80 results on '"Carnethon, Mercedes R."'
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2. Association of the extent of return to fasting state 2-hours after a glucose challenge with incident prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: The CARDIA study
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Vivek, Sithara, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Prizment, Anna, Carson, April P., Bancks, Michael P., Jacobs, David R., Jr, and Thyagarajan, Bharat
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- 2021
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3. Peak lung function during young adulthood and future long-term blood pressure variability: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
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Tedla, Yacob G., Yano, Yuichiro, Thyagarajan, Bharat, Kalhan, Ravi, Viera, Anthony J., Rosenberg, Sharon, Greenland, Philip, and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
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- 2018
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4. Disparities in sleep characteristics by race/ethnicity in a population-based sample: Chicago Area Sleep Study
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Carnethon, Mercedes R., De Chavez, Peter John, Zee, Phyllis C., Kim, Kwang-Youn A., Liu, Kiang, Goldberger, Jeffrey J., Ng, Jason, and Knutson, Kristen L.
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- 2016
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5. Objective sleep, a novel risk factor for alterations in kidney function: the CARDIA study
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Petrov, Megan E., Kim, Yongin, Lauderdale, Diane S., Lewis, Cora E., Reis, Jared P., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Knutson, Kristen L., and Glasser, Stephen P.
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- 2014
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6. The association between sleep characteristics and prothrombotic markers in a population-based sample: Chicago Area Sleep Study
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Tosur, Zehra, Green, David, De Chavez, Peter John, Knutson, Kristen L., Goldberger, Jeffrey J., Zee, Phyllis, Liu, Kiang, Kim, Kwang-Youn, and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
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- 2014
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7. Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease or Heart Failure: First Cardiovascular Event in Adults with Prediabetes and Diabetes.
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Sinha, ARJUN, NING, HONGYAN, CAMERON, NATALIE, BANCKS, MICHAEL, CARNETHON, MERCEDES R., ALLEN, NORRINA B., WILKINS, JOHN T., LLOYD-JONES, DONALD M., and KHAN, SADIYA S.
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Background: Individuals with prediabetes and diabetes are at increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and heart failure (HF). Whether ASCVD or HF is more likely to occur first in these populations within different race-sex groups is unknown.Objective: Determine the competing risk for the first cardiovascular event by subtype in Black and White men and women with prediabetes and diabetes.Design: Individual-level data from adults without ASCVD or HF were pooled from 6 population-based cohorts. We estimated the competing cumulative incidences of ASCVD, HF, and non-cardiovascular death as the first event in middle-aged (40-59 years) and older (60-79 years) adults, stratified by race and sex, with normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG <100 mg/dL), prediabetes (FPG 100-125 mg/dL) and diabetes (FPG ≥126 mg/dL or on antihyperglycemic agents) at baseline. Within each race-sex group, we estimated risk (aHR) of ASCVD, HF, and non-cardiovascular death in adults with prediabetes and diabetes relative to adults with normoglycemia after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors.Results: In 40,117 participants with 638,910 person-years of follow-up, 5,781 cases of incident ASCVD and 3,179 cases of incident HF occurred. In middle-aged adults with diabetes, competing cumulative incidence of ASCVD as first event was higher than HF in White men (35.4% vs. 11.6%), Black men (31.6% vs. 15.1%), and White women (24.3% vs 17.2%), but not in Black women (26.4% vs 28.4%). Within each group, aHR of ASCVD and HF was significantly higher in adults with diabetes compared with adults with normal FPG. Findings were largely similar in middle-aged adults with prediabetes and older adults with prediabetes or diabetes.Conclusions: Black women with diabetes are more likely to develop HF as their first CVD event, while individuals with diabetes from other race-sex groups are more likely to present first with ASCVD. These results can inform tailoring primary prevention therapies for either HF- or ASCVD-specific pathways based on individual-level risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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8. More appendicular lean mass relative to body mass index is associated with lower incident diabetes in middle-aged adults in the CARDIA study.
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Haines, Melanie S., Leong, Aaron, Porneala, Bianca C., Zhong, Victor W., Lewis, Cora E., Schreiner, Pamela J., Miller, Karen K., Meigs, James B., and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
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Background and Aims: Although lower lean mass is associated with greater diabetes prevalence in cross-sectional studies, prospective data specifically in middle-aged Black and White adults are lacking. Relative appendicular lean mass (ALM), such as ALM adjusted for body mass index (BMI), is important to consider since muscle mass is associated with overall body size. We investigated whether ALM/BMI is associated with incident type 2 diabetes in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.Methods and Results: 1893 middle-aged adults (55% women) were included. ALM was measured by DXA in 2005-06. Incident type 2 diabetes was defined in 2010-11 or 2015-16 as fasting glucose ≥7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), 2-h glucose on OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) (2010-11 only), HbA1C ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) (2010-11 only), or glucose-lowering medications. Cox regression models with sex stratification were performed. In men and women, ALM/BMI was 1.07 ± 0.14 (mean ± SD) and 0.73 ± 0.12, respectively. Seventy men (8.2%) and 71 women (6.8%) developed type 2 diabetes. Per sex-specific SD higher ALM/BMI, unadjusted diabetes risk was lower by 21% in men [HR 0.79 (0.62-0.99), p = 0.04] and 29% in women [HR 0.71 (0.55-0.91), p = 0.008]. After adjusting for age, race, smoking, education, physical activity, and waist circumference, the association was no longer significant. Adjustment for waist circumference accounted for the attenuation in men.Conclusion: Although more appendicular lean mass relative to BMI is associated with lower incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men and women over 10 years, its effect may be through other metabolic risk factors such as waist circumference, which is a correlate of abdominal fat mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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9. Slow heart rate recovery after exercise is associated with carotid atherosclerosis
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Jae, Sae Young, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Heffernan, Kevin S., Choi, Yoon-Ho, Lee, Moon-Kyu, Park, Won Hah, and Fernhall, Bo
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- 2008
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10. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis among men with hypertension
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Jae, Sae Young, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Heffernan, Kevin S., Choi, Yoon-Ho, Lee, Moon-Kyu, and Fernhall, Bo
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Atherosclerosis ,Hypertension ,Health - Abstract
To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.035 Byline: Sae Young Jae (a), Mercedes R. Carnethon (b), Kevin S. Heffernan (a), Yoon-Ho Choi (c), Moon-Kyu Lee (c), Bo Fernhall (a) Abstract: Carotid atherosclerosis is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and may represent hypertension-related target organ damage. Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive men. We tested the hypothesis that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are inversely associated with the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in a cross-sectional study of 2532 (53.2 [+ or -] 8.5 years old) hypertensive men. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (b) Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (c) Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea Article History: Received 20 November 2006; Accepted 22 February 2007
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- 2007
11. Food Handling Concerns and Practices at Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic by Food Security Status.
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LIN, ANNIE W., GRANATA IV, FRANK A., TRIPPEL, ABIGAIL K., TELLO, LESLIE, STUMP, TAMMY K., WONG, MANDY, CARNETHON, MERCEDES R., KERSHAW, KIARRI N., MAKELARSKI, JENNIFER, and WELLER, DANIEL
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There is limited examination about coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)–related food handling concerns and practices that cause chemical or microbial contamination and illness, particularly among those with food insecurity. We investigated consumer food handling concerns and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether they differed by food insecurity status. An online survey was distributed among Chicago, IL, residents between 15 July and 21 August 2020 (n = 437). Independent t tests and Fisher's exact tests were used to identify differences in food handling concerns and practices between those with and without food insecurity (alpha = 0.05). Survey items included questions about food handling practices that were considered safe or neutral (i.e., washing hands and produce with water, sanitizing food packaging) and unsafe (i.e., using cleaning agents to wash foods, leaving perishable foods outside) by using 5-point Likert-style scales or categorical responses (i.e., yes, no). Participant responses fell between “slightly” and “somewhat” concerned about contracting COVID-19 from food and food packaging (mean ± standard error [SE]: 2.7 ± 0.1). Although participants reported washing their hands before eating and before preparing foods at least “most of the time” (mean ± SE: 4.4 ± 0.0 and 4.5 ± 0.0, respectively), only one-third engaged in unsafe practices. The majority of participants (68%) indicated that they altered food handling practices due to the COVID-19 pandemic and received information about food safety from social media (61%). When investigating differences in concerns and practices by food insecurity status, food insecure participants were more concerned about COVID-19 foodborne transmission for all food items (all P < 0.001) and more frequently performed unsafe food handling practices than those with food security (all P < 0.001). Results from this study suggest more investigation is needed to understand barriers to safe food handling knowledge and practices, particularly among those with food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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12. Correlates of the shift in heart rate variability with an active postural change in a healthy population sample: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
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Carnethon, Mercedes R., Liao, Duanping, Evans, Gregory W., Cascio, Wayne E., Chambless, Lloyd E., and Heiss, Gerardo
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Heart beat -- Physiological aspects ,Posture -- Physiological aspects ,Dysautonomia -- Diagnosis ,Health - Published
- 2002
13. Pre-pregnancy blood pressure and body mass index trajectories and incident hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
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Lane-Cordova, Abbi D., Tedla, Yacob G., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Montag, Samantha E., Dude, Annie M., and Rasmussen-Torvik, Laura J.
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- 2018
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14. Fasting glucose and insulin resistance trajectories during young adulthood and mid-life cardiac structure and function.
