the optimal pitch angle around 262.5°. • The averaged blade load is reduced by 41.4% ~ 57.8% with prescribed error bounds of windward angular. • The precision of extrapolated airfoil data used in traditional design software needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DSCM was used to observe the fracture evolution and deformation law of GCGFB. • The time point of deformation localization of GCGFB was quantitatively analysed. • Poisson's ratio evolution law of GCGFB was analysed. • Energy release law of GCGFB was analysed. Uniaxial compression testing was combined with the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) to explore the deformation field evolution characteristics and the Poisson's ratio and energy release responses of a geopolymer cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill (GCGFB) sample under uniaxial compression. The results showed that in the initial stage of loading, the deformation of the GCGFB sample was small and evenly distributed, and no localized deformation zone formed in the sample. As the loading progressed, a localized deformed zone gradually appeared, and the formation rate gradually accelerated. The maximum shear strain value at the start of localized deformation was 0.06. In the post-peak loading process, the localized deformed zone gradually expanded, and the degree of unevenness of the localized deformation was much greater than that before the peak; the maximum shear strain value at this time was 0.22. During the localization of the deformation to the peak intensity stage, the growth rate of the Poisson's ratio of the GCGFB sample was markedly increased, and the growth rate after the peak was notably slowed and exhibited unstable fluctuations. When the stress reached the peak, the Poisson's ratio was 0.24. The peak strain of the GCGFB sample was large, and the failure characteristics of the GCGFB sample showed multiple shear deformation zones, which is indicative of a typical cylindrical splitting failure. The deformation energy density of the GCGFB sample exhibited a slow decline after the peak, and the rate of decline gradually decreased. The deformation energy density drop time of the GCGFB sample was 96 s, which is much longer than that of high-strength rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since carbon material was used as the electrode of perovskite solar cell (PSC), it has attracted wide attention because of its excellent thermal stability and low cost. However, serious charge recombination at the perovskite/carbon interface can lead to poor performance of carbon-based holeless PSCs. In this work, highly efficient and stable carbon-based PSC uses NiO nanoparticles as hole transport layer, which effectively promotes the separation and extraction of photogenerated carriers and inhibits the charge recombination at the perovskite layer/carbon electrode interface, thus improving the performance of the device. By optimizing the concentration of NiO nanoparticles, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of carbon-based PSC reaches 13.6%. This work shows adding NiO nanoparticles between the perovskite film and the carbon electrode efficiently improve the hole extraction and the performance of PSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A new model was proposed for bubble growth in superheated binary liquid mixture. • The fundamental heat transfer and mass diffusion mechanisms were investigated. • The late stage of bubble growth in a mixture is mainly governed by mass diffusion. • High liquid temperature and light component content are in favor of bubble growth. Abstract A thermodynamic model for bubble growth in superheated liquid mixture was developed to investigate the heat transfer and mass diffusion mechanisms. The influence of component concentration and liquid temperature on bubble growth characteristics is the main focus of the present study. In the proposed model, the energy equation and the component diffusion equation for the liquid were coupled with the assumed quadratic temperature and concentration distribution within the liquid boundary layer. The vapor-liquid equilibrium of the binary mixture was estimated by the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) equation. The comparison between the current calculated results with the available experimental data demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed bubble growth model. The results show that the later stage of bubble growth in a binary mixture is primarily controlled by mass diffusion and also influenced by heat transfer. The bubble growth characteristics strongly depend on the mass fraction of the more volatile component and the liquid temperature. Both higher liquid temperature and concentration of the light component are beneficial to enhance the bubble growth. The effect of mass diffusion on bubble growth becomes weaker with increasing liquid temperature and decreasing initial mass fraction of the more volatile component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A novel model was developed to study bubble growth in superheated binary mixture. • Temperature and concentration were assumed quadratic within boundary layers. • PR equation and NRTL equation were adopted to estimate VLE at the bubble surface. • The maximum mass diffusion limitation on bubble growth rate was proposed. Abstract A novel model was developed to investigate the fundamental heat transfer and mass diffusion mechanisms of bubble growth in uniformly superheated ethanol–water mixture. In the proposed model, the energy equation was applied coupling with the quadratic temperature distribution within the thermal boundary layer. The mass diffusion effect was accounted by the introduction of species conservation equation in combination with the quadratic concentration distribution within the concentration boundary layer. Peng-Robinson equation of state and activity coefficient calculation were also adopted for the estimation of vapor-liquid equilibrium. In the present study, the maximum mass diffusion limited growth rate was proposed to quantify and illustrate the effect