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Light-At-Night (LAN) is increasingly recognized and may has adverse health effects on children and adolescents, yet few studies have reported objective indoor LAN exposure levels for children and adolescents. In this study, we measured the indoor LAN exposure levels and duration among 897 children and adolescents aged 6–14 in Beijing, China, using portable photometers during both school days and weekends. Results indicate that the median indoor LAN exposure from 9:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. was 5.1 lx, with 31.8% of the subjects experiencing an average exposure above 10 lx. Additionally, from the perspective of cumulative high exposure duration, children and adolescents were exposed to more than 10 lx for approximately 64 min from 9:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. During the entire nighttime (from self-reported bedtime to wake-up time), the median exposure was 2.1 lx, with 16.6% averaging exposures above 10 lx. Exposure levels were significantly higher on weekends than on schooldays. Both girls and upper-grade students had higher levels of exposure and longer durations of high exposure. Girls in grade 7 (OR:2.56, 95%CI: 1.68–3.88) experienced the highest LAN exposure in our subjects compared to boys in grade 1–4. Our findings underscore the importance of promoting healthy light exposure behaviors among children and adolescents and reducing their light exposure environments to mitigate the potential health impacts of LAN. [Display omitted] • Children and adolescents experience high levels of indoor light-at-night (LAN) exposure in Beijing, China. • Girls and upper-grade students experienced higher levels of LAN exposure and for longer durations. • LAN exposure during weekends surpassed that on schooldays. • Advocating healthy light behaviors is crucial for children and adolescents' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A turn-on fluorescent probe for H 2 S has been developed. • The proposed probe employs a nitroso group as the recognition unit. • The proposed probe exhibits high selectivity, excellent sensitivity and rapid response for H 2 S. • The proposed probe can be used for fluorescence imaging of H 2 S in living cells. Abstract A turn-on fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) employing flavylium derivative as the fluorophore and nitroso group as the recognition unit and was designed and synthesized. The free probe is almost non-fluorescent. Upon addition of H 2 S to the solution of the probe, its nitroso group was transformed to the corresponding amino group with fast reaction kinetics, affording a dramatic enhancement of fluorescence emission. The fluorescence intensity of the proposed probe at 625 nm showed a good linear with the concentration of NaHS over a range from 0 to 4 μM, with a limit detection of 29 nM (3δ). The proposed probe exhibited high selectivity, excellent sensitivity and rapid response (∼5 min) for H 2 S. Moreover, this probe was successfully used for fluorescence imaging of exogenous and endogenous H 2 S in living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-pressure strength and plastic properties of titanium diboride (TiB 2 ) were investigated using synchrotron angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction (AXRD) under non-hydrostatic compression up to 42 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC). The AXRD data yielded a bulk modulus K 0  = 308 ± 10 GPa with a pressure derivative K′ 0  = 3.4 ± 1. The experimental data are discussed and compared to the results of first-principles calculations. The compressibility of TiB 2 demonstrates a strongly anisotropic property with increasing pressure. In addition, the microscopic deviatoric stress and grain size (crystallite size) were determined as a function of pressure from the line-width analysis. We can seen that the strength increases while the crystalline size decreases steeply as the pressure is raised from ambient to about 22 GPa. In other words, TiB 2 starts to yield a plastic deformation at around 22 GPa, and the yield strength of TiB 2 increases with pressure, reaching a value of ∼27 GPa at the highest pressure in our experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine-containing fluoroquinolones are cumulative toxins and pose a grave threat to health of animals and human beings, and an effective and feasible strategy to the defluorination by breaking C-F bond to decrease toxicity is in an urgent requirement. Herein, Ti(III)-laden TiO 2 nanotube arrays (RTNA) were deliberately fabricated for electrochemical degradation and defluorination of levofloxacin (LVF). Characterizations verified that Ti(III) and oxygen vacancies were generated on RTNA via electrochemical reduction of TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNA). The degradation kinetics of LVF on RTNA (0.85 h−1) was increased by about 15 times as