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Bancks, Michael P., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Chow, Lisa S., Gidding, Samuel S., Jacobs, David R., Kishi, Satoru, Lima, Joao, Lloyd-Jones, Donald, Reis, Jared P., Schreiner, Pamela J., Zmora, Rachel, Allen, Norrina B., and Jacobs, David R Jr
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Aims: We assessed whether fasting glucose (FG) and insulin resistance (IR) trajectories during young adulthood are associated with changes in cardiac structure and function.Methods: We used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study (baseline: 1985-1986). Echocardiography was performed after 25 (Y25) and 30 years of follow-up. Group-based modeling was used to determine 25-year trajectories in FG and IR. We assessed differences at Y25 and 5-year longitudinal change in cardiac structure and function after adjustment for demographics, cumulative exposure to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and baseline FG or IR.Results: We identified five FG trajectory groups among 2414 individuals and three IR trajectory groups among 2358 individuals. Moderate-increasing FG trajectory was associated with lower lateral E' velocity (difference: -0.9 cm/s, 95%CI: -0.3, -1.5) and with greater left ventricular (LV) mass index (difference: 2.7 g/m2.7, 95%CI: 0.7, 4.7) at Y30 compared to low-stable FG. High-increasing IR trajectory was associated with lower lateral E' velocity and septal E' velocity at Y30 compared to low-decreasing IR trajectory.Conclusions: Trajectories in FG and IR over 25 years before the development of diabetes are associated with unfavorable differences in LV structure and diastolic function beyond single values of FG and IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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15. Calibration of activity-related energy expenditure in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
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Shaw, Pamela A., McMurray, Robert, Butte, Nancy, Sotres-Alvarez, Daniela, Sun, Hengrui, Stoutenberg, Mark, Evenson, Kelly R., Wong, William W., Moncrieft, Ashley E., Sanchez-Johnsen, Lisa A.P., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Arredondo, Elva, Kaplan, Robert C., Matthews, Charles E., and Mossavar-Rahmani, Yasmin
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Objectives: Usual physical activity (PA) is a complex exposure and typical instruments to measure aspects of PA are subject to measurement error, from systematic biases and biological variability. This error can lead to biased estimates of associations between PA and health outcomes. We developed a calibrated physical activity measure that adjusts for measurement error in both self-reported and accelerometry measures of PA in adults from the US Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a community-based cohort study.Design: Total energy expenditure (TEE) from doubly labeled water and resting energy expenditure (REE) from indirect calorimetry were measured in 445 men and women aged 18-74years in 2010-2012, as part of the HCHS/SOL Study of Latinos: Nutrition & Physical Activity Assessment Study (SOLNAS). Measurements were repeated in a subset (N=98) 6months later.Method: Calibration equations for usual activity-related energy expenditure (AEE=0.90×TEE-REE) were developed by regressing this objective biomarker on self-reported PA and sedentary behavior, Actical accelerometer PA, and other subject characteristics.Results: Age, weight and height explained a significant amount of variation in AEE. Actical PA and wear-time were important predictors of AEE; whereas, self-reported PA was not independently associated with AEE. The final calibration equation explained fifty percent of variation in AEE.Conclusions: The developed calibration equations can be used to obtain error-corrected associations between PA and health outcomes in HCHS/SOL. Our study represents a unique opportunity to understand the measurement characteristics of PA instruments in an under-studied Hispanic/Latino cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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16. Late-Life Depressive Symptoms as Partial Mediators in the Associations between Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease with Onset of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.
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Armstrong, Nicole M., Carlson, Michelle C., Schrack, Jennifer, Xue, Qian-Li, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Rosano, Caterina, Chaves, Paulo H.M., and Gross, Alden L.
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Objective: To study whether depression contributes to the association between subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dementia, and identify the contribution's magnitude.Methods: Among participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study who did not have baseline CVD-related events (N = 2,450), causal mediation methodology was implemented to examine whether late-life depressive symptoms, defined as 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (mCES-D) Scale scores ≥8 from 2 to 3 years after baseline, partially mediated the association of baseline subclinical CVD (CAC, carotid intimal medial thickness, stenosis, and ankle brachial index) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia onset occurring between 5 and 10 years from baseline. The total effect was decomposed into direct and indirect effects (via late-life depressive symptoms), obtained from an accelerated failure time model with weights derived from multivariable logistic regression of late-life depressive symptoms on subclinical CVD. Analyses were adjusted by baseline covariates: age, race, sex, poverty status, marital status, body mass index, smoking status, ApoE4 status, and mCES-D.Results: Participants contributed 20,994 person-years of follow-up with a median follow-up time of 9.4 years. Subclinical CVD was associated with 12% faster time to MCI/dementia (time ratio [TR]: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.93). The total effect of subclinical CVD on MCI/dementia onset was decomposed into a direct effect (TR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92, 0.98) and indirect effect (TR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97); 64.5% of the total effect was mediated by late-life depressive symptoms.Conclusions: These data suggest late-life depressive symptoms partially mediate the association of subclinical CVD with MCI/dementia onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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17. The Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth): design, objectives, and procedures.
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Isasi, Carmen R., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Ayala, Guadalupe X., Arredondo, Elva, Bangdiwala, Shrikant I., Daviglus, Martha L., Delamater, Alan M., Eckfeldt, John H., Perreira, Krista, Himes, John H., Kaplan, Robert C., and Van Horn, Linda
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CHILDREN'S health , *HISPANIC American youth , *MEDICAL centers , *BLOOD pressure measurement , *DIETARY supplements , *PHYSICAL activity , *COHORT analysis , *BIOMARKERS - Abstract
Abstract: Purpose: This article describes the design and methodology of the Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth) study, a multicenter study of Hispanic/Latino children living in the United States. Methods: Participants are children aged 8–16 years whose parents/legal guardians participated in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a large community-based cohort study of Hispanic/Latino adults living in the United States. Results: Between 2012 and 2014, 1600 children recruited from four field centers (Bronx, Chicago, Miami, and San Diego) will undergo a 3.5-hour examination to collect biospecimens, obtain anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fitness level, dietary intake, and physical activity. Psychosocial and environmental characteristics are assessed by questionnaire. Primary study aims are to examine associations of youth's lifestyle behaviors and cardiometabolic risk factors with (1) youth's acculturation and parent-child differences in acculturation; (2) parenting strategies, family behaviors, and parental health behaviors; and (3) youth's psychosocial functioning. Conclusions: SOL Youth will determine the prevalence and distribution of obesity-promoting lifestyle behaviors, cardiometabolic risk profiles, and novel biomarkers associated with obesity and insulin resistance. This article describes the study methodology and considers advantages and limitations of embedding a cohort of children within a well-characterized cohort of adults. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2014
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18. Associations between food groups, dietary patterns, and cardiorespiratory fitness in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.
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Shikany, James M., Jacobs Jr, David R., Lewis, Cora E., Steffen, Lyn M., Sternfeld, Barbara, Carnethon, Mercedes R., and Richman, Joshua S.
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CARDIOVASCULAR disease prevention ,EXERCISE ,FOOD habits ,BLACK people ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,INGESTION ,PROBABILITY theory ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-evaluation ,SEX distribution ,STATISTICS ,WHITE people ,DATA analysis ,TREADMILLS ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background: Few studies have investigated the association between overall diet and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Objective: We aimed to investigate associations of food groups, a diet-quality score, and dietary patterns with CRF in black and white adults. Design: We included 2632 participants aged 38-50 y who attended the year 20 exam of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study and Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Fitness Study (CFS) conducted in 2005-2006. Diet was assessed by using a validated diet history. A dietary score and 2 types of patterns were included as follows: the a priori diet-quality score and meat and fruit-vegetable dietary patterns derived from principal components analysis. CRF was assessed by using a graded exercise treadmill test. Linear regression models regressed the treadmill duration on food groups and dietary scores and patterns overall and in race-sex subgroups. Results: Grains (whole and refined), processed meats, and beverages (coffee, meal-replacement drinks, beer, and wine) were positively associated with the treadmill duration overall; whole fruit (not juices), organ meats, fried meats and fish, and soy and nondairy products were negatively associated. The a priori diet-quality score was positively associated with the duration overall and in all race-sex subgroups (P <0.05) except black men. The meat pattern was negatively associated with the duration in white men and white women only. The fruit-vegetable pattern was positively associated with duration in white women only. Conclusions: Overall, the a priori diet-quality score was positively associated with CRF in this cohort of black and white adults, whereas the meat dietary pattern was negatively associated only in whites. The CARDIA study and CFS were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005130 and NCT00106457, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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19. The Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study: rationale and design.
