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The development of advanced military aero-engines with high thrust-to-weight ratios requires high-temperature-rise (HTR) technology for core component combustors. This poses a major challenge to multidisciplinary design and optimization of combustors. This paper analyzes the technical characteristics of the HTR combustor and summarizes and proposes three current major technical challenges. For each technical challenge, systematic analysis and comprehensive discussion are conducted from the aspects of technical strategies and research progress. The three technologies reviewed in this paper include (1) combustion configuration technology, (2) liner thermal protection technology involving advanced liner cooling and ceramic matrix composite (CMC) liners, and (3) outlet distribution control technology. We also present our insights regarding current solutions and future research trends related to the three major technical limitations of the HTR combustor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]