compared with that on TNA (0.06 h−1); the corresponding degradation and defluorination efficiencies by RTNA were also dramatically increased. Moreover, the effect of electrolyte on the defluorination efficiency suggests the significant role of sulfate; that is, abundant sulfate radical (SO 4 -•) was generated in the media of sodium sulfate during the electrochemical oxidation process, and it served as the dominant radical to break C-F bond for the defluorination of LVF, whereas it is not the case for hydroxyl radical (•OH) in sodium carbonate. The pathways and mechanisms of degradation and defluorination in electrolyte of sodium sulfate or carbonate were proposed and further confirmed the difference in the electrolyte-dependent degradation mechanisms. [Display omitted] • RTNA was fabricated with abundant Ti(III) and oxygen vacancies for defluorinating LVF. • Almost complete defluorination of LVF was achieved with RTNA as the anode. • The degradation kinetics of RTNA was increased about 15 times relative to that of TNA. • SO 4 -• radicals were responsible for breaking C-F bond to defluorinate LVF. • The degradation and defluorination pathways in different electrolytes were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of high-quality silicide ceramic has been challenging mainly due to the high melting point of the silicide and the difficulty in achieving a uniform composition. This study reports the synthesis of dense and homogeneous niobium disilicon (NbSi 2) ceramics, accomplished with high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) technology. The synthesized bulk NbSi 2 ceramics were extensively characterized for their microstructures, phase stabilities, and oxidation resistance, along with the effects of pressure on their physical properties, and the results were then compared with first-principles calculations. The microstructures and relative densities of the sample were regulated by the slow-modulated HTHP sintering method, thus significantly influencing the physical properties and thermal stabilities of the NbSi 2 ceramics. The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the physical properties of silicide ceramics, th potentially paving the way for the further design and synthesis of multifunctional ceramic materials. [Display omitted] • The study synthesizes the dense (98.13%) niobium disilicon ceramics by high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) technology. • The TGA-DSC results verified that high pressure sintering at high temperature (1100 ° C) can effectively promote grain bonding and thus optimize the oxidation resistance. • From the atomic and electronic points of view, the interaction between Nb-Si atoms can indicate the physical properties of NbSi 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Using Colaizzi''s framework, this qualitative study explored perceptions of the nursing profession and learning experiences of male students in a baccalaureate nursing program in Changsha, China. Data were collected through in-depth interviews on 14 subjects and analyzed with software Nvivo 8.0. Six theme clusters emerged as the following: (1) entering nursing field, (2) perceptions of nursing profession, (3) difficulties in studying nursing, (4) inner feelings, (5) impact of being a nursing student, and (6) career plans. The experiences and perceptions of nursing and studying nursing were mainly negative, revealing issues stemming from the method of student recruitment for the baccalaureate nursing program, gender bias in nursing teaching, and social views on nursing work. In addition, psychological pressure on male nursing students is significant factor and should not be ignored. The implications for nurse educators are outlined, with suggestions to facilitate the recruitment and retention of more male nursing students. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tantalum diboride (TaB 2) is an important transition metal (TM) diboride that has attracted considerable scientific and industrial interest. Herein, we fabricated TaB 2 ceramic samples by combining high-pressure sintering with high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and investigated their microstructure and mechanical properties under high pressure at different sintering temperatures; these results were also compared with those of the bulk TaB 2 ceramic. Thus, we evaluated the Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, Young's modulus, and relative density of our TaB 2 ceramic at 1200 °C, under 5.5 GPa, to be 26 GPa, 3.8 MPa m1/2, 402 GPa, and 95.11%, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that the Vickers hardness, thermal stability, and fracture toughness are critically controlled with grain size and microstructures of the samples. These observations provide not only useful insights into the physical properties of TaB 2 under high pressure and temperatures, but also avenues for the synthesis and design of novel functional ceramics. