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Highlights: [•] Pituitary stem cells were discovered 5-10 years ago, but urge for further detailed characterization. [•] New molecular flavors have recently been added, but a pituitary stem cell signature is still absent. [•] Pituitary stem cells are activated during early-postnatal maturation of the gland, suggestive of dynamic participation. [•] New research models support a stem cell role in pituitary regeneration, and suggest a link with pituitary tumorigenesis. [•] How pituitary stem cells differentiate to new hormonal cells is unknown, but gene expression data support embryonic-like paths. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: The aim of this study was to identify putative aetiological factors of recalcitrant ingrown toenail and then to introduce a new surgical technique for its treatment on the basis of this identification. We found that many of our patients had an upturned morphology on the distal phalanx beneath the recalcitrant ingrown toenail. We thereby designed a new operative technique to treat this problem. From October 1997 to May 2006, 31 patients (38 toes), who were operated on using the new technique, were assigned to the experimental group. Another 38 patients, who were randomly selected from the population without an ingrown toenail, were assigned to the control group. Briefly, the operation is performed as follows: make an elliptical skin incision distal to the hyponychium. Remove the wedge of tissue through incision, together with the periosteum on the lateral side of the distal phalanx. Expose and then transect the distal part of the distal phalanx. Twenty-nine patients (36 toes) were included in the follow up which varied in length from 8 to 29 months. None of them had recurrent symptoms. In conclusion, an upturned abnormality of the distal phalanx may contribute, at least partly, to the formation of recalcitrant ingrown toenail. The partial distal phalanx removal could be considered as an effective technique in recalcitrant ingrown toenail therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Sediment suspension resulted in endogenous release of dissolved Se and Mo. • Dissolved Ni, Zn, As, Mn, Cu, V, and Co concentrations increased in the estuary area. • Dissolved Ni, Zn, As, Mn, Cu, V, and Co concentrations decreases in the lake center. • The difference was related to the lake eutrophication-induced pH fluctuation. Despite laboratory experiments that have been performed to study internal heavy metal release, our understanding of how heavy metals release in shallow eutrophic lakes remains limited for lacking in-situ evidence. This study used automatic environmental sensors and a water sampling system to conduct high-frequency in-situ observations (1-hr intervals) of water environmental variables and to collect water samples (3-hr intervals), with which to examine the release of internal heavy metals in Lake Taihu, China. Under conditions of disturbance by strong northerly winds, sediment resuspension in both the estuary area and the lake center caused particulate heavy metal resuspension. However, the patterns of concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in these two areas were complex. The concentrations of dissolved Se and Mo increased in both areas, indicating that release of internal dissolved Se and Mo is triggered by sediment resuspension. The concentrations of dissolved Ni, Zn, As, Mn, Cu, V, and Co tended to increase in the estuary area but decrease in the lake center. The different trends between these two areas were controlled by pH and cyanobacteria, which are related to eutrophication. During the strong northerly winds, the decrease in concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in the lake center was attributable primarily to absorption by the increased suspended solids, and to growth-related assimilation or surface adsorption by the increased cyanobacteria. The findings of this study suggest that, short-term changes of environmental conditions are very important in relation to reliable monitoring and risk assessment of heavy metals in shallow eutrophic lakes. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]