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Manuel, Emma C., Plowden, Torie C., Valbuena, Felix M., Bryce, Richard L., Barick, Audrey A., Ramakrishnan, Arthi, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Neff, Lisa M., Baird, Donna D., Marsh, Erica E., and Valbuena, Felix M Jr
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HISPANIC Americans ,SMOOTH muscle tumors ,OBESITY ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,HEALTH behavior - Abstract
Background: Uterine leiomyomas, commonly known as fibroids, are benign tumors in postmenarchal females. By the age of 35 years, approximately 30% of females will have fibroids, and by the age of 50 years, the prevalence approaches 70% with some studies reporting >85% prevalence in African American females. Previous studies evaluating the prevalence of fibroids have largely relied on self-reported fibroid diagnoses, which could have falsely underestimated prevalence because many females with fibroids are asymptomatic. Despite known differences in fibroid prevalence by race, there are very limited data on fibroid prevalence by ethnicity. The Latino population is the largest ethnic minority in the United States, yet there is no large study that utilizes ultrasound to confirm the presence of fibroids in Latina/Latinx females. In addition, fibroids have been associated with obesity and with diabetes mellitus, but the data have been inconsistent and at times conflicting.Objective: The Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study was designed to quantify the prevalence of uterine fibroids among Latina/Latinx females and understand the relationships between obesity, glucose dysregulation, and fibroid prevalence and growth. This article presents the study's design and reports early enrollment data.Study Design: The Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study is a 5-year longitudinal cohort study based in Southeast Michigan with the goal of recruiting 600 Latina/Latinx females between the ages of 21 and 50 years. Given the recruitment goals, developing a respectful, transparent, and trusting relationship between the study investigators and the community was a major priority. Thus, a community-engaged research approach was utilized in the design of the Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study. A community advisory board containing community leaders, largely from the Latinx community, provided input and direction during the entirety of the Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study design and rollout process. A minimum of 3 visits (orientation and consent, baseline, follow-up) will be conducted for each participant, with baseline and follow-up visits approximately 18 to 30 months apart. At each visit, interviewer and self-administered surveys will assess sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, health history, and social determinants of health. In addition, participants undergo a pelvic ultrasound examination and biologic samples are collected.Results: Using community-engaged approaches, we have successfully enrolled 633 Latina/Latinx females. The mean participant age is 37.5±7.04 years. The mean body mass index is 30.0±6.54 kg/m2. First study visits have been initiated.Conclusion: The objective of the Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study is to address the knowledge gap regarding uterine fibroids in the Latina/Latinx population. The Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study will generate ultrasound-confirmed evidence of the prevalence and growth patterns of uterine fibroids in this specific population while also examining the associations between obesity and laboratory-confirmed glucose dysregulation with uterine fibroid prevalence and growth patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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20. Null association between abdominal muscle and calcified atherosclerosis in community-living persons without clinical cardiovascular disease: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.
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Jensky, Nicole E., Allison, Matthew A., Loomba, Rohit, Carnethon, Mercedes R., de Boer, Ian H., Budoff, Matthew J., Burke, Greg L., Criqui, Michael H., and Ix, Joachim H.
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ABDOMINAL muscles ,ATHEROSCLEROSIS ,CARDIOVASCULAR diseases ,BODY mass index ,COMPUTED tomography ,CALCIFICATION - Abstract
Objective: Lean muscle loss has been hypothesized to explain J-shaped relationships of body mass index (BMI) with cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet associations of muscle mass with CVD are largely unknown. We hypothesized that low abdominal lean muscle area would be associated with greater calcified atherosclerosis, independent of other CVD risk factors. Materials/Methods: We investigated 1020 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were free of clinical CVD. Computed tomography (CT) scans at the 4th and 5th lumbar disk space were used to estimate abdominal lean muscle area. Chest and abdominal CT scans were used to assess coronary artery calcification(CAC), thoracic aortic calcification (TAC), and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). Results: The mean age was 64±10years, 48% were female, and mean BMI was 28±5kg/m
2 . In models adjusted for demographics, physical activity, caloric intake, and traditional CVD risk factors, there was no inverse association of abdominal muscle mass with CAC (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.02 [95% CI 0.95,1.10]), TAC (PR 1.13 [95%CI 0.92, 1.39]) or AAC (PR 0.99 [95%CI 0.94, 1.04]) prevalence. Similarly, there was no significant inverse relationship between abdominal lean muscle area and CAC, TAC, and AAC severity. Conclusion: In community-living individuals without clinical CVD, greater abdominal lean muscle area is not associated with less calcified atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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21. Diurnal salivary cortisol and urinary catecholamines are associated with diabetes mellitus: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
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Champaneri, Shivam, Xu, Xiaoqiang, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Bertoni, Alain G., Seeman, Teresa, Roux, Ana Diez, and Golden, Sherita Hill
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HYDROCORTISONE ,CATECHOLAMINES ,DIABETES ,ATHEROSCLEROSIS ,CROSS-sectional method ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SALIVARY proteins - Abstract
Abstract: The objective was to examine the cross-sectional association of diurnal salivary cortisol curve components and urinary catecholamines with diabetes status. Up to 18 salivary cortisol samples over 3 days and overnight urinary catecholamines were collected from 1002 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose of at least 126 mg/dL or medication use. Cortisol curve measures included awakening cortisol, cortisol awakening response, early decline, late decline, and cortisol area under the curve (AUC). Urinary catecholamines included epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Participants with diabetes had significantly lower cortisol awakening response (β = −0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.34 to −0.04) than those without diabetes in multivariable models. Whereas men with diabetes had a nonsignificant trend toward lower total AUC (β = −1.56; 95% CI, −3.93 to 0.80), women with diabetes had significantly higher total AUC (β = 2.62; 95% CI, 0.72 to 4.51) (P = .02 for interaction) compared with those without diabetes. Men but not women with diabetes had significantly lower urinary catecholamines compared with those without diabetes (P < .05). Diabetes is associated with neuroendocrine dysregulation, which may differ by sex. Further studies are needed to determine the role of the neuroendocrine system in the pathophysiology of diabetes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2012
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22. The associations between visceral fat and calcified atherosclerosis are stronger in women than men
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DiTomasso, Dominic, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Wright, C. Michael, and Allison, Matthew A.
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ADIPOSE tissues , *VISCERA , *ATHEROSCLEROSIS , *CALCIUM in the body , *BODY mass index , *CORONARY arteries , *DISEASES in women , *TOMOGRAPHY , *EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
Abstract: Background: Previous studies have found a significant association between body mass index (BMI) and coronary artery calcium (CAC). Little is known about whether body fatness is linked with atherosclerotic calcium (AC) in the non-coronary vasculature. Accordingly, this study tested the hypothesis that there would be significant associations between CAC and AC in the non-coronary vasculature and BMI, visceral fat (VF), and percent body fat (BF%). Methods: Subjects (n =1160; mean age 57 years; 55% men) underwent electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) screening for AC in the carotid, coronary, thoracic and abdominal aorta, and iliac arteries. Visceral fat and BF% were measured using EBCT and electrical bioimpedance analysis, respectively. Results: In sex-stratified models adjusted for CVD risk factors, there were significant associations among both sexes between 1-SD increments of BMI, BF% and VF and the presence of CAC (p <0.01) as well as for quartiles of BMI and VF and prevalent CAC. Higher levels (tertiles) of BF% and VF were significantly associated with higher amounts of both abdominal aortic calcium (OR=1.90, 1.57 with p =0.02, 0.05 in females and males, respectively) and CAC. Conclusions: Measures of body morphology are significantly associated with AC in the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta. Of the measures studied, VF appears to be the most relevant by having the most consistent and stronger magnitudes of association, especially in women. These results suggest that VF may be more relevant in women than men with respect to the presence and extent of atherosclerosis in multiple vascular beds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2010
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23. Overweight and obesity among Major League Baseball players: 1871–2015.
