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The Ultimatum Game (UG) is a classic paradigm used to study fairness-related decision-making. While responders' rejection of disadvantageous inequality in the UG is known, responses to advantageous inequality and the role of social value orientation (SVO) remain unclear. This study involved 59 children of 6–8 years, 69 children of 10–12 years, 59 adolescents of 14–15 years, and 52 adult college students. It explored responders' decisions in three offer contexts, including disadvantageous inequality, equality, and especially advantageous inequality, and the role of SVO. Results showed that SVO shifted from pro-self to pro-social and back to pro-self with age. Offer contexts moderated the effect of age on rejection rates, notably advantageous inequality, reflecting age differences in social preferences. Children accepted such offers for self-interest, adolescents rejected for inequality aversion, and college students accepted for joint gain maximization. SVO mediated the effect of age on rejection rate only in advantageous inequality contexts. The results indicate diverse motivation and decisions across scenarios, tied to age and SVO. Pro-social orientation's significance in advantageous inequality aversion is highlighted. Overall, these findings suggest that responder traits and developmental stages jointly shape economic decisions, especially regarding advantageous inequality. • A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine advantageous inequality aversion. • People from middle childhood, early adolescence, and adulthood were involved. • Age and SVO effects on decision-making were considered in three offer contexts. • SVO shifted from pro-self to pro-social and back to pro-self with age. • Only in advantageous inequality, SVO mediated the effect of age on decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biochemical markers of bone turnover may be useful aids for managing patients with osteoporosis. A 12-month, phase 3, multicenter trial of Japanese patients at high risk of fracture was conducted to assess the effects of teriparatide 20μg/day on BMD, serum markers of bone turnover, and safety. Two-hundred and seven subjects (93% female; median age 70years) were randomized in double-blind fashion 2:1 to teriparatide versus placebo. Bone turnover markers including procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) and type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) were collected at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12months. Lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip BMD were measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 12months. Increases in PINP at 1month correlated best with increases in lumbar spine BMD at 12months (r =0.76; P <0.01). The proportions of patients with an increase from baseline in PINP >10μg/L at 1, 3, and 6months were 3%, 0%, and 2% in the placebo, and 93%, 87%, and 83% in the teriparatide group. The proportions of patients with an increase in PINP >10μg/L at either 1 or 3months were 3% in the placebo and 95% in the teriparatide group (P <0.001). The proportions of patients with a significant increase in lumbar spine BMD (increase from baseline ≥3%) at 12months were 20% in the placebo and 94% in the teriparatide group. The proportions of patients with an increase in PINP >10μg/L at 1 or 3months and an increase in lumbar spine BMD ≥3% at 12months was 0% of placebo group patients and 92% of teriparatide group patients (P <0.001). These data confirm a strong relationship between early change in PINP and later change in lumbar spine BMD during teriparatide therapy. Also, these results suggest that monitoring with PINP and lumbar spine BMD successfully identifies positive responses in most patients taking teriparatide and negative responses in most patients not taking teriparatide. PINP monitoring may be a useful aid in the management of patients with osteoporosis during teriparatide treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Reduced osteoblast function is a primary defect in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO), and is reflected by decreased biochemical markers of bone formation, such as serum osteocalcin (OC) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP). This analysis compared the effects of teriparatide and alendronate on OC and PINP in patients with GIO. In a double-blind study, women (N =159) and men (N =38) with GIO were randomized to either teriparatide 20 μg/day by subcutaneous injection or to alendronate 10 mg/day orally. OC and PINP were measured in fasting-state serum samples obtained at baseline and at 1, 6, 18, and 36 months. Baseline bone formation markers were below the reference interval (low) in 33% of patients for OC and in 4% of patients for PINP. On teriparatide therapy, the median OC and PINP levels increased by 92% and 108%, respectively, and this resulted in only 12% and 1% of patients being low at 6 months. On alendronate therapy, the median OC and PINP levels decreased by 40% and 53%, respectively, and this resulted in 68% and 34% of patients being low at 6 months. We conclude that bone formation as determined by surrogate markers was increased in teriparatide-treated patients with GIO and decreased in alendronate-treated patients with GIO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For diagnosing osteoporosis, International Society for Clinical Densitometry guidelines suggest using the lowest bone mineral density T-score of the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), or total hip (TH). For the LS, use of the total spine (L1–L4) T-score is suggested. Although controversial, some authors have suggested using a single lumbar vertebra of L1–L4 with the lowest T-score to diagnose osteoporosis. We compared the ability of various T-score approaches [lowest single LS vertebra of L1–L4; total spine; FN; TH; and the lowest T-score of total spine, FN, or TH to diagnose osteoporosis in 2560 postmenopausal women from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial placebo group. The discriminatory ability of each T-score approach to identify women with or without vertebral fracture was compared using the area under receiver-operating characteristic curve. When