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[Display omitted] • A preparation method for direct real-time qPCR of Coxiella burnetii was designed to replace previous kits. • A meat preparation method was designed to extract and disrupt C. burnetii from meat. • Sixteen protocols involving protein precipitation and DNA binding steps were assessed. • Among various protein precipitants, 5.0 M NaCl induced the lowest A 280 (P < 0.05). • Stability of the most effective protocols was verified with low-spiked or spore-inoculated loin, rib, and hind leg meat. Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic pathogen that has been associated with foodborne outbreaks in products with ruminant origins. However, a method to detect C. burnetii in meat has been merely studied, and commercial kits cannot efficiently fulfill this purpose. In this study, an in-house preparation method for direct real-time qPCR of C. burnetii in beef, goat, and lamb meat was designed. In the sample preparation step (step 1), trypsin digestion and cell disruption techniques were introduced to target C. burnetii in an obligate intracellular or spore-like form. Afterward, 16 DNA purification protocols involving the following steps (steps 2–3) were assessed: the precipitation of meat proteins (step 2; using 2.5, 5.0 M NaCl or 1:1, 2:1 ethanol as the precipitant) and binding of DNA to silicon dioxide particles with chaotropic salts (step 3; using 2.5, 5.0 M NaCl or 2.5, 5.0 M guanidine thiocyanate as the salt). The protocols with superior performance in high-spiked loins (estimated 4–5 log cells/g) were verified in low-spiked (1–2 log cells/g) or Bacillus thuringiensis spore-inoculated (1–2 log CFU/g) loins, ribs, and hind legs. During the protein precipitation, 5.0 M NaCl induced significantly lower protein level as demonstrated by A 280 , when compared to 2.5 M NaCl or ethanol (P < 0.05). For the DNA binding step, Ct values were lowered in high-spiked goat or lamb loins (3.5–6.0▾; P < 0.05) when the concentration of NaCl was doubled or guanidine thiocyanate was introduced instead of NaCl as a chaotropic salt. Based on these results, two protocols using 5.0 M NaCl as the protein precipitant and 5.0 M NaCl (N2 + N2) or guanidine thiocyanate (N2 + G2) as the chaotropic salt were selected, which demonstrated successful detection in low-spiked (Ct values of N2 + N2, 32.9–35.6; N2 + G2, 32.3–36.4) or spore-inoculated meat (N2 + N2, 30.9–37.5; N2 + G2, 29.7–32.7). Verification in low-spiked meat showed that meat type/part significantly impacted the Ct values of N2 + G2 but not those of N2 + N2. To our knowledge, this is the first study that developed a highly accessible method for detecting C. burnetii in meat which could reveal the possibility of meat-borne Q fever in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human noroviruses (HuNoV), which are responsible for acute gastroenteritis, are becoming a serious public health concern worldwide. Since no effective antiviral drug or vaccine for HuNoV has been developed yet, some natural extracts and their active components have been investigated for their ability to inhibit noroviruses. However, their exact antiviral mechanisms have not been investigated.Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the expression of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-λ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Mx, and zinc finger CCCH type antiviral protein 1 (ZAP), 2'-5' oligo (A) synthetase (OAS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated with fisetin, daidzein, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin gallate (ECG) that have anti-noroviral activity.Study Design: Based on the antiviral activity of the five flavonoids, recently reported by our group, the expression of antiviral factors such as IFN-α, IFN-λ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Mx, ZAP, OAS, and iNOS was investigated in RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated with these flavonoids.Methods: Anti-noroviral effect was determined by performing a plaque assay on cells treated with the flavonoid. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with fisetin, daidzein, quercetin, EGCG, and ECG. Then, mRNA of IFN-α, IFN-λ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Mx, ZAP, OAS, and iNOS were measured by real-time RT-PCR. IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 proteins were measured by ELISA.Results: Pre-treatment with fisetin (50μM), fisetin (100μM), EGCG (100μM), quercetin (100μM), daidzein (50μM), and ECG (150μM) significantly reduced MNoV by 50.00±7.14 to 60.67±9.26%. The mRNA levels of IFN-α, IFN-λ, TNF-α, Mx, and ZAP were upregulated in RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated with fisetin, quercetin, and daidzein, but not in those pre-treated with EGCG or ECG. Regarding protein levels, IFN-α was significantly induced in cells pre-treated with fisetin, quercetin, and daidzein, whereas TNF-α was significantly induced only in cells pre-treated with daidzein.Conclusion: Pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with the five flavonoids inhibited MNoV by upregulating the expression of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-λ, and