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Conroy, David E., Wolin, Kathleen Y., and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
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OBESITY risk factors ,ATHLETIC ability ,BASEBALL ,BODY weight ,OBESITY ,ROLE models ,STATURE ,TIME ,PROFESSIONAL athletes ,ERGOGENIC aids ,BODY mass index ,DISEASE prevalence ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Summary Professional athletes provide high-profile role models of health and human performance. Increased body mass can be adaptive for human performance but also presents a health threat. This paper examines 145 years of data on body mass in 17,918 male professional baseball players in the United States at the time of their professional debut. Both height and weight at debut have increased over time. Controlling for age at debut, players debuting in the current decade were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese than at any time in history. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased to approximately 70% and 10%, respectively, while normal weight prevalence decreased from approximately 60% to 20% during that time. The causes of these changes over the past 25 years are not clear although they coincide with the steroid era. These trends warrant further attention because of the potential for adverse long-term health consequences in this population and those who perceive them as role models for health and human performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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24. Association between heart rate recovery after exercise testing and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, tissue plasminogen activator, and fibrinogen in apparently healthy men
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Jae, Sae Young, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Ahn, Eui Soo, Heffernan, Kevin S., Choi, Yoon-Ho, Lee, Moon-Kyu, and Fernhall, Bo
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HEART rate monitoring , *FIBRINOGEN , *AUTONOMIC nervous system , *FIBRINOLYTIC agents - Abstract
Abstract: Objective: Delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) following exercise testing, an indicator of decreased autonomic nervous system activity, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Because autonomic nervous system function may be associated with fibrinolytic factors, we tested the hypothesis that delayed HRR is associated with elevated fibrinolytic factors. Methods: In 547 (mean age 49.4±6.9 years) healthy men who underwent exercise treadmill testing and fasting blood analysis for fibrinolytic factors, we calculated HRR as the difference between maximum heart rate during the test and heart rate 1min after cessation of exercise. Results: HRR was inversely correlated with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity (r =−0.23, p <0.001), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen (r =−0.19, p <0.001), and fibrinogen (r =−0.11, p <0.05). Men in the lowest quartile of HRR had significantly higher PAI-1, t-PA, and fibrinogen than men in the highest quartile of HRR (all p trend <0.001). HRR was independently associated with PAI-1 (β =−0.12, p <0.01) and fibrinogen (β =−0.09, p =0.04) but not t-PA (β =−0.06, p =0.29) in a multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: These results suggest that delayed HRR after exercise testing is associated with elevated fibrinolytic factors in cross-section. The presence of other CHD risk factors does not explain this association, but further research is needed to identify the direction of the association. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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25. A prospective evaluation of the risk of QT prolongation with hormone replacement therapy: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study
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Carnethon, Mercedes R., Anthony, Mary S., Cascio, Wayne E., Folsom, Aaron R., Rautaharju, Pentti M., Liao, Duanping, Evans, Gregory W., and Heiss, Gerardo
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IMMORTALITY of the body , *ARRHYTHMIA , *CORONARY disease - Abstract
PURPOSE: Prolongation of the QT interval is associated with an increased risk of arrhythmia, coronary heart disease (CHD), and mortality. Estrogens and androgens have been proposed as a causal factor in QT lengthening. We tested whether postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy was associated with prolonged QT intervals in a healthy population sample of women (mean age = 54).METHODS: Women (n = 3,103) were asked about estrogen (ERT) and progestin plus estrogen (PERT) replacement therapy use at 4 examinations over 9 years. Electrocardiographic QT intervals were measured and corrected for heart rate using the QT Index (QTI) and Bazett''s correction. QT prolongation was defined as QTI > 110% and a change from baseline of ⩾4%.RESULTS: Heart rate corrected QT length was moderately but significantly (p<0.01) greater, and the risk of QT prolongation was nearly twice (Odds Ratio = 1.9, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.2–2.0) that in women who used ERT compared with never users. PERT use was not significantly associated with QT length.CONCLUSIONS: The potential for slight increases in QT length over time, and an increased risk of QT prolongation with ERT use identified in this observational study, are important concerns that should be further explored in randomized trials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2003
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26. Prospective association between hormone replacement therapy, heart rate, and heart rate variability: The Atherosclerosis risk in communities study
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Carnethon, Mercedes R., Anthony, Mary S., Cascio, Wayne E., Folsom, Aaron R., Rautaharju, Pentti M., Liao, Duanping, Evans, Gregory W., and Heiss, Gerardo
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HORMONE therapy , *CORONARY disease , *HEART beat , *AUTONOMIC nervous system physiology , *AUTONOMIC nervous system , *COMBINATION drug therapy , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ESTROGEN , *HORMONES , *LONGITUDINAL method , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *PROGESTATIONAL hormones , *REGRESSION analysis , *RESEARCH , *THERAPEUTICS , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy is universely associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in observational studies, but it is unknown whether this association is mediated by the autonomic nervous system. We tested the hypothesis that postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy was associated with more favorable heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in a population sample of women (n = 2,621). Hormone therapy use was measured at four examinations beginning in 1987. Supine HR and HRV indices were measured for 6 minutes at the final examination (1996–1998). In unadjusted linear regression models, hormone therapy was associated with lower HR (hormone use = 64.7 vs. never = 65.7 beats/min, P = .01) and higher HRV. However, following adjustment for age and CHD risk factors, both associations were eliminated. Results from this observational study suggest that hormone therapy is not associated with HR or HRV. These analyses should be replicated in a randomized trial. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2003
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27. Diabetes Prevention in US Ethnic Minorities: Role of the Social Environment
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Carnethon, Mercedes R.
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- 2008
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28. Race and Sex-Specific Population Attributable Fractions for Incident Heart Failure: Lifetime Risk Pooling Project.
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Sinha, Arjun, Ning, Hongyan, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Allen, Norrina B., Wilkins, John T., Lloyd-Jones, Donald M., and Khan, Sadiya S.
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Despite race- and sex-specific differences in risk of heart failure (HF), there are limited data comparing the contribution of major modifiable risk factors to the population burden of HF in each race-sex group. In addition, studies have not used a competing risk framework to account for death in the absence of HF, to provide a more accurate risk estimate for each risk factor. We determined the contribution of modifiable risk factors, specifically hypertension, diabetes, obesity, current smoking, and hyperlipidemia, to the population burden of HF, as measured by population attributable fraction (PAF), stratified by race and sex. A pooled cohort was created using harmonized data from six longitudinal US-based cohorts (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Heart Study starting from 1970, Framingham Offspring Study, and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Baseline measurements of the risk factors were used to determine prevalence. Relative risk of incident HF for each risk factor was determined using a piecewise constant hazards model adjusted for age, education, other modifiable risk factors, and the competing risk of non-HF death. PAF for HF was then calculated for each risk factor in each race-sex group. Hypertension had the highest adjusted PAF in black men (28.3%, 95% CI 18.7, 36.7%) and black women (25.8%, 95% CI 16.3, 34.2%). In contrast, obesity had the highest adjusted PAF in white men (21.0%, 95% CI 14.6, 27.0%) and white women (17.9%, 95% CI 12.8, 22.6%). Diabetes disproportionately contributed to HF in black women (PAF 16.4%, 95% CI 12.7, 19.9%). Current smoking made a modest contribution and hyperlipidemia contributed minimally to HF risk. The cumulative PAF for all risk factors was highest in black women (51.9%, 95% CI 39.3, 61.8%) and lowest in white women (39.3%, 95% CI 33.9, 44.4%). Our findings extend insights into the contribution of modifiable risk factors to population HF burden by using a competing risk model and providing race and sex-specific contemporary PAF estimates (Figure 1). Our results highlight the growing impact of hypertension and diabetes on HF burden, especially in black women. These results can guide public health policies aimed at reducing the population burden of HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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29. Chronic Stress and Cardiovascular Events: Findings From the CARDIA Study.
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Ajibewa, Tiwaloluwa A., Kershaw, Kiarri N., Carr, J. Jeffrey, Terry, James G., Gabriel, Kelley Pettee, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Wong, Mandy, and Allen, Norrina B.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *SUBJECTIVE stress , *PSYCHOLOGICAL factors , *HEALTH behavior , *MIDDLE-aged persons , *YOUNG adults - Abstract
Higher levels of perceived stress are associated with adverse cardiovascular health. It is plausible that these associations are attenuated among individuals with positive psychological factors such as social support and health-enhancing behaviors. Therefore, this study examined longitudinal associations of chronic stress with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, and whether social support and physical activity (PA) modify these associations. Data from 3,401 adults (mean age 40.2 years; 46.7% Black; 56.2% women) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, with no prior CVD event in 2000–2001 were analyzed. Chronic stress lasting ≥6 months across 5 life domains (work, financial, relationships, health of self, and health of close other) was self-reported. Adjudicated CVD events (fatal/or nonfatal CVD event) were ascertained yearly through 2020. PA and social support were self-reported via questionnaires. Statistical analyses were conducted in 2023 using multivariable stepwise Accelerated Failure Time analysis to assess associations between key study variables. The mean chronic stress score was 1.30±1.33 stressors and, by 2020, 220 participants had experienced a CVD event. Chronic stress was associated with lowered survival (time ratio: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.854–0.989), when adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables but no longer significant when adjusting for clinical factors. Neither PA nor social support were significant modifiers (all p s>0.05). Chronic stress was associated with the risk of having a CVD event among middle-aged adults, due at least in part to clinical mediators. Studies should continue exploring positive psychosocial and behavioral factors that may modify this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. Longitudinal Analysis of Food Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the CARDIA study.
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Vercammen, Kelsey A., Moran, Alyssa J., Carnethon, Mercedes R., McClain, Amanda C., Pool, Lindsay R., Kiefe, Catarina I., Carson, April P., Gordon-Larsen, Penny, Steffen, Lyn M., Lee, Matthew M., Young, Jessica G., and Rimm, Eric B.
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CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors , *FOOD chemistry , *STATISTICAL models , *PANEL analysis , *CARDIOVASCULAR diseases , *FOOD security - Abstract
Introduction: Most previous studies on food insecurity and cardiovascular disease risk factors are cross-sectional. Without longitudinal data, it is unclear whether food insecurity precedes poor health and how exposure timing impacts these relationships.Methods: Data from 2000 to 2001, 2005 to 2006, and 2010 to 2011 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study were used. Food insufficiency-a screener measure related to food insecurity-was assessed in 2000-2001 and 2005-2006 using a single item. Cardiovascular disease risk factors were objectively assessed in 2010-2011. Impacts of food insufficiency patterns (food sufficient, food insufficient in 2000-2001 only, food insufficient in 2005-2006 only, food insufficient in both 2000-2001 and 2005-2006) on cardiovascular disease risk factors were estimated using inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models. Covariates that change over time were adjusted for using stabilized weights; baseline covariates were adjusted for in the marginal structural models. Analyses were conducted in 2020-2021.Results: The baseline sample included 2,596 participants (56% women, 47% White). In unadjusted analyses, all food insufficiency patterns were associated with higher BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure than food sufficiency. After accounting for covariates, estimates were attenuated but still consistent with adverse effects of food insufficiency, particularly among women.Conclusions: After covariate adjustment, food insufficiency was associated with several cardiovascular disease risk factors. Findings from this study should be replicated in other settings and populations. If verified, this evidence could provide justification for intervening in food insecurity to reduce future cardiovascular disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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31. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and antimüllerian hormone levels in a cohort of African-American women.
