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This study aimed to analyze the comprehensive maxillofacial features of patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry to develop a classification system for diagnosis and surgical planning. A total of 161 adult patients were included, with 121 patients in the asymmetry group (menton deviation >2 mm) and 40 patients in the symmetry group (menton deviation ≤2 mm). Twenty-eight variables were determined, including transverse translation, roll and yaw of each facial unit, transverse width, mandibular morphology, and transverse dental compensation. Principal component (PC) analysis was conducted to extract PCs, and cluster analysis was performed using these components to classify the asymmetry group. A decision tree was constructed on the basis of the clustering results. Six PCs were extracted, explaining 80.622% of the data variability. The asymmetry group was classified into 4 subgroups: (1) atypical type (15.7%) showed an opposite roll direction of maxillary dentition than of menton deviation; (2) compound type (34.71%) demonstrated significant ramus height differences, maxillary roll, and mandibular roll and yaw; (3) mandibular yaw type (44.63%) showed slight mandibular yaw without mandibular morphology asymmetry; and (4) maxillary-shift type (4.96%) shared similarities with the compound type but showed significant maxillary translation. The classification and regression tree model achieved a prediction accuracy of up to 85.11%. This study identified 4 distinct phenotypes using cluster analysis and proposed tailored treatment recommendations on the basis of their specific characteristics. The classification results emphasized the importance of spatial displacement features, especially mandibular yaw, in diagnosing facial asymmetry. The established classification and regression tree model enables clinicians to identify patients conveniently. • We proposed a new classification based on comprehensive features of facial asymmetry. • The clustering-based decision tree model could accurately predict classification. • Mandibular yaw played a significant role in the diagnosis of facial asymmetry. • Personalized treatment strategies were proposed based on the classification outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is an intriguing phenomenon characterized by the production of distinct emissions by chiral compounds when exposed to left- and right-handed circularly polarized luminescence. This phenomenon, distinguished by its ability to convey more intricate information and overcome angle dependence limitations associated with natural light, is progressively demonstrating its merits in diverse applications such as 3D optical displays, optical bio-probes, quantum communication, and asymmetric synthesis. The predominant focus of the current report centers on CPL materials within the visible region. However, it is noteworthy that Near-Infrared (NIR) emitters manifesting CPL characteristics hold substantial promise in diverse applications such as biological imaging, night vision, and organic light-emitting diodes. To address this, the present review systematically encapsulates research endeavors concerning NIR-CPL materials over last decades, systematically categorizing them into metal complexes and small organic molecule sections. Emphasis is placed on the exploration of extended emission wavelengths and the CPL performance exhibited by various classical molecular structures in the NIR spectrum. Furthermore, the review delves into methodologies aimed at enhancing CPL signals within the NIR emission region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease with insidious onset and chronic nervous system, which can be roughly classified into three stages: preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and clinical AD. Given that timely treatment of MCI can delay the course of AD, identifying what stage of the disease is at the time of early diagnosis is critical in clinical practice. Based on the survey data of elderly residents in Changsha community, this paper constructs the cognitive impairment data set and explores the application of the emerging classification algorithm Convolutional Support Vector Machine(CSVM) in identifying elderly cognitive impairment, a small data classification problem. CSVM is an improved Support Vector Machine classification(SVC) algorithm, which uses the convolution filtering idea of the Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) algorithm to preprocess the nonlinearly separable sample set to improve the classification ability of SVM. In addition, the optimal convolution filter (solution) is found by the Simplified Swarm Optimization(SSO) algorithm and orthogonal array experimental design. A variable update amplitude method is also proposed to optimize the SSO update strategy further. Aiming at the problem of an unbalanced sample set, a stratified sampling method is used to divide and cross-validate the sample data, and a variety of evaluation indicators are