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a crucial mechanism in the pathophysiology of lung injury/fibrosis and diaphragmatic dysfunction. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a key oxidative stress response regulator. However, how lung injury/fibrosis and the subsequent YAP1 silencing treatment affect diaphragmatic function remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, mice models of acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and paraquat exposure were used to establish acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary fibrosis. AT2 and C2C12 cells were co-cultured under LPS and paraquat challenge. YAP1 was interfered with shRNA given in vivo and verteporfin administration in vitro. Pulmonary histology, contractile properties, and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the diaphragm and gastrocnemius were evaluated. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed for targeted biomarker determination. We found that LPS and paraquat caused significant lung injury/fibrosis and significantly reduced the diaphragmatic-specific force and CSAs compared with the control. YAP1 silencing alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration or collagen deposition in the lungs yet worsened the already impaired diaphragmatic function by increasing inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (ROS) emission, protein degradation (Murf-1, atrogin-1, and calpain), and decreasing antioxidant capabilities (superoxide dismutase 2 and glutathione peroxidase). No significant improvements were observed in diaphragmatic function by transient YAP1 knockdown in the gastrocnemius. In vitro, LPS- or paraquat-caused cytotoxicity in AT2 cells was mostly alleviated by verteporfin in a concentration that was 20-fold higher than that in C2C12 cells (20 and 1 μg/mL, respectively). Finally, 0.5 μg/mL of verteporfin significantly ameliorated hydrogen peroxide-induced proteolytic activity and antioxidant enzyme suppression in C2C12 cells, whereas 2 μg/mL of verteporfin deteriorated the same. Collectively, lung injury/fibrosis adversely affects the diaphragm. YAP1 inhibition alleviates lung injury/fibrosis but worsens diaphragmatic function potentially by enhancing inflammatory cytokines and ROS-mediated protein degradation. This disparity might be attributed to differences in susceptibility to YAP1 inhibition between muscles and the lungs. [Display omitted] • Lung injury or fibrosis leads to a negative effect on the diaphragm. • YAP1 inhibition protects the lung but worsens the diaphragm function. • YAP1 regulating oxidative stress, inflammation response and EMT through TAZ. • C2C12 cell was more susceptible to YAP1 inhibition (verteporfin) than AT2 cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The structural, electronic and thermodynamic properties of cubic Zn3N2 under hydrostatic pressure up to 80GPa are investigated using the local density approximation method with pseudopotentials of the ab initio norm-conserving full separable Troullier–Martin scheme in the frame of density functional theory. The structural parameters obtained at ambient pressure are in agreement with experimental data and other theoretical results. The change of bond lengths of two different types of Zn–N bond with pressure suggests that the tetrahedral Zn–N bond is slightly less compressible than the octahedral bond. By fitting the calculated band gap, the first and second order pressure coefficients for the direct band gap ofthe Zn3N2 were determined to be 1.18×10−2 eV/GPa and −2.4×10−4 eV/(GPa)2, respectively. Based on the Mulliken population analysis, Zn3N2 was found to have a higher covalent character with increasing pressure. As temperature increases, heat capacity, enthalpy, product of temperature and entropy increase, whereas the Debye temperature and free energy decrease. The present study leads to a better understanding of how Zn3N2 materials respond to compression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The dynamic behavior of charging/discharging methane onto/from water-preloaded activated carbon was studied at different conditions. It was shown that methane hydrate could form quickly in the porous space of carbon at the condition of 275K and pressures beginning with 4.12MPa. The stored methane could be continuously released at a constant flowrate for the whole discharging process. The packing density of 0.6gcm−3 seemed optimal for the wet carbon tested, which yielded 152V/V of released methane at charging pressure of 8MPa. The thermal effect observed on the charging/discharging process was low and did not affect the effective storage capacity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Two ACE inhibitory peptides were obtained from garlic proteins by in silico screening. • They interacted with ACE mainly through hydrogen bonding as competitive inhibitors. • They showed good stability against