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Subramanian, Anita, Harmon, Quaker E., Bernardi, Lia A., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Marsh, Erica E., Baird, Donna D., and Jukic, Anne Marie Z.
- Abstract
To examine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and ovarian reserve as measured using antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Cross-sectional study. Detroit, Michigan area. Data were obtained from a prospective cohort of self-identified Black or African American women aged 23–35 years at the time of enrollment (N = 1,593), who had no prior diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome, were not currently pregnant, and were not missing AMH or 25(OH)D level measures. Serum 25(OH)D. The serum AMH level was the main outcome. Linear regression was used to examine the associations between categorical 25(OH)D levels (<12, 12–<20, 20–<30, and ≥30 ng/mL) and continuous natural log-transformed AMH levels. Associations between 25(OH)D and high (upper 10th percentile: >7.8 ng/mL) or low AMH (<0.7 ng/mL) levels were estimated with logistic regression. Models were adjusted for age, age-squared, body mass index (kg/m2), hormonal contraceptive use, smoking, and exercise. The 25(OH)D levels were low; 70% of participants were below 20 ng/mL. In fully adjusted models, compared with 25(OH)D levels <12 ng/mL, those with 25(OH)D levels of 12–<20, 20–<30, and ≥30 ng/mL had an AMH level that was 7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −4, 20), 7% {95% CI: −6, 22}, or 11% {95% CI: −7, 34} higher, respectively. Moreover, these groups had lower odds of having low AMH levels (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.63 {0.40, 0.99}, 0.60 {0.34, 1.07}, and 0.76 {0.35, 1.65}, respectively), and the highest category of 25(OH)D levels had higher odds of having high AMH levels (odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.42 {0.74, 2.72}). Exclusion of participants with either irregular cycles or very high AMH (>25 ng/mL) levels did not alter the associations. Taken together, these results indicate that higher levels of 25(OH)D are associated with slightly higher AMH levels, lower odds of low AMH levels, and higher odds of high AMH levels. This evidence is weak, however, because only a small percentage of participants had high 25(OH)D levels. Future studies should examine populations with a wide distribution of 25(OH)D levels (both high and low), with a clinical trial design, or with longitudinal measures of both 25(OH)D and AMH levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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32. Association of cardiovascular risk factors between Hispanic/Latino parents and youth: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth.
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Carnethon, Mercedes R., Ayala, Guadalupe X., Bangdiwala, Shrikant I., Bishop, Virginia, Daviglus, Martha L., Delamater, Alan M., Gallo, Linda C., Perreira, Krista, Pulgaron, Elizabeth, Reina, Samantha, Talavera, Gregory A., Van Horn, Linda H., and Isasi, Carmen R.
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CARDIOVASCULAR diseases risk factors , *YOUTH health , *PARENT-child relationships , *PUBLIC health , *PHYSICAL activity , *HEALTH of Hispanic Americans , *STATISTICS on Hispanic Americans , *CARDIOVASCULAR diseases , *DIET , *EXERCISE , *HYPERLIPIDEMIA , *OBESITY , *PARENTS , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Purpose: Hispanic/Latinos have a high burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors which may begin at young ages. We tested the association of CVD risk factors between Hispanic/Latino parents and their children.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Youth study. Girls (n = 674) and boys (n = 667) aged 8 to 16 years (mean age 12.1 years) and their parents (n = 942) had their CVD risk factors measured.Results: CVD risk factors in parents were significantly positively associated with those same risk factors among youth. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, diet and physical activity, obese parents were significantly more likely to have youth who were overweight (odds ratios [ORs], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-4.76) or obese (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 3.23-11.77) versus normal weight. Dyslipidemia among parents was associated with 1.98 higher odds of dyslipidemia among youth (95% CI, 1.37-2.87). Neither hypertension nor diabetes was associated with higher odds of high blood pressure or hyperglycemia (prediabetes or diabetes) in youth. Findings were consistent by sex and in younger (age <12 years) versus older (≥12 years) youth.Conclusions: Hispanic/Latino youth share patterns of obesity and CVD risk factors with their parents, which portends high risk for adult CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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33. Alcohol, cigarette smoking, and ovarian reserve in reproductive-age African-American women.
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Hawkins Bressler, Leah, Bernardi, Lia A., De Chavez, Peter John D., Baird, Donna D., Carnethon, Mercedes R., and Marsh, Erica E.
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ALCOHOL drinking ,WOMEN ,WOMEN'S tobacco use ,OVARIAN reserve ,AFRICAN American women ,ANTI-Mullerian hormone ,ACQUISITION of data ,ORAL contraceptives ,BLACK people ,SEX hormones ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,IMPACT of Event Scale ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Background: Although alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are common behaviors in reproductive-age women, little is known about the impact of consumption patterns on ovarian reserve. Even less is known about the effects of smoking and alcohol use in reproductive-age African-American women.Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the patterns of alcohol intake and cigarette smoking on anti-Müllerian hormone levels as a marker of ovarian reserve in African-American women.Study Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline clinical visit and data collection of the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids performed by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. A total of 1654 volunteers, aged 23-34 years, recruited from the Detroit, Michigan community completed questionnaires on alcohol intake and cigarette smoking and provided serum for anti-Müllerian hormone measurement. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used as appropriate to estimate the effect of a range of exposure patterns on anti-Müllerian hormone levels while adjusting for potential confounders including age, body mass index, and hormonal contraception.Results: Most participants were alcohol drinkers (74%). Of those, the majority (74%) engaged in binge drinking at least once in the last year. Women who reported binge drinking twice weekly or more had 26% lower anti-Müllerian hormone levels compared with current drinkers who never binged (95% confidence interval, -44, -2, P < .04). Other alcohol consumption patterns (both past and current) were unrelated to anti-Müllerian hormone. The minority of participants currently (19%) or formerly (7%) smoked, and only 4% of current smokers used a pack a day or more. Neither smoking status nor second-hand smoke exposure in utero, childhood, or adulthood was associated with anti-Müllerian hormone levels.Conclusion: Results suggest that current, frequent binge drinking may have an adverse impact on ovarian reserve. Other drinking and smoking exposures were not associated with anti-Müllerian hormone in this cohort of healthy, young, African-American women. A longitudinal study of how these common lifestyle behaviors have an impact on the variability in age-adjusted anti-Müllerian hormone levels is merited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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34. Sex Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Hispanic/Latino Youth.
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Isasi, Carmen R., Parrinello, Christina M., Ayala, Guadalupe X., Delamater, Alan M., Perreira, Krista M., Daviglus, Martha L., Elder, John P., Marchante, Ashley N., Bangdiwala, Shrikant I., Van Horn, Linda, and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
- Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in US Hispanic/Latino youth and examine whether there are disparities by sex in cardiometabolic risk factors.Study Design: Study of Latino Youth is a population-based cross-sectional study of 1466 Hispanic/Latino youth (8-16 years old) who were recruited from 4 urban US communities (Bronx, NY, Chicago, IL, Miami, FL, and San Diego, CA) in 2012-2014. The majority of children were US-born (78%) and from low-income and immigrant families. Cardiometabolic risk factors were defined by the use of national age- and sex-specific guidelines.Results: The prevalence of obesity was 26.5%. The prevalence of class II-III obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was high (9.7%, 16.5%, and 23.3%, respectively). The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors increased with severity of obesity in both boys and girls. Boys had a greater prevalence of diabetes and of elevated blood pressure than girls (20.9% vs 11.8% and 8.5% vs 3.3%). In multivariable analyses, younger boys were more likely to have obesity class II-III than girls (OR 3.59; 95% CI 1.44-8.97). Boys were more likely to have prediabetes than girls (OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.35-3.02), and the association was stronger at older ages.Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was high in this sample of Hispanic youth. Boys had a more adverse cardiometabolic profile compared with girls that may put them at higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Reasons for this disparity and the long-term clinical implications remain to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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35. The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Hypertension Guideline and Blood Pressure in Older Adults.
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Wang, Michael C., Petito, Lucia C., Pool, Lindsay R., Foti, Kathryn, Juraschek, Stephen P., McEvoy, John W., Nambi, Vijay, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Michos, Erin D., and Khan, Sadiya S.
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BLOOD pressure , *SYSTOLIC blood pressure , *HYPERTENSION , *CARDIOLOGY - Abstract
The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline redefined hypertension and lowered the blood pressure treatment target. Empirical data on the guideline's impact are needed. Data were analyzed from Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants who attended baseline pre-guideline (2016–2017) and post-guideline (2018–2019) visits with baseline systolic blood pressure between 120 and 159 mmHg. Participants were grouped according to baseline systolic blood pressure by change in classification under the new guideline as follows: not reclassified (120–129 mmHg), reclassified to Stage 1 hypertension (130–139 mmHg), and reclassified to Stage 2 hypertension (140–159 mmHg). Means and 95% CIs for systolic blood pressure changes between baseline and follow-up, changes in antihypertensive use, and percentages that achieved the post-guideline recommendation (systolic blood pressure <130 mmHg) were calculated. Analyses were performed in 2021–2022. Among 2,193 community-dwelling Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities participants aged 71–95 years at baseline, systolic blood pressure changes between baseline and follow-up visits differed among participants not reclassified (+4.1 mmHg, 95% CI=3.0, 5.3 mmHg), reclassified to Stage 1 hypertension (–1.1 mmHg, 95% CI= –2.2, 0.1 mmHg), and reclassified to Stage 2 hypertension (–5.7 mmHg, 95% CI= –6.8, –4.7 mmHg). Antihypertensive use changed from 77.3% to 78.4% (p =0.25) among participants reclassified to Stage 1 hypertension and from 78.3% to 81.4% (p <0.01) among participants reclassified to Stage 2 hypertension. At follow-up, 41.8% of the Stage 1 and 22.4% of the Stage 2 hypertension groups reached the systolic blood pressure <130 mmHg goal. There were small decreases in systolic blood pressure and increases in antihypertensive therapy among older adults reclassified to Stage 2 hypertension but not among those reclassified to Stage 1 hypertension by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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36. Age at Menarche and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adulthood: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
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Dreyfus, Jill, Jr.Jacobs, David R., Mueller, Noel, Schreiner, Pamela J., Moran, Antoinette, Carnethon, Mercedes R., and Demerath, Ellen W.