of mass diffusion on bubble growth. The results show that the bubble growth process in a binary mixture can be divided into three distinctive stages. The later stage of bubble growth is mainly subject to mass diffusion and partly to heat transfer at low ethanol concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the spray cooling heat transfer. Pure water and the mixture of water and ethanol (the volume fraction of ethanol ranges from 0.05% to 10%) were used as working fluids. The performance of pure water and the mixture were compared using the identical heater and solid-cone spray nozzle. The maximum heat flux in the experiment was up to 170 W/cm 2 . The experimental results indicated that adding ethanol to water is one of the most effective methods to enhance the heat dissipation and to control the device temperature simultaneously. The volume fraction of ethanol in water is the main factor affecting the spray cooling performance. The optimal volume fraction of ethanol for the improvement of the heat transfer performance is 4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A customized temperature-controlled corrosion chamber was used to carry out the salt-temperature coupling corrosion experiment of GCGFB. • The damage mechanism of GCGFB under combined action of high temperature and salt corrosion environment is analyzed. • The macroscopic properties of GCGFB under combined action of high temperature and salt corrosion environment are analyzed. • The microstructure of GCGFB under combined action of high temperature and salt corrosion environment is analyzed. The geopolymer cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill (GCGFB) is pumped to the goaf to maintain the stability of surface subsidence, which is inevitably affected by the high temperature caused by geothermal heat and ion erosion of mine water. To study the deterioration mechanism of GCGFB caused by salt corrosion and high temperature of mine water, in this study, a customized temperature-controlled corrosion chamber was used to carry out the corrosion experiment of GCGFB. A three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment was designed. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM) and weight deterioration of GCGFB under different combinations of temperatures, solution concentrations, and solution types were analysed. The deterioration mechanism of GCGFB was analysed through the testing of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From the results, the most significant factors on the deterioration of GCGFB is solution type. Cl− and SO 4 2− caused chemical-physical erosion on GCGFB, and the UCS, RDEM and weight of GCGFB increased first and then decreased with ages. The reason for the increase was due to the compacting effect of Friedel 's sat, ettringite, and gypsum filled in GCGFB. The reason for the decrease was due to the expansion pressure on the inner wall of the pores of the GCGFB caused it to crack or even peel off. The GCGFB was corroded in 20 % Na 2 SO 4 solution at 40 °C for 90 days, and the UCS increased by 164.90 % compared to that of the uncorroded specimen. Mg2+ brought chemical erosion on GCGFB, and a decreasing law of the UCS, RDEM and weight with ages was shown. During the Mg2+ erosion, there are more and more M−S−H in matrix, which reduced the density of specimen apparently. The GCGFB was corroded in 5 % MgCl 2 solution at 40 °C for 180 days, and the macropore area distribution of GCGFB is increased to 23.499% than that of uncorroded group. The expansion stress of corrosion products would squeeze the inner pore wall, resulting in microcracks inside GCGFB and high temperatures would accelerate the migration of ions and the formation of corrosion products. Overall, this study can provide a new insight or valuable data for the designing of ultra-high performance, low-caron, eco-friendly, and durable GCGFB structures in the harsh mining environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel thermodynamic model was developed to calculate the bubble growth in the cavitation region of an injector nozzle. The influence of liquid pressure on bubble growth process was evaluated for both homogenous nucleus and heterogeneous nucleus. In this model, the energy equation coupling with the quadratic temperature distribution within the thermal boundary layer was applied with consideration of temporal variation of bubble pressure, radius, velocity and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The results show that the evolution of the bubble growth can be divided into three stages, i.e., surface tension controlled stage, transitory stage, and heat transfer controlled stage. The evolution processes of bubble growth from a homogeneous nucleus or a heterogeneous nucleus are much alike other than in the surface tension controlled stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study advanced knowledge of the geospatial relationships between social values elicited during a participatory mapping exercise and on-ground travel patterns understood through Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of backcountry visitors to a protected area in Alaska. As one of the first studies to combine social values and real-time use of a protected area landscape, we showcase how these combined forms of knowledge can be better understood when compared against biophysical conditions. Contrary to previous research, we observed that perceived social value hotspots, defined by an abundance of point data, did not fully align with use patterns, suggesting that visitors value areas that are not experienced first-hand. Specifically, backcountry travel routes in Denali were less dispersed than areas perceived to be important. Use was mostly concentrated in backcountry units close to the middle sections of the park road while highly valued units coincided with major landmarks, such as the peak of Denali. Travel cost induced by terrain conditions (summarized by elevation, slope and landcover), accessibility (measured by proximity to the park road), and long-view visual resources all contributed to how observed travel