used to evaluate the performance of the model. Experimental results show that the data set processed by a specific convolution filter can significantly improve the classification performance of linear SVM. The accurate differentiation of normal cognition(NC), MCI, and AD helps intervene in adjuvant treatment for potential patients timely. • In the data preprocessing stage, justified features in the original data are selected by the mutual information method, and several experimental data sets with different feature numbers are established. • In the model building stage, the optimal variable updating amplitude of the filter is studied and analyzed, and a new amplitude changing method is proposed. • In the model evaluation stage, the performance was evaluated through stratified sampling cross-validation and sample point distribution research to test the classification performance of the model better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing body of evidence showing both genetic and environmental influences on adolescent depression and anxiety, the involved comorbid mechanisms regarding gene-by-environment (G × E) interaction remain unclear. The current study was the first to investigate the extent to which multilocus hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis genetic variants moderated the association between childhood maltreatment and adolescent comorbid depression and anxiety. The participants were 827 Chinese Han adolescents (M age = 16.45 ± 1.37 years; 50.2 % girls). A theory-driven multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) was computed by calculating alleles of core HPA-axis genes (CRHR1 , NR3C1 , NR3C2 , and FKBP5) associated with heightened stress reactivity. Childhood maltreatment was retrospectively collected using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Comorbidity profiles of self-reported adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms were constructed via person-centered latent profile analysis. Three heterogeneous comorbidity profiles of depressive and anxiety symptoms were identified: comorbid severe symptoms (9.7 %), comorbid moderate symptoms (46.4 %) and comorbid mild symptoms (43.9 %). The HPA-axis related MGPS significantly interacted with childhood maltreatment, especially emotional maltreatment (emotional abuse: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI [1.03, 1.26], p <.01; emotional neglect: OR = 1.07, 95 % CI [1.01, 1.13], p <.05), to distinguish the comorbid severe symptoms profile from the comorbid mild symptoms profile (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI [1.01, 1.06], p <.05). The HPA-axis related genes showed an additive polygenic sensitivity toward childhood maltreatment, which might be one of the polygenic G × E mechanisms underlying adolescent comorbid depression and anxiety. • The heterogeneity of comorbid profiles of adolescent depression and anxiety was manifested in the severity of symptoms. • The HPA-axis SNPs were additively susceptible to the effect of childhood maltreatment on comorbid depression and anxiety. • Emotional abuse and neglect, but not other types of maltreatment, drove the G×E interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 2.2Cr heat resistant steel samples that fatigue fractured at 550 °C and 650 °C are used to study the initiation mechanism of fatigue cracks. • Fatigue cracks are mainly progress within the grain boundary oxides (Cr 2 MnO 4) while not its interface with neighbouring matrix. • Atomic structures at the most tip of fatigue cracks are revealed and intriguing grain boundary sliding waves are reported. • Atomic strain fields at the crack tips is quantitatively presented and different crack initiation mechanisms are discussed. Two 2.2Cr heat resistant steel samples that had been fatigue tested respectively at 550 °C and 650 °C are analyzed on the atomic scale to reveal the different crack initiation mechanisms. Cracks formed along prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs) are selected and manufactured into foil specimens with the aid of focused ion beam (FIB). Hence the interior crack progressing routes are illustrated and the atomic structure particularly at the most tip of cracks are characterized by using the high resolution TEM. It is revealed that the cracks mainly progress within a spinel phase (Cr 2 MnO 4) while not its interface with neighbouring martensitic matrix. Moreover, geometric phase analysis (GPA) and lattice misfit at the most tip of cracks further manifest a elastic dominated and a plastic dominated mechanism corresponding to the two specimens, respectively. Cracking of the 650 °C specimen is mainly attributes to the accumulation of plastic strain that caused by the viscoelastic transformation of PAGBs, which causes intriguing periodic grain boundary sliding (GBS) waves ahead of the crack tip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Exploiting the energy transfer (ET) direction is important in nanoscale fluorescent detection systems. In a typical detection system based on ET, the quenching efficiency was evaluated by decrease of donor's emission intensity, but there exists reabsorption process apart from nonradiative ET process. Here, we propose a method to analyze the individual contribution of nonradiative ET and reabsorption to quenching efficiency. These two processes influence in a different way on the nanoplatform consisting of NaYF 4 :20%Yb,2%Er UCNPs and a sulfonyl modified cyanine dye. We find that nonradiative ET process contributes more than reabsorption and possesses a better detection sensitivity (2.27 folds). Our work presents a thorough understanding of detection process, which will be conducive in evaluating the sensitivity of similar detection systems. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To identify the sources and heterogeneous reactions of sulfate and nitrate with dust in the atmosphere, airborne particles in Xi'an, inland China during the spring of 2017 were collected and measured for chemical compositions, along with a laboratory simulation of the heterogeneous formation of ammonium nitrate on the dust surface. Our results showed that concentrations of Ca2+, Na+ and Cl− in the TSP samples were enhanced in the dust events, with the values of 41.8, 5.4 and 4.0 μg m−3, respectively, while NO 3 − (7.1 μg m−3) and NH 4 + (2.4 μg m−3) remarkably decreased, compared to those in the non-dust periods. During the dust events, NH 4 + correlated only with NO 3 − (R2 = 0.52) and abundantly occurred in the coarse mode (>2.1 μm), in contrast to that in the non-dust periods, which well correlated with sulfate and nitrate and enriched in the fine mode (<2.1 μm). SO 4 2− in Xi'an during the dust events existed mostly as gypsum (CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O) and mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 · 10H 2 O) and dominated in the coarse mode, suggesting that they were directly transported from the upwind Gobi Desert region. Our laboratory simulation results showed that during the long-range transport hygroscopic salts in the Gobi dust such as mirabilite can absorb water vapor and form a liquid phase on the particle surface, then gaseous NH 3 and HNO 3 partition into the aqueous phase and form NH 4 NO 3 , resulting in the strong correlation of NH 4 + with NO 3 − and their accumulation on dust particles. The dry deposition flux of total inorganic nitrogen (NH 4 + + NO 3 −) in Xi'an during the dust events was 0.97 mg-N m−2 d−1 and 37% higher than that in the non-dust periods. Such a significant enhanced N-deposition is ascribed to the heterogeneous formation of NH 4 NO 3 on the dust particle surface, which has been ignored and should be included in future model simulations. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • SO 4 2− during the dust events existed mostly as gypsum (CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O) and mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 · 10H 2 O). • Hygroscopic salts in dust absorb water vapor and form a liquid phase on the particle surface, resulting in the heterogeneous formation of NH 4 NO 3 on the coarse mode particles. • The accumulation of NH 4 NO 3 on the dust particles enhanced the N-deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are regarded as a new cell source for regenerative medicine. Recent advances in tissue engineering have brought to light the therapeutic application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in bone defect repair. However, a safe and efficient way to differentiate iPSCs into osteogenic lineage remains to be a major challenge. Here we describe an approach using anti-BMP2 antibodies (Abs) to mediate osteogenic differentiation of iPSC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs). We first proved that 3G7 (an anti-BMP2 Ab) not only bound to BMP2, but also allowed the bound BMP2 to engage the BMP2 receptors on iMSCs. Subcutaneous implantation sites loaded with iMSCs + 3G7 group showed significant bone formation and vascularization in mice while those sites with exogenous BMP2 exhibited dystrophic calcification and significantly lower vascularization. Our in vitro study demonstrated that the anti-BMP2 Ab/BMP2 immune complex were capable of dictating the acquisition of osteogenic phenotype of iMSCs and subsequent mineralization. The study provided the first evidence of antibody-mediated differentiation of iMSCs and osseous regeneration in vivo . This novel strategy takes full advantage of the endogenous bioactive molecules for osseous regeneration and its potential therapeutic application is promising. Statement of Significance Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and its derived cells hold significant promise for the treatment of bone defects. In present study, we carried out the concept of antibody-mediated bone regeneration into the iPSC research for the first time. We demonstrated that anti-BMP2 Ab/BMP2 immune complex was capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs), likely through the classical BMP2/Smad1/Runx2 pathway. Subcutaneous