temperature, pH and gastrointestinal digestion. • Two peptides effectively lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. • They rebalanced the RAS and improved renal, cardiac and endothelial impairments. This study aimed to screen novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from garlic proteins and to explore their underlying antihypertensive mechanisms in vivo. After simulated hydrolysis and in silico screening, two novel peptides (MGR and HDCF) were obtained with the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC 50 of 4.50 μM and 26.38 μM) and acted as competitive inhibitors. They interacted with key residues in the ACE receptor mainly through hydrogen bonding and exhibited excellent stability against high temperature, extreme pH, and gastrointestinal digestion. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, MGR and HDCF effectively lowered blood pressure after single or continuous treatments. This was mainly achieved by balancing the renin-angiotensin system, improving renal and cardiac impairment, and regulating endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggested that garlic proteins were potentially suitable materials to prepare ACE inhibitory peptides and provided two promising candidates for ACE inhibition as functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vesicles have been attracting a great deal of interest because of their great potential for health food, medicine, and biotechnology applications. This study aimed to develop a new type of debranched starch (DBS) vesicle for loading and delivering active components. DBS with a low degree of polymerization (6.75) and good water solubility was modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) to obtain an amphiphilic polymer. Both the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results confirmed the successful synthesis of amphiphilic OSA-DBS polymers. The OSA-DBS spontaneously formed 10–30 nm vesicles in a water system, as measured by transmission electron microscopy. The vesicles were relatively stable at different temperatures, pH values, and ionic strengths. Insulin was used as a hydrophilic functional ingredient model. The insulin-loaded vesicles exhibited a high loading content (∼13.36%). These OSA-DBS vesicles have potential utility as advanced carriers in the health food and biomedical industries. Image 1 • Soluble debranched starch (DBS) was modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). • The OSA-DBS could self-assemble into vesicles with particle size of 10–30 nm. • Insulin-loaded vesicles exhibited high loading content and sustained-release property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterile inflammation is initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and a key contributor to acute liver injury (ALI). However, the current knowledge on those DAMPs that activate hepatic inflammation under ALI remains incomplete. We report here that circulating peroxiredoxin-1 (Prdx1) is a novel DAMP for ALI. Intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen (APAP) elicited a progressive course of ALI in mice, which was developed from 12 to 24 h post injection along with liver inflammation evident by macrophage infiltration and upregulations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α); these alterations were concurrently occurred with a robust and progressive production of serum Prdx1. Similar observations were also obtained in carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced ALI in mice. Removal of the source of serum Prdx1 protected mice deficient in Prdx1 from APAP and CCl 4 -induced liver injury, and decreased macrophage infiltration, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α production. As a result, Prdx1 −/− mice were strongly protected from APAP-induced death that was likely progressed from ALI. Additionally, intravenous re-introduction of recombinant Prdx1 (rPrdx1) in Prdx1 −/− mice reversed or reduced all the above events, demonstrating an important contribution of circulating Prdx1 to ALI. rPrdx1 potently induced in primary macrophages the expression of pro-IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β through the NF-κB signaling as well as the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling, evident by caspase-1 activation. Furthermore, a significant elevation of serum Prdx1 was demonstrated in patients (n = 15) with ALI; the elevation is associated with ALI severity. Collectively, we provide the first demonstration for serum Prdx1 contributing to ALI. Image 1 • Increases in serum Prdx1 in patients and mice with acute liver injury (ALI). • Prdx1 −/− mice are protected from drug-induced ALI and ALI-associated inflammation. • Intravenous injection of recombinant Prdx1 (rPrdx1) causes ALI in Prdx1 −/− mice. • rPrdx1 induces IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in primary macrophages. • Circulating Prdx1 is a novel DAMP promoting ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A series of pure HfB 2 ceramics have been prepared by sintering nano-grained powder using high-energy ball milling at 700–1600 °C and 5.5 GPa. The HfB 2 ceramics are characterized via various techniques for their residual stress, grain size, density, microstructures and defects, hardness, fracture toughness, thermal stability, and oxidation resistance. All properties strongly depend on the treatment temperature, but the exact manner of dependence for each property varies. The results identified that the HfB 2 ceramic sintered at a relatively low temperature of 1000 °C and 5.5 GPa – a bulk pure nano-grained composite for the first time – has the best overall performance. It has a relative density of 99.6%, a Vickers hardness of 26 GPa, a fracture toughness of 5.2 MPa m1/2, and excellent thermal stability and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Additional strengthening and stabilizing effects are provided by microstructures and defects such as large-angle grain boundaries, stacking faults and twinning. Simultaneous high temperature and high pressure is an effective sintering route for HfB 2 ceramics with grain-size ranging from nanometer to micron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Debranched starches (DBSs) are widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and health products. The purpose of this study is to separate fractions of debranched normal starch with different degrees of polymerization (DP). Five fractions were obtained by the ethanol precipitation fractionation method with different water-to-ethanol ratios, including a very long DBS p (p: precipitate), long DBS p1.5 (p1.5: water/ethanol = 1:1.5 precipitate), moderately long DBS p4 (p4: water/ethanol = 1:4 precipitate), short DBS s1.5 (s1.5: water/ethanol = 1:1.5 supernatant), and very short DBS s4 (s4: water/ethanol = 1:4 supernatant). The main peak DP values of different fractions of debranched normal corn starch were 24.41, 16.74, 13.70, 7.77, and 6.09, respectively. The fractions of DBSs from potato and sweet potato starches had larger molecular weights. The crystalline structure of DBS p and DPS p4 was B-type while that of DBS p1.5 was A-type. DBSs with different properties could be obtained from normal starch by the green and simple aqueous ethanol precipitation method. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Debranched starches were separated by the ethanol precipitation fractionation method. • Five fractions with different degrees of polymerization were obtained. • The crystallization structures of fractions were A- or B-type. • New functional aldehyde groups in debranched starches appeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debranched starch (DBS) has attracted immense interest from the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries as a versatile ingredient. Herein, we firstly developed a simple fractionation method using an edible alcohol solution to separate DBS of different degrees of polymerization (DP). These DBSs were separated from debranched waxy corn starch on the basis of their differential solubility in aqueous/ethanol solutions of different volumetric ratios (1:1.5 and 1:3). Four DBS products were obtained with DP values of 23.53, 20.04, 9.14, and 6.75. The DBS (DP 23.53) exhibited higher iodine staining index values compared to DBSs of lower DPs. The thermograms of DBSs (DP 9.14 and DP 6.75) displayed no apparent peak, indicating their amorphous nature. Compared to freeze-drying, oven-dried DBS (DP 23.53) exhibited a higher relative crystallinity (72.0%). Therefore, the ethanol precipitation method developed here serves as a simple, scalable, and green approach for preparing DBS fractions of different molecular weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roxithromycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in human and livestock. It is continually released and accumulated in our natural environment. It exhibited an extreme resistance to microbial biodegradation and has a serious impact on ecosystem and human health. It is in urgent need of establishing a rapid and efficient method for the detection of environmental roxithromycin. This study was based on capture-SELEX to select aptamers against roxithromycin from an initial library containing randomized ssDNA sequences. Candidate aptamers were obtained by 16 rounds of capture-SELEX process. Competent clones were prepared for sequencing. Clone Ap01 was chosen for further characterization. SYBR Green I fluorescence assays showed high affinity with roxithromycin. The dissociation constant of Ap01 was 0.46 ± 0.08 μM. Ap01 bound specifically to roxithromycin with capable of distinguish from non-roxithromycin macrolides. There was no cross reaction with the detected non-macrolide compounds. Accordingly, a colorimetric aptasensor has been developed. It has been demonstrated that the detection limit achieved 0.077 