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Colonization by foliar fungal endophytes can assist host plants in the acquisition of soil nutrients, however understanding of the effects of Epichloë endophytes on soil nutrient dynamics and their consequences for nitrogen cycling remains fragmentary. Here, we studied the microbial functional genes involved in the soil nitrogen cycle and soil nutrient dynamics along a nitrogen gradient in rhizosphere soil of ryegrass infected by the endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii. High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the community of microbial functional genes. Plant nutrients and soil N 2 O flux were measured. The endophyte presence reduced the plant nutrient traits (shoot organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and root total phosphorus) under low nitrogen, while it increased the soil nutrient accumulation and altered the microbial environment. Plants with fungal endophyte showed higher community diversity in the AOB -amoA gene (ammonia-oxidation bacteria), had lower absolute and relative abundances in the nirK gene (nitrite reduction bacteria), and improved relative abundances and community diversity of the nosZ (nitrous oxide reduction bacteria). The nifH gene (N 2 fixing bacteria) showed higher absolute and relative abundances, and diversity in rhizosphere soil of endophyte-infected plants. Changes in plant and soil traits mediated by endophyte infection were closely related to N 2 O fluxes and nifH gene abundance. The changes in CO 2 flux by changing in soil microbial biomass nitrogen mediated by shoot biomass (induced by endophyte infection), which further altered the soil pH and NO 3 − content and lead to an increased in NH 4 + accumulation. The current study demonstrated that the possible mechanism for endophyte-mediated nutrient uptake might promote the NH 4 + accumulation through nitrogen mineralization and NO 3 − isomerization rather than enhancing in the nitrogen fixation process and inhibiting the denitrification process in N limited samples. By underlining the importance of endophyte infection for nutrient accumulation in plant and soil and biomass, these findings suggested that nutrient availability could initiate endophyte infection effects to mitigate the damage of low N stress for the host. • Nutrient availability mitigates low N stress by initiating endophyte effects. • Increased in soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen by endophyte infection. • Endophyte-infected plant reduced nitrous oxide (N 2 O) flux and increased CO 2 flux. • Endophyte-mediated nutrient uptake associated with soil NO 3 − dissimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Epichloë endophytes are present only in aboveground tissues of grasses they indirectly influence soil biological characteristics through increased litter incorporation and root exudation. Epichloë endophytes have been reported to affect the decomposition rates of litter by altering litter quality and microbial decomposers to affect soil characteristics. However, it is not well-studied that underlying effects on functional genes involved in nitrification and denitrification after incorporation of litter containing Epichloë endophytes into soil. We collected soil samples at S 0 (first litter incorporation), S 1 (second litter incorporation), S 2 (third litter incorporation) and S 3 (120 days after the third litter incorporation) times after incorporation of litter that was either infected with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae var. Lolii or free of Epichloë endophyte, respectively.. We sampled the soil fororganic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 +-N: AN), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 −-N: NN), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB- amoA) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA- amoA) functional genes for nitrification, nitrite reduction (nirS and nirK) and nitrous oxide reduction (nosZ) functional genes for denitrification. We found that Epichloë -infected plant increased the soil properties (OC, TN, AN, NN) and microbial biomass C in S 1 to S 3 times, and microbial biomass N in S 2 and S 3 times, but reduced soil pH in S 1 times and the C_N ratio in S 2 and S 3 times by litter incorporation. The absolute abundance of the AOB- amoA functional gene at S 1 and S 3 times and relative abundances of Planctomycetes, Methylobacterium, Nitosomonas, Gemmata, Geodermatophilus and Sinorhizobium in the nirK functional gene community were significantly higher in soil with Epichloë -infected litter compared to soil with Epichloë -free litter at S 1 and S 3 times. While the absolute abundance at S 1 and S 3 times and diversity at S 3 times of the nirK functional gene, and the absolute abundance at S 1 to S 3 times and diversity at S 1 times of the nosZ functional gene, and relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the AOB- amoA functional gene were significantly lower in soil with litter containing Epichloë endophyte than that of soil with litter without the endophyte. The soil moisture, and the contents of TP, OC, AN and MBN were the best explanatory variables for the altered microbial community. Our results provide a new understanding of the responses of soil nitrification and denitrification genes through incorporation of litter containing Epichloë endophytes into soil. • Soil microbial habitat environment was changed by litter incorporation. • We observed an increase in the absolute abundance of AOB- amoA in EI compared to EF soil. • The composition of nirK functional gene communities differed in EI and EF soil. • Endophyte reduced the diversity of nosZ functional gene following litter incorporation. • Soil properties were explained best the difference in functional genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activatable phototherapeutic agents (PTA) in one system with synergistic gas therapy (GT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) hold great promise for highly efficient tumor treatments. In this study, an activatable multifunctional platform with photothermal conversion "turn on" features via nitric oxide (NO) release for synergistic GT and PTT was rationally designed using an aryl N-nitrosamine (NO-donating unit) functionalized aza-BODIPY framework (S–NO). As expected, after NO release from S–NO , the product (Red-S) showed obviously enhanced heat production performance under a longer excited wavelength via improved near-infrared light absorption and decreased fluorescence emission. Furthermore, water-soluble and biocompatible S–NO nanoparticles (S–NO NPs) with negligible dark cytotoxicity successfully suppressed tumor growth and enhanced the survival rate of mice via synergistic GT and PTT under the guidance of multimode imaging. The study offered rational guidance to design better platforms for synergistic tumor treatments and validated that S–NO NPs can act as potential PTAs in biological applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]