- Abstract
Objective To examine the association of menarche timing with cardiometabolic risk factors into early to mid-adulthood, comparing African American and White women. Study design Analyses included 2583 women (African American = 1333; White = 1250) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults cohort study over 25 years of follow-up (1985-2011). Outcomes included type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, adiposity, glucose, insulin, blood pressure, and blood lipids. Cox models or repeated measures linear regression models estimated the association between age at menarche and the outcomes. Results Each 1-year earlier age at menarche was associated with higher mean body mass index among African American (0.88 ± 0.12 kg/m 2 , P < .0001) and White (0.89 ± 0.10 kg/m 2 , P < .0001) women. After body mass index adjustment, each 1-year earlier age at menarche was associated with higher triglycerides (2.26 ± 0.68 mg/dL, P = .001) and glucose (0.34 ± 0.11 mg/dL, P = .002), and greater risk for incident impaired fasting glucose (hazard ratio = 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.20) and metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.26) among White women only. Conclusions Excess adiposity associated with earlier menarche is sustained through mid-adulthood, and primarily drives higher cardiometabolic risk factor levels. However, White women with earlier menarche had increased risk of a number of insulin-resistance related conditions independent of adiposity. The cardiometabolic impact of earlier menarche was weaker in African American women despite higher average adiposity. Weight maintenance would likely reduce but may not completely eliminate the elevated cardiometabolic risk of earlier menarche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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37. Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Adiposity: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Associations in CARDIA.
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Barone Gibbs, Bethany, Pettee Gabriel, Kelley, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Gary-Webb, Tiffany, Jakicic, John M., Rana, Jamal S., Reis, Jared P., Siddique, Juned, Sternfeld, Barbara, and Lewis, Cora E.
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SEDENTARY lifestyles , *PHYSICAL activity , *OBESITY , *EXERCISE intensity , *WAIST circumference , *BODY mass index , *ADIPOSE tissue physiology , *HUMAN body composition , *EXERCISE , *LONGITUDINAL method , *REGRESSION analysis , *RESEARCH funding , *SELF-evaluation , *ACCELEROMETRY , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Introduction: Higher sedentary time (ST) and lower moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) have each been associated with greater adiposity, but most studies are cross-sectional and measure ST and MVPA by self-report. This study evaluated associations between objective ST and MVPA with current and 5-year changes in BMI and waist circumference.Methods: The Coronary Artery and Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal cohort study recruited black or white young adults from four U.S. cities. This analysis (conducted in 2016) used data from 2005 to 2006 as baseline and 2010 to 2011 as 5-year follow-up. Accelerometers measured baseline ST (total and prolonged in bouts of ≥10 minutes) and MVPA (bouts of ≥10 minutes). BMI and waist circumference were assessed at baseline and repeated 5 years later. Regression models included sedentary time and MVPA simultaneously with adjustment for demographics and lifestyle factors.Results: Participants (n=1,826) were 57% female; 40% black; aged 38-50 years; and had a BMI of 28.7 (SD=6.3). At baseline, total and prolonged ST were directly associated with BMI and waist circumference, whereas MVPA was inversely related (all p<0.05). Longitudinally, only prolonged ST (per hour/day) was associated with greater increases in BMI (0.077, p=0.033) and waist circumference (0.198 cm, p=0.028). Associations between ST and adiposity were more apparent in less active participants. Risk of ≥5% increase in BMI across assessments increased by 8%-10% (p<0.05) per hour/day of ST.Conclusions: Time spent sedentary was associated with increases in adiposity over time. Reducing sedentary time may be a novel strategy for weight control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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38. Associations of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in Hispanic/Latino youths: Results from the Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth).
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Parrinello, Christina M., Hua, Simin, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Gallo, Linda C., Hudson, Barry I., Goldberg, Ronald B., Delamater, Alan M., Kaplan, Robert C., and Isasi, Carmen R.
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VASCULAR diseases , *CARDIOVASCULAR diseases , *COMPARATIVE studies , *DIABETIC angiopathies , *ENDOTHELIUM , *HISPANIC Americans , *HYPERGLYCEMIA , *INSULIN resistance , *LONGITUDINAL method , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *POISSON distribution , *PREDIABETIC state , *RESEARCH , *SURVEYS , *EVALUATION research , *RELATIVE medical risk , *DISEASE prevalence , *CROSS-sectional method , *DIABETIC cardiomyopathy , *DISEASE complications - Abstract
Aims: We hypothesized that Hispanic/Latino youth at high risk for diabetes would have elevated biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction.Methods: Among 1316 children 8-16years old from the Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth), we used Poisson regression to obtain prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs for the cross-sectional association of quartiles of fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance with E-selectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels above the median (≥48.1 and ≥2.02ng/mL, respectively).Results: Levels of E-selectin and PAI-1 were higher in children who were obese or had higher levels of hs-CRP (p<0.05). Insulin resistance was independently associated with higher levels of PAI-1 (adjusted PR and 95% CI for the highest versus lowest quartile (Q4 vs Q1): 2.25 [1.64, 3.09]). We found stronger evidence of associations of insulin resistance with higher levels of PAI-1 among boys as compared with girls (p-interaction = 0.10).Conclusions: Insulin resistance was associated with endothelial dysfunction, as measured by higher levels of PAI-1, in Hispanic/Latino youth. These biomarkers may be useful in risk stratification and prediction of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in high-risk youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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39. Compositional analysis of movement behaviors' association on high-sensitivity c-reactive protein: the Jackson heart study.
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Booker, Robert, Holmes, Megan E., Newton, Robert L., Norris, Keith C., Thorpe, Roland J., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Newton, Robert L Jr, and Thorpe, Roland J Jr
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C-reactive protein , *BEHAVIORAL assessment , *SEDENTARY behavior , *HEART , *PHYSICAL activity , *EXERCISE , *RESEARCH funding , *LONGITUDINAL method , *SLEEP - Abstract
Purpose: Movement behaviors (i.e. physical activity [PA], sedentary behavior [SB], and sleep) are intrinsically codependent, an issue resolved using compositional data analysis (CoDA). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a nonspecific inflammatory marker positively associated with cardiovascular diseases and affected by movement behaviors. Examine the relation between movement behaviors using CoDA and how time reallocation between two movement behaviors was associated with hs-CRP concentration.Methods: The Jackson Heart Study was designed to investigate cardiovascular disease risk factors among African American participants in the Jackson, MS area. PA and sleep were self-reported with SB calculated as the remaining time in the day.Results: The median untransformed hs-CRP concentration was 0.28 mg·dL-1 (interquartile range; 0.11, 0.61). Reallocating 15 minutes of PA with SB, the hypothetical change in log hs-CRP concentration was 0.08 mg·dL-1 (95% CIs; 0.04, 0.11) greater than the average log hs-CRP concentration. Substituting 15 minutes of SB or sleep with PA was associated with a hypothetical change in log hs-CRP concentration difference of -0.05 mg·dL-1 (-0.08, -0.03) and -0.06 mg·dL-1 (-0.08, -0.03), respectively. Reallocations between SB and sleep were not associated with the hypothetical difference in log hs-CRP concentration.Conclusions: Modeling estimates suggest replacing 15 minutes of SB with PA is associated with lower inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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40. Association of Fitness With Incident Dyslipidemias Over 25 Years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.
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Sarzynski, Mark A., Jr.Schuna, John M., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Jr.Jacobs, David R., Lewis, Cora E., Jr.Quesenberry, Charles P., Sidney, Stephen, Schreiner, Pamela J., Sternfeld, Barbara, Schuna, John M Jr, Jacobs, David R Jr, and Quesenberry, Charles P Jr
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DYSLIPIDEMIA , *PHYSICAL fitness , *CORONARY heart disease risk factors , *DISEASES in young adults , *DISEASE incidence , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models , *EXERCISE tests , *HYPERLIPIDEMIA , *LONGITUDINAL method , *LOW density lipoproteins , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Introduction: Few studies have examined the longitudinal associations of fitness or changes in fitness on the risk of developing dyslipidemias. This study examined the associations of (1) baseline fitness with 25-year dyslipidemia incidence and (2) 20-year fitness change on dyslipidemia development in middle age in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA).Methods: Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to test the association of baseline fitness (1985-1986) with dyslipidemia incidence over 25 years (2010-2011) in CARDIA (N=4,898). Modified Poisson regression models were used to examine the association of 20-year change in fitness with dyslipidemia incidence between Years 20 and 25 (n=2,487). Data were analyzed in June 2014 and February 2015.Results: In adjusted models, the risk of incident low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); high triglycerides; and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly lower, by 9%, 16%, and 14%, respectively, for each 2.0-minute increase in baseline treadmill endurance. After additional adjustment for baseline trait level, the associations remained significant for incident high triglycerides and high LDL-C in the total population and for incident high triglycerides in both men and women. In race-stratified models, these associations appeared to be limited to whites. In adjusted models, change in fitness did not predict 5-year incidence of dyslipidemias, whereas baseline fitness significantly predicted 5-year incidence of high triglycerides.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood as a risk factor for developing dyslipidemias, particularly high triglycerides, during the transition to middle age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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41. Gestational Diabetes and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy by Maternal Birthplace.