μM. To proof the concept, detections of roxithromycin contained in tap water and lake water were evaluated. It laid a foundation for further study on the detection of roxithromycin in actual aquatic environments. [Display omitted] • A novel aptamer sequence specifically binding to roxithromycin was identified. • A colorimetric aptasensor using the aptamer has been developed. • This is the first time that roxithromycin biosensor is made by using aptamer as a sensing element. • The specific detection of pollutant roxithromycin contained in natural water was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematic experiments of ogive-nosed projectile penetrating into 2A12 aluminum alloy target with oblique angles were carried out, where the velocities ranged from 700m/s to 1100m/s and oblique angles ranged from 0 to 40°. The L/D (Length to Diameter) of the projectiles are 3 and 4, respectively. The penetration trajectories were obtained with range of velocities, oblique angles and different L/D of projectile. • Penetration trajectory model of ogive-nosed projectile penetrating into semi-infinite metal target is developed by taking the effects of free surface and wake separation/reattachment into account. Then, the wake seperation/reattachment and free srface effect factors were discussed based on the experimental data. Furthermore, the penetration trajectory model was validated by experimental results, which were in good agreement. • Influences of L/D of projectile, impact velocity and oblique angle on the penetration trajectory were discussed based on the theoretical and experimental result. Results show that the penetration trajectory becomes more stable with the increase of L/D of projectile and decrease of impact velocity and oblique angle. To better understand the oblique penetration behavior of ogive-nosed projectile into aluminum alloy targets, penetration experiments with impact velocities ranging from 700m/s to 1100m/s and oblique angles of 0, 10°, 20° and 40° were conducted. The Length to Diameter (L / D) of the projectiles were 3 and 4, respectively. Failure modes of target and penetration trajectory were obtained from penetration experiments. Based on the local interaction theory (LIT) and resistance to penetration in dynamic expansion theory (DET), a model to depict penetration trajectory was developed by taking the effects of free surface and wake separation/reattachment into account. The effects of free surface and wake separation/reattachment on penetration trajectory were analyzed by combining the experimental data and calculated results. The results showed that the calculation results were in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. Besides, influences of oblique angle, impact velocity, and L / D of projectile on the penetration trajectory were discussed based on the calculation and experimental result. Ranges of increments of attitude angle of projectiles and oblique angle at the impact velocity of 900m/s were 98% to 274% and 10° to 30°, respectively. Similarly, the increments of attitude angle of projectile varied from 205% to 128% as the impact velocity increased from 800m/s to 1000m/s when the oblique angle was 20°. When it come to the influence of L / D of projectile on the penetration trajectory, the increments of attitude angle of projectiles were 178% and 79.5% for the L/D were 3 and 4, respectively. In summary, the penetration trajectory became more stable with the increase of L/D of projectile and decrease of impact velocity and oblique angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Retrogradation of short linear glucan debranched from amylopectin was investigated. • The retrogradation process of debranched starch (DBS) takes only 0–120 min. • The retrogradation of DBS is an ultra-short-term process. • The retrogradation enthalpy increased with increase in degree of polymerization. • The retrogradation enthalpy of DBS increased as storage time increased. Retrogradation is inevitable during the storage of starchy products. Retrogradation behavior of starches (e.g., amylopectin and amylose) has been widely investigated. We firstly studied the retrogradation behavior of short linear glucan debranched from amylopectin with different degrees of polymerization (DP). With increasing DP, the retrogradation enthalpy change (ΔH) of debranched starch (DBS) increased. At a DBS to water ratio of 1:2 and a storage time of 0 min, the retrogradation ΔH of DBS samples (DP 11.96, 12.62, and 13.36) reached up to 6.03 ± 0.41, 8.03 ± 0.53, and 12.80 ± 1.57 J/g, respectively. The greater the short-chain length, the more rapid the retrogradation of DBS. The peak temperature of retrograded DBS (101.95–111.53 °C) with a DBS to water ratio of 1:2 stored at 50 °C was greater than that stored at 4 °C. The retrogradation of DBS was rapid, taking only 0–120 min, corresponding to ultra-short-term retrogradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]