co-delivery of iMSCs and anti-BMP2 Abs resulted in significant bone formation and vascularization. These findings suggested antibody mediated osteogenic differentiation may be a favorable approach for iPSC-based bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate an optical hybrid system in which a single quantum emitter is coupled to both modes of a bimodal optical microcavity, and propose a scheme for coherent perfect transmission, coherent perfect absorption, and coherent perfect synthesis of optical photons by utilizing such a bimodal cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) system. In the present scheme, each mode of the bimodal microcavity can be coherently driven by an external monochromatic continuous-wave driving laser and the two cavity modes are not directly coupled to each other due to their orthogonal polarizations. It is found that three important phenomena, i.e., photonic coherent perfect transmission, absorption, and synthesis can be achieved in the optical hybrid system under appropriate conditions. We discuss in detail the theoretical model and present results of numerical simulation of the system in the steady state with experimentally achievable system parameters. Also, the possible experimental realization of the scheme in a solid-state approach is analyzed based on the semiconductor quantum dot and the photonic crystal defect microcavity. This study may provide further insight into the understanding of bimodal cavity QED system and find potential applications in quantum information processing and future quantum networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taste & odor (T&O) problems in drinking water are always complained by customers. Recent studies have indicated biofilms in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) are always ignored as potential sources of T&O compounds. In this paper, the formation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), one of the dominant T&O compounds, was investigated in a pilot-scale DWDS. The addition of precursor 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) of 0.2 mg/L induced the formation of 2,4,6-TCA with a maximum yield of ∼400 ng/L, and the formation kinetics can be described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Effects of water distribution factors such as pipe material, temperature, flow velocity, and residual chlorine on the formation of 2,4,6-TCA were evaluated, and the pipe material was found to have the most remarkable effect. Ductile iron and stainless steel pipes produced much more 2,4,6-TCA than polyethylene (PE) pipe. The biofilm microbial communities on the three types of pipe walls were then comprehensively analyzed by heterotrophic plate count and 16S rRNA/ITS1 genes high throughput sequencing. The links between the 2,4,6-TCA formation potential and the microbial activity in genus and enzymatic levels in DWDS have been revealed for the first time. According to the characteristics of microbial assemblages of producing 2,4,6-TCA, quorum-sensing (QS) bacterial signaling system and extracellular DNA (eDNA) may be two promising targets for biofilm treatment and 2,4,6-TCA control in DWDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colla Corii Asini (Ejiao) peptide-iron (EPI) chelates formed during digestion have been revealed as potential hematopoietic components. However, it remains unclear how EPI regulates endogenous metabolism in vivo. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) mice were gavaged with EPI chelates in a gradient dosage, while Ejiao hydrolysate-iron (EJI) chelates and FeSO 4 were used as positive controls. The effect of EPI on hematopoietic recovery was evaluated. For the plasma untargeted metabolomic analysis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were applied to identify metabolites in the samples. EPI significantly increased the levels of hemogram in IDA mice in a dose-dependent manner. The relative iron bioavailability in EPI was 123.45% of that in FeSO 4 in vivo. After high dose of EPI (EPI-H) supplementation, the levels of 22 potential metabolic markers in the IDA group returned to normal, including sphingomyelin and arachidonic acid. EPI-H affected endogenous metabolites by regulating the metabolism of energy, lipids, and amino acids, promoted hematopoiesis, regulated metabolic pathways, and improved iron homeostasis. It's a comprehensive nutritional intervention of IDA by EPI supplementation. [Display omitted] • Colla Corii Asini (Ejiao) peptide-iron chelates promote hematopoiesis. • Ejiao peptide-iron chelates improve the bioavailability of iron. • Untargeted metabolomic analysis reveals metabolic pathways involved in hematopoiesis. • Ejiao peptide-iron chelates is an active ingredient for intervening in anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicolor lanthanide upconversion nanophosphors (UCNP) that converted near-infrared radiation into emission at the short wavelength show excellent photophysical properties, but low conversion efficiency and fluorescence