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Shah, Nilay S., Wang, Michael C., Kandula, Namratha R., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Gunderson, Erica P., Grobman, William A., and Khan, Sadiya S.
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GESTATIONAL diabetes , *BIRTHPLACES , *HYPERTENSION , *PREGNANCY - Abstract
Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase the risk for future adverse health outcomes in the pregnant woman and baby, and disparities exist in the rates of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy by race/ethnicity. The objective of this study is to identify the differences in gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy rates by maternal place of birth within race/ethnicity groups.Methods: In women aged 15-44 years at first live singleton birth in U.S. surveillance data between 2014 and 2019, age-standardized rates of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the rate ratios of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women born outside versus those born in the U.S. were evaluated, stratified by race/ethnicity. Analyses were conducted in 2021.Results: Of 8,574,264 included women, 6,827,198 were born in the U.S. (mean age=26.2 [SD 5.7] years), and 1,747,066 were born outside the U.S. (mean age=28.2 [SD=5.8] years). Overall, the gestational diabetes mellitus rate was higher in women born outside than in those born in the U.S. (70.3, 95% CI=69.9, 70.7 vs 53.2, 95% CI=53.0, 53.4 per 1,000 live births; rate ratio=1.32, 95% CI=1.31, 1.33), a pattern observed in most race/ethnic groups. By contrast, the overall hypertensive disorders of pregnancy rate was lower in those born outside than in those born in the U.S. (52.5, 95% CI=52.2, 52.9 vs 90.1, 95% CI=89.9, 90.3 per 1,000 live births; rate ratio=0.58, 95% CI=0.58, 0.59), a pattern observed in most race/ethnic groups.Conclusions: In the U.S., gestational diabetes mellitus rates were higher and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy rates were lower in women born outside the U.S. than in those born in the U.S. in most race/ethnicity groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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42. Autonomic function and change in insulin for exercising postmenopausal women
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Earnest, Conrad P., Poirier, Paul, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Blair, Steven N., and Church, Timothy S.
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OBESITY , *INSULIN , *ESTROGEN , *METABOLISM , *POSTMENOPAUSE , *PHYSICAL activity , *AUTONOMIC nervous system , *HEART beat , *PHYSIOLOGY of women - Abstract
Abstract: Purpose: Obesity, physical inactivity and altered estrogen metabolism play an integrated role contributing to the disease risk profiles of postmenopausal women. These same risk factors also affect modulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Methods: We examined 332 postmenopausal, overweight, previously sedentary women (mean±SD; age, 57.6±6.3 years; weight, 84.3±11.9kg; BMI, 31.7±3.7kg/m2) participating in a 6-month, moderate intensity, aerobic exercise training intervention to determine the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) derived autonomic function and fasting insulin. We analyzed quartiles of change in time and frequency domain indices of ANS activity and changes in insulin for between and within group differences using ANCOVA and Tukey post hoc tests adjusted for age, ethnicity, randomization group, change in fitness, and change in weight. Results: We observed at baseline that insulin was positively correlated with body anthropometry (body weight, r 2 =0.34; BMI, r 2 =0.39; waist circumference, r 2 =0.29; all, P <0.001), and inversely associated with rMSSD (r 2 =−0.12) and SDNN (r 2 =−0.18; all, P <0.01). After the intervention, changes in rMSSD (r 2 =−0.21, P <0.002) and SDNN r 2 −0.19, P <0.0001) were inversely correlated to insulin change. Further ANCOVA analysis revealed that rMSSD and SDNN were both significant (P <0.0001); however, only rMSSD exhibited a step-wise pattern of improvement when quartiles of rMSSD were compared to corresponding insulin reductions: Q1 (referent group, 8.41±3.2 uIU/ml), Q2 (−3.30±−3.2 uIU/ml), Q3 (−5.66±−3.2 uIU/ml; P <0.02), and Q4 (−9.60±−3.2 uIU/ml; P <0.006). Conclusion: Our study shows that changes in autonomic function are associated with changes in insulin and that exercise training may influence this relationship in postmenopausal women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2010
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43. Duration, recency, and type of hormonal contraceptive use and antimüllerian hormone levels.
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Bernardi, Lia A., Weiss, Marissa Steinberg, Waldo, Anne, Harmon, Quaker, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Baird, Donna D., Wise, Lauren A., and Marsh, Erica E.
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ANTI-Mullerian hormone , *CONTRACEPTIVES , *AFRICAN American women , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay , *ORAL contraceptives , *BIOCHEMISTRY , *RESEARCH , *CROSS-sectional method , *TIME , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *DRUG administration , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *COMPARATIVE studies , *SEX hormones , *RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Objective: To assess whether the duration, recency, or type of hormonal contraceptive used is associated with antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels, given that the existing literature regarding the association between hormonal contraceptive use and AMH levels is inconsistent.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Baseline data from the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids Study, a 5-year longitudinal study of African American women.Patient(s): The patients were 1,643 African American women aged 23-35 years at the time of blood drawing (2010-2012).Intervention(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum AMH level was measured by an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear regression models were used to estimate percent differences in mean AMH levels and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to use of hormonal contraceptives, with adjustment for potential confounders.Result(s): In multivariable-adjusted analyses, current users of hormonal contraceptives had 25.2% lower mean AMH levels than non-users of hormonal contraceptives (95% CI: -35.3%, -13.6%). There was little difference in AMH levels between former users and non-users of hormonal contraceptives (-4.4%; 95% CI: -16.3%, 9.0%). AMH levels were not appreciably associated with cumulative duration of use among former users or time since last use among non-current users. Current users of combined oral contraceptives (-24.0%; 95% CI: -36.6%, -8.9%), vaginal ring (-64.8%; 95% CI: -75.4%, -49.6%), and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (-26.7%; 95% CI: -41.0%, -8.9%) had lower mean AMH levels than non-users.Conclusion(s): The present data suggest that AMH levels are significantly lower among current users of most forms of hormonal contraceptives, but that the suppressive effect of hormonal contraceptives on AMH levels is reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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44. The longitudinal association of adipose-to-lean ratio with incident cardiometabolic morbidity: The CARDIA study.
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Booker, Robert, Wong, Mandy, Bancks, Michael P., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Chow, Lisa S., Lewis, Cora E., Schreiner, Pamela J., and Alexandria, Shaina J.
- Abstract
To assess the association of adipose-to-lean ratio (ALR) with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and dyslipidemia in middle adulthood. Black and White Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants without T2DM, hypertension, or dyslipidemia in 2005–06 (baseline) were included. Baseline adipose and lean mass were assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. ALR was calculated as adipose divided by lean mass and then standardized within sex strata. Single time-point incident morbidity was assessed every five years from baseline through 2016. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for morbidity over 10 years per 1-SD increment in ALR adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. The cumulative incidence of T2DM was 7.9 % (129 events/ N = 1643; 16,301 person-years), 26.7 % (485 events/ N = 1819; 17,895 person-years) for hypertension, and 49.1 % (435 events/ N = 855, 8089 person-years) for dyslipidemia. In the adjusted models, ALR was positively associated with a risk of T2DM (HR [95 % CI]; 1.69 [1.31, 2.19]) and hypertension (1.23 [1.08, 1.40]). There was no significant interaction between ALR and sex for any morbidity. ALR in middle adulthood is associated with incident T2DM and hypertension. The extent to which localized body composition measures might inform morbidity risk merits further investigation. • BMI is associated with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. • BMI does not measure details of body composition necessary to assess individual risk. • Both lean and adipose mass have been associated with cardiometabolic disease. • Adipose-to-lean ratio is comparable to BMI for assessing risk of incident morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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45. Cardiopulmonary Impact of Particulate Air Pollution in High-Risk Populations: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.
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Newman, Jonathan D., Bhatt, Deepak L., Rajagopalan, Sanjay, Balmes, John R., Brauer, Michael, Breysse, Patrick N., Brown, Alison G.M., Carnethon, Mercedes R., Cascio, Wayne E., Collman, Gwen W., Fine, Lawrence J., Hansel, Nadia N., Hernandez, Adrian, Hochman, Judith S., Jerrett, Michael, Joubert, Bonnie R., Kaufman, Joel D., Malik, Ali O., Mensah, George A., and Newby, David E.