the lowest single LS T-score of L1–L4 and the total spine T-score were used, 77% and 57% of women were categorized as having osteoporosis, respectively. These T-score approaches had similar ability for discriminating between women with or without prevalent vertebral fractures and for predicting the risk of incident vertebral fractures. The lowest single LS vertebra T-score identified a greater proportion of women with osteoporosis than currently accepted approaches. Thus, the WHO diagnostic classification should not be applied to single vertebral T-scores. This analysis supports the current International Society for Clinical Densitometry position to use the total spine T-score for osteoporosis diagnosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Nanorod-LEDs are fabricated by using ICP-RIE. • AC-driven nanorod-LEDs (AC-nLEDs) are realized. • Single-dielectric AC-nLED is demonstrated. • Double-dielectric AC-nLED is demonstrated. • AC-nLEDs are highly sensitive to driving frequency. Alternating current (AC)-driven electroluminescent (EL) devices have attracted widespread attention due to their special advantages. Under the trend of nanoscale miniaturization in optoelectronics, AC-driven EL devices with nanoscale are highly desirable to be applied to nano-optoelectronic integrated circuits. In this work, GaN-based nanorod LEDs (nLED) are used as nanoscale emitters to fabricate AC-driven nano-EL device, namely, AC-nLED. Two configurations including single-dielectric AC-nLED and double-dielectric AC-nLED without carrier injection are demonstrated. The electrical and optical characteristics of single-dielectric AC-nLED and double-dielectric AC-nLED are demonstrated, which have completely different frequency responses. The working mechanisms and origin of the difference in frequency response are discussed. Our work presents an alternative device configuration for obtaining AC-driven nano-EL devices, which are expected to be used in nano-photonic systems and nano-pixel light-emitting displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Changes in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) are determined by follow-up dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments. Inclusion of new or worsening vertebral fractures in follow-up measurements may increase BMD. To test this hypothesis, we examined pooled data from the placebo groups of two clinical trials that involved postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. DXA measurements of lumbar spine BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), and area were obtained at baseline and at two years in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Trial and at baseline and study endpoint in the Fracture Prevention Trial. In these trials, fractured vertebrae identified by expert radiologists during posterioranterior (PA) spine DXA assessment were excluded from the BMD assessment. Lateral spine radiographs were graded using a semi-quantitative (SQ) scale. Most new or worsening vertebral fractures (84%) diagnosed from lateral spine radiographs were not identified by PA spine DXA. While the follow-up BMD of vertebrae without new or worsening fractures did not change significantly, each unit increase in SQ grade was associated with an approximate 7.0% increase in the BMD of affected vertebrae (p < 0.001). Increases in BMD were highly correlated with increases in BMC (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Inclusion of new or worsening vertebral fractures increased PA spine BMD measurements at follow-up, with the impact being related to the magnitude of change in SQ score. It is difficult to reliably identify vertebral fractures from PA spine DXA assessments. Inclusion of new or worsening vertebral fractures in follow-up DXA measurements may falsely suggest an improvement in spine BMD. Our suggestion is to perform lateral spine imaging concurrently with any assessment of PA spine BMD in patients who, in the opinion of the health care provider, may have vertebral fractures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Resonance and interference phenomena in waveguide systems are remarkable for control of electromagnetic wave propagations, with extensive applications in many areas. This paper introduces a plasma-dielectric-plasma (PDP) waveguide supporting multiple Fano resonances, made of a tooth cavity directly connected to a straight waveguide and a rectangle cavity with plasma holes. Different from metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides at the near-infrared band with nanoscales, the PDP works in the microwave regime and with centimetre dimension. Furthermore, it has a prominent advantage in tunability due to inherent properties of gaseous discharge plasmas. A finite element method is adopted to study transmission responses and field distributions in details. Also, coupled mode and standing wave theories are applied to confirm the validity of numerical results and theoretically analyze Fano spectra, respectively. Results indicate that the number and position of Fano resonances can be modulated by adjusting the number of plasma holes and altering the plasma frequency, respectively. Also, the independent tunability of multiple Fano resonances can be verified by the additional structure. The numerical simulations provide a reference for plasma to modulate electromagnetic waves and may open up a new path for developing tunable microwave devices, especially in the parallel processing of microwave signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Vertebral fractures are the most common osteoporotic fracture and the prevalence of vertebral fracture is commonly assessed in clinical practice in Japan. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential risk factors for osteoporotic fractures, including morphometric spine fracture status and the WHO risk factors for predicting 4-year fracture risk. Methods: A population-based community cohort, the Adult Health Study, consisting of 2613 men and women with mean age of 65 enrolled in Hiroshima was followed prospectively for 4years. The prevalence and incidence of spine fractures were identified from lateral and posterior–anterior spine radiographs using a semiquantitative method. Information on incident nonvertebral fragility fractures (hip, proximal humeral, and forearm) was collected at interviews by trained nurses and physicians during biennial health examinations. Results: A model, including spine fracture status in addition to the WHO risk factors, appeared to provide greater prognostic information regarding future fracture risk (gradient of risk/standard deviation: GR/SD=2.73) than a model with the WHO risk factors alone (GR/SD=2.54). In univariate analyses, age, bone mineral density (BMD), prior clinical fracture, and spine fracture status had the highest gradient of risk. The presence of multiple prevalent spine or non-spine fractures significantly increased fracture risk, but, their contributions to the gradient of risk were similar to those when fracture status was categorized as a binary variable. A model considering those four risk factors yielded GR/SD=2.67, indicating that it could capture most of the predictive information provided by the model with spine fracture status plus the WHO risk factors. Conclusion: The use of age, BMD, prior clinical fracture and spine fracture predicted future fracture risk with greater simplicity and higher prognostic accuracy than consideration of the risk factors included in the WHO tool. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this post hoc analysis was to determine whether baseline concentrations or early changes in serum bone turnover markers were correlated with changes in bone mineral density (BMD) at 18 months in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) treated with teriparatide (n =80; 20 μg/day) or alendronate (n =77; 10 mg/day). Bone markers included type I collagen N-terminal propeptide (PINP), type I collagen C-terminal propeptide (PICP), bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP), and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (Sβ-CTX). The relationship between baseline and early changes in markers and the 18-month changes in lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) BMD was evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis. In the teriparatide group, increases in LS and FN BMD at 18 months were not significantly correlated with baseline marker concentrations (P>0.05) but were correlated with the increases in PINP at 1 and 6 months (P <0.05). In the alendronate group, the increase in FN BMD at 18 months was positively correlated with baseline marker concentrations (P <0.05) and negatively correlated with change in PINP and Sβ-CTX at 1 and 6 months. In addition, in the alendronate group, the increase in LS BMD was negatively correlated with change in Sβ-CTX at 1 month (P <0.05). Increases in BMD at the spine and hip were independent of baseline bone turnover in the teriparatide group, while increases in hip BMD were dependent on baseline bone turnover in the alendronate group. With both therapies, early changes in some bone turnover markers were correlated with 18-month gains in BMD in patients with GIO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Phenylpyrazole insecticides are successful for crop protection and public hygiene by blocking gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. A series of novel phenylpyrazoles containing arylimine or 1-methoxyaryl groups were designed and synthesized. The addition reaction of methanol to the imines 1 – 11 was investigated and the cayno addition products 13 – 15 were obtained. The compounds 1 – 15 were confirmed by 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The results of bioassay indicated that some compounds exhibited comparable bioactivity to fipronil against a broad spectrum of insects such as bean aphid (Aphis craccivora), mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens), diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and Oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata). Especially, the foliar contact activity against bean aphid of compound 7 at 10 µg mL−1 was 68%, the larvacidal activity against mosquito of compounds 5 , 13 and 15 at 0.0025 µg mL−1 was 100%, the larvacidal activity against diamondback moth of compounds 9 and 11 at 0.05 µg mL−1 was 100%, the larvacidal activity against Oriental armyworm of compound 9 at 1 µg mL−1 was 100%. The 3-cayno moiety on pyrazole ring was essential for the high insecticidal activities against bean aphid, diamondback moth and Oriental armyworm, while the 3-carbimidate moiety on pyrazole ring was crucial to the excellent high insecticidal activities against mosquito. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new type of wall with built-in structural configuration. Common blocks with single-row holes serve as grouted recesses in the construction of built-in structural columns, core columns, and diagonal braces of the wall. The construction of this built-in structural scheme is more efficient and cost-effective than normal wall structures because it necessitates no formwork or large construction equipment. A nonlinear finite element analysis and integral modeling process were conducted based on horizontal cyclic loading tests of four hollow-block masonry walls with different built-in structural schemes. The feasibility of the model was verified by comparing the test and calculation results. The effects of different structural schemes on the failure process, failure mode, bearing capacity, stiffness degradation, and displacement ductility of the masonry wall were analyzed to determine the optimal structural details. The built-in structural columns and core columns should be concentrated at both wall ends while core columns are added in the center of the wall as necessary; a horizontal steel tie mesh can ensure cooperative bonding among structural columns and core columns. The effects of various strength grades of grouted concrete on masonry wall seismic performance with the optimized scheme were also observed. • A new kind of wall with built-in structural scheme was proposed, which is more efficient and cost-effective. • Seismic behavior of the walls with different structural schemes was studied, and the optimal design scheme was obtained. • Considering seismic behavior of the wall, the appropriate grouted concrete strength for MU7.5 hollow block is C20 or C25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]