quenching of surface modification still limits its further application. Here, we report a dye-sensitized composite nanomaterials with enhanced upconversion under 980 nm excitation. We systematically studied the influence of different conditions on upconversion luminescence, including competitive luminescence center, dye molecules, dye concentration and different composite systems. The results indicated the upconversion fluorescence can be enhanced 20 times when coated with phosphatidylcholine (PC). The compound structure wrapped with PC gives full play to the advantages of promoted upconversion, showing a good biomedical application prospect and providing more opportunities for biomedical and energy application. [Display omitted] • ICG can effectively improve the intensity of rare earth upconversion luminescence. • The surface modified phospholipids showed stronger sensitization than coated SiO 2. • The enhancement of upconversion emission is obviously stronger for Er3+ ions than Tm3+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides the standard optomechanics with an optical mode coupled to a mechanical mode through the radiation pressure force, three-mode optomechanical systems including two cavity modes interacting with a mechanical mode have recently drawn much attention. In this paper, we propose a scheme for enhanced high-order sideband generation (HSG) and clear carrier-envelope phase-dependent (CEP) effects in a three-mode cavity optomechanical system, where two optical cavity modes are coupled to a common mechanical resonator. In the present scheme, the left cavity mode is coherently pumped by a continuous-wave (CW) control field and an intense nanosecond signal pulse, and the cavity output via the loss channel is monitored. The right cavity mode is only pumped by a CW driving field. Via numerical simulations, we show that when the right pump is turned off, the effect of HSG can be observed in the output spectrum of the left cavity mode in the non-perturbative regime. However, when the right cavity mode is pumped at its blue sideband, enhanced HSG can be achieved and a clear CEP effect can be observed in the generated high-order sideband spectra. This study may provide the further insight of the HSG and CEP effects in cavity optomechanics in the nonlinear and non-perturbative regime, and may find potential applications in the areas of optical communications and quantum information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the price sensitivity of consumers, this study explores the factors influencing their willingness to pay a premium for green express packaging. Drawing on signal theory, this study analyses the influence of signals from packaging and society on consumers, and verifies the hypotheses based on the quantitative method of the partial least squares structural equation model. It was found that the second-hand or recyclable nature of express packaging, green information attached to packaging, policy guidance, and participation from other consumers significantly affect consumers' willingness to pay a premium. This study further evaluated the effectiveness of consumers' green values as a mediator and found that green values moderated two of the four aforementioned influencing factors, which contributes new insights to the existing research. This study addresses the lack of existing studies from the perspective of individual will and puts forward a multi-link solution path of "government, enterprises, and consumers" based on consumers' own green values. Furthermore, the study points out that in the future, sustained attention should be paid to the signal environment of green express packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both intra-regional and inter-regional research collaborations are significant determinants for regional innovation. However, systematic and empirical studies have seldom been reported integrating both of them. The present study advances a research agenda around a two-dimensional quadrant (TDQ) analytical framework to investigate regional research collaboration. It then applies such a framework to the Chinese case by examining collaborative invention patent applications between 1985 and 2008 with China's patent office. The results show that, first, the correlation between innovation capability and collaborative research was evolving, and the correlation between innovation capability and collaboration between enterprises (EE) is weaker than that between academic institutes and enterprises (AE); second, the intra-regional collaboration intensity was higher than the inter-regional one and AE collaboration dominated the regional collaboration; third, during the process of market-oriented reform, China's major innovative regions with different collaborative patterns were shifting from collaborative to independent research, from inter-regional collaboration to intra-regional collaboration, and from AE to EE collaboration, particularly in their inter-regional collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]