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AIR pollution , *DISEASE risk factors , *CLINICAL trials , *INTERNATIONAL agencies , *PARTICULATE matter , *LUNG disease prevention , *PREVENTION of heart diseases , *EDUCATION , *LUNG diseases , *SOCIAL networks , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *IMPACT of Event Scale , *RESEARCH funding , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *HEART diseases - Abstract
Fine particulate air pollution <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) is a major environmental threat to global public health. Multiple national and international medical and governmental organizations have recognized PM2.5 as a risk factor for cardiopulmonary diseases. A growing body of evidence indicates that several personal-level approaches that reduce exposures to PM2.5 can lead to improvements in health endpoints. Novel and forward-thinking strategies including randomized clinical trials are important to validate key aspects (e.g., feasibility, efficacy, health benefits, risks, burden, costs) of the various protective interventions, in particular among real-world susceptible and vulnerable populations. This paper summarizes the discussions and conclusions from an expert workshop, Reducing the Cardiopulmonary Impact of Particulate Matter Air Pollution in High Risk Populations, held on May 29 to 30, 2019, and convened by the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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46. Association of Fitness With Racial Differences in Chronic Kidney Disease.
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Paluch, Amanda E., Pool, Lindsay R., Isakova, Tamara, Lewis, Cora E., Mehta, Rupal, Schreiner, Pamela J., Sidney, Stephen, Wolf, Myles, and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
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KIDNEY diseases , *CHRONIC diseases , *RACIAL differences , *SYSTOLIC blood pressure , *GLOMERULAR filtration rate - Abstract
Introduction: Non-white minorities are at higher risk for chronic kidney disease than non-Hispanic whites. Better cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with slower declines in estimated glomerular filtration rate and a lower incidence of chronic kidney disease. Little is known regarding associations of fitness with racial disparities in chronic kidney disease.Methods: A prospective cohort of 3,842 young adults without chronic kidney disease completed a maximal treadmill test at baseline in 1985-1986. Chronic kidney disease status was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 during 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, and 30-year follow-up assessments (through 2006). Analyses were completed in 2019. Multivariable Cox models were used to determine hazard ratios and 95% CI for incidence of chronic kidney disease. Multivariable models included race, gender, age, field center, education, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, and time-varying covariates of healthy diet index, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Percent attenuation quantified the association of fitness to racial disparities in chronic kidney disease.Results: Chronic kidney disease incidence was higher among blacks (n=83/1,941, 1.61 per 1,000 person years) than whites (43/1,901, 0.82 per 1,000 person years). Every 1-minute shorter treadmill duration was associated with 1.14 (95% CI=1.04, 1.25) times higher risk of chronic kidney disease. Blacks were 1.72 (95% CI=1.13, 2.63) times more likely to develop chronic kidney disease compared with whites. The risk was reduced to 1.54 (95% CI=1.01, 2.39) with fitness added. This suggests that fitness is associated with 20.4% (95% CI=5.8, 43.0%) of the excess risk of chronic kidney disease attributable to race.Conclusions: Low fitness is a modifiable factor that may contribute to the racial disparity in chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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47. Maternal experiences of ethnic discrimination and child cardiometabolic outcomes in the Study of Latino Youth.
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Slopen, Natalie, Strizich, Garrett, Hua, Simin, Gallo, Linda C., Chae, David H., Priest, Naomi, Gurka, Matthew J., Bangdiwala, Shrikant I., Bravin, Julia I., Chambers, Earle C., Daviglus, Martha L., Llabre, Maria M., Carnethon, Mercedes R., and Isasi, Carmen R.
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ETHNIC discrimination , *LATIN American studies , *RACE discrimination , *ETHNIC relations , *YOUTH , *BODY mass index , *MOTHER-child relationship - Abstract
Purpose: Limited research has examined maternal experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination in relation to child cardiometabolic health. In this study, we investigated whether maternal experiences of ethnic discrimination were associated with cardiometabolic risk in Hispanic/Latino youth several years later.Methods: Our sample included 1146 youth (8-16 years) from the Study of Latino Youth (2012-2014), who were children of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos participants (2008-2011). We used regression models to examine the prospective associations between maternal report of ethnic discrimination in relation to her child's body mass index (BMI) z-score, metabolic syndrome score (MetS), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels 2 years later.Results: Maternal ethnic discrimination was associated with youth hsCRP, but not BMI or MetS (P-values >.05). Adjusting for age, nativity, and national background, maternal ethnic discrimination was associated with higher (log) hsCRP levels (β = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.32) in children. This association was robust to adjustment for maternal and household characteristics (β = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.31), as well as maternal depression and maternal BMI.Conclusions: Maternal ethnic discrimination is associated with inflammation among Hispanic/Latino youth, and not BMI z-score or MetS. Studies are needed to address temporality and pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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48. Sex differences in the association of psychosocial resources with prevalent type 2 diabetes among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.
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Glover, LáShauntá M., Bertoni, Alain G., Golden, Sherita H., Baltrus, Peter, Min, Yuan-I, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Taylor, Herman, and Sims, Mario
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Aim: To examine the association of psychosocial resources with prevalent type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 5104 African American men and women.Methods: Using data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), we evaluated the cross-sectional associations of four psychosocial resources (social support, optimism, religiosity, and social networks) with T2D [fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, or use of diabetic medication]. Multivariable Poisson regression estimated prevalence ratios (PR, 95% confidence interval-CI) of T2D by each psychosocial measure, adjusting for demographics, SES, waist circumference, health behaviors, and depressive symptoms.Results: Women reported greater religiosity and had more social networks than men (p < 0.001). High (vs. low) social support was associated with a lower prevalence of T2D among men after full adjustment (PR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.91). Women with high (vs. low) social networks had a 16% lower prevalence of T2D (PR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.96) after full adjustment. High (vs. low) optimism was associated with a 20% lower prevalence of T2D after adjustment for age (PR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.98). Religiosity was not associated with T2D.Conclusion: Social support and networks should be considered in efforts to prevent T2D among a high-risk group such as African Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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49. Insulin resistance since early adulthood and appendicular lean mass in middle-aged adults without diabetes: 20 years of the CARDIA study.
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Zhong, Victor W., Bancks, Michael P., Schreiner, Pamela J., Lewis, Cora E., Steffen, Lyn M., Meigs, James B., Schrader, Lauren A., Schorr, Melanie, Miller, Karen K., Sidney, Stephen, and Carnethon, Mercedes R.
- Abstract
Aims: To determine the association between 20-year trajectories in insulin resistance (IR) since young adulthood and appendicular lean mass (ALM) at middle-age in adults without diabetes.Methods: A prospective cohort study was designed among young and middle-aged US men (n = 925) and women (n = 1193). Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured five times in 1985-2005. IR was determined using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). ALM was measured in 2005 and ALM adjusted for BMI (ALM/BMI) was the outcome. Sex-specific analyses were performed.Results: Three HOMA-IR trajectories were identified. Compared to the low-stable group, the adjusted ALM/BMI difference was -0.041 (95% CI: -0.060 to -0.022) and -0.114 (-0.141 to -0.086) in men, and -0.052 (-0.065 to -0.039) and -0.043 (-0.063 to -0.023) in women, respectively, for the medium-increase and high-increase groups. Further adjusting for the treadmill test duration attenuated these estimates to -0.022 (-0.040 to -0.004) and -0.061 (-0.089 to -0.034) in men and -0.026 (-0.038 to -0.014) and -0.007 (-0.026 to 0.012) in women.Conclusions: Compared to the low-stable insulin resistance trajectory between early and middle adulthood, the high-increase trajectory was associated with lower ALM/BMI in middle-aged men, but not women, without diabetes, after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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50. Individual- and Area-Level SES in Diabetes Risk Prediction: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
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Christine, Paul J., Young, Rebekah, Adar, Sara D., Bertoni, Alain G., Heisler, Michele, Carnethon, Mercedes R., Hayward, Rodney A., and Diez Roux, Ana V.
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DIABETES risk factors , *ATHEROSCLEROSIS , *INCOME , *SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors , *GLUCOSE , *TYPE 2 diabetes prevention , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ETHNIC groups , *LONGITUDINAL method , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *TYPE 2 diabetes , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *RISK assessment , *SOCIAL classes , *EVALUATION research , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate if adding SES to risk prediction models based upon traditional risk factors improves the prediction of diabetes.Methods: Risk prediction models without and with individual- and area-level SES predictors were compared using the prospective Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to estimate hazard ratios for SES predictors and to generate 10-year predicted risks for 5,021 individuals without diabetes at baseline followed from 2000 to 2012. C-statistics were used to compare model discrimination, and the proportion of individuals reclassified into higher or lower risk categories with the addition of SES predictors was calculated. The accuracy of risk prediction by SES was assessed by comparing observed and predicted risks across tertiles of the SES variables. Statistical analyses were performed in 2015-2016.Results: Over a median of 9.2 years of follow-up, 615 individuals developed diabetes. Individual- and area-level SES variables did not significantly improve model discrimination or reclassify substantial numbers of individuals across risk categories. Models without SES predictors generally underestimated risk for low-SES individuals or individuals residing in low-SES areas (underestimates ranging from 0.31% to 1.07%) and overestimated risk for high-SES individuals or individuals residing in high-SES areas (overestimates ranging from 0.70% to 1.30%), and the addition of SES variables largely mitigated these differences.Conclusions: Standard diabetes risk models may underestimate risk for low-SES individuals and overestimate risk for those of high SES. Adding SES predictors helps correct this systematic misestimation, but may not improve model discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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