behavior deviated from perceived social values. These findings help inform policy and management decisions about outdoor recreation, visitor safety, and visual resource stewardship. • We compare hikers' travel paths with social values in a national park in Alaska. • Spatial analysis reveals travel routes are less dispersed than social values. • Risk, accessibility, and long-view visual resources contribute to the mismatch. • GPS data on travel behavior help complement the fulfillment of social values. • Results have important implications for public land management and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbine wake has a great effect on wind power generation and fatigue loads of downstream wind turbines in wind farms. Analytical engineering wake model is adopted to evaluate the power loss caused by turbine wake for the optimization of wind farm layout. Gaussian distribution is often employed in wake model. Traditional Gaussian distributions, on the other hand, are unable to accurately describe wind speed especially near the wake boundary. Besides, the variable turbulent environment in wind farms with complex terrain poses a challenge to the turbine wake model. In this paper, the unfitness of the Gaussian wake model especially near the wake boundary is addressed and a Gaussian wake model with new turbulence intensity model is proposed. Compared with previous models, this new wake model has a more suitable wind speed distribution. The new wake model is then validated using wind tunnel measurements under different turbulence intensity. Results indicate that the new Gaussian wake model can more correctly predict the wind turbine wake than the previous Gaussian wake models. The new Gaussian wake model suitable shows a good application prospect in wind farm layout optimization which improves the power generation and reduces the power generation costs. • A new Gaussian wake model is proposed. • Wind tunnel measurements with different turbulence intensity are analyzed. • Wake characteristics of wind tunnel measurements and LiDAR measurements are analyzed. • The Gaussian wake model shows a good performance under different turbulent flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind-generated electricity has effectively promoted the net-zero carbon emission plan, and gradually developed to the deeper ocean, which leads to the emergence of rotating equipment with both rigidity and flexibility: floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT). This review presents crucial determinants for the FOWT's power generation, namely aerodynamics and wakes, which are strongly coupled to the hydrodynamics of the floating platform. The selection of different platforms leads to unique performances, and technology and cost are direct constraints for global floating projects. In the experimental study, the scale model based on some similarity criteria is used to reflect aerodynamic characteristics of the prototype under the multi-degree of freedom motions, but with the contradiction between the Froude number and Reynolds number. Wave basin and wind tunnel are two typical research forms, but the premise is the model scaling to obtain similar dynamic thrust and power. Besides, a cyclic pitch control method is discussed, which is expected to effectively reduce the fatigue load of the spindle and gears. As for the numerical simulation, Blade Element Momentum, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Free-Vortex Wake and Boundary Element behave in different calculation capacities and costs. The power, thrust and wake are obtained under specific platform and motion conditions, and the calculation results lack comparisons and verifications. It is necessary to ignore the extremely limited power increase caused by pitch and surge motion in the design process, to make the platform more stable for dynamic performances and significantly reduce fatigue loads. As a review article, this paper could provide a meaningful reference for those engaged in the aerodynamics of FOWT. • The factors limiting FOWT's developments are technology and cost. • Dynamic similarity should be considered in model scaling and similarity criterion. • Pitch and surge motion will increase the average power and its fluctuation. • The relative velocity should be used in aerodynamic coefficient calculations. • Cyclic pitch control is considered to be useful in aerodynamic load reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The wake deflection and distortion characteristics of Yawed wind turbine are analyzed. • A new wake evolution mechanism of yawed wind turbine is revealed. • Counter-rotating Vortex Pair plays a dominating role in wake evolution. • A theoretical model for the Counter-rotating Vortex Pair is proposed. Through deflecting the wind turbine wake and reducing the influence of wake effect, wind farm cooperative control can enhance the total power generation of wind farm. In addition to wake deflection, the wake of yawed wind turbine shows complex distortion characteristics, which cannot be explained sufficiently by traditional momentum conservation. In this paper, numerical simulation using Actuator Line Method and theoretical analysis were adopted to investigate the wake characteristics of NREL 5 MW wind turbine in yaw. The wake of yawed wind turbine shows a velocity deficit distribution with kidney-shape. Due to the periodic change of tip vortex shedding velocity, the vorticity carried by tip vortex changes periodically, leading to the formation of an asymmetric counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP), which induced the complex wake structure of yawed wind turbine. On this basis, a new theoretical model for the wake structure of yawed wind turbine is proposed, which can accurately predict the main characteristics of the CVP. This paper reveals the wake evolution mechanism of yawed wind turbine and establishes the corresponding theoretical model, which is conducive to the development of high-precision engineering wake model and the optimization of wind farm cooperative control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]