TNF-α) and interferon-stimulating genes (Mx and ZAP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various disinfectant compounds against human norovirus (NoV). We investigated the disinfection effects of ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and iodine using an anti-NoV GII.4 monoclonal antibody-conjugated immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) technique combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Ten-minute treatments of samples containing NoV GII.4 with 10–70% ethanol resulted in mean log 10 reductions in genomic copies/μL of less than 1. In contrast, 10-min treatments with sodium hypochlorite at 200, 500, and 1000 ppm resulted in mean log 10 reductions of 1.55, 1.85, and 2.45, respectively; however, 50 and 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite had no disinfection effect, as shown by the log 10 reductions of less than 1. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (200–1000 ppm), quaternary ammonium compounds (100–2000 ppm), and iodine (25–500 ppm), also exhibited no disinfection effect. The results of this study show that NoV GII.4 is remarkably resistant to most disinfectants and suggests that new disinfectant compounds are needed to inactivate foodborne bacteria and viruses, especially NoV GII.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oleanolic acid inhibited AGS human gastric cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. • Oleanolic acid induced protective-autophagy in AGS cancer cell. • Oleanolic acid induced apoptosis and autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. • Oleanolic acid suppress tumor growth by downregulating AKT pathway. Oleanolic acid (OA) is widely distributed in food and medicinal plants, it reportedly exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of OA on human gastric cancer cells AGS in vitro and in vivo. The OA treatment significantly inhibited the AGS cell viability. Apoptosis was confirmed via annexin V/PI staining and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The results from western blotting revealed that treatment with OA affected apoptosis-related protein. Meanwhile, OA induced autophagy, characterized by the formation of autophagic vacuoles and acidic vesicular organelles, also increased autophagy-related protein. Inhibition of autophagy further reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, OA treatment decreased phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins. Finally, we found that OA reduced tumor volume and weight in xenograft mice via apoptosis without side effects. Overall, our study provides experimental evidence for the anti-cancer action of OA and suggests the possibility of its use as an adjuvant in gastric cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from naturally infected pigs by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results for seminested RT-PCR were compared with those determined by in situ hybridization. The results obtained show that use of xylene deparaffinization, digestion with proteinase K followed by nested RT-PCR is a reliable detection method. Swine HEV nucleic acid was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatic tissues from 40 pigs. Distinct positive signals for swine HEV were obtained in the same hepatic tissues by in situ hybridization. Swine HEV nucleic acid was localized to the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and had a granular staining pattern. The rate of agreement between nested RT-PCR and in situ hybridization for the detection of swine HEV in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatic tissues was 100%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A total of 911 serum samples from 130 herds (an average of nine serum samples per herd) in Korea were examined for antibody to swine H1N1-influenza virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The list of farms was obtained from the Korean Swine Association, and herds were included from all five of the country’s states. Farms were selected using a random-numbers table for swine within farms and for farms. All serum samples were collected from 22- to 24-week-old finishing pigs between September 2000 and March 2001. By ELISA, 93 out of 130 sampled herds (71.5%) were positive against swine H1N1-influenza virus. Our data suggested that seropositive herds for swine H1N1-influenza virus are distributed diffusely throughout the Republic of Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Kimchi, a traditional Korean food, is fermented by lactic acid producing bacteria. Among the many types of kimchi, soongchimchae is a typical type of kimchi that combines fermented vegetables and meat. We aimed to investigate the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes during the fermentation of kimchi supplemented with pork meat. Regardless of whether it was assessed in cabbage kimchi or radish kimchi, in which pH levels differ, the population of E. coli O157:H7 gradually decreased during the fermentation at 4 °C and was no longer detected in cabbage samples after 14 post-fermentation days (PFDs). The pH of cabbage kimchi and radish kimchi were 5.8 and 6.0, respectively, at 0 PFDs, changing to 3.9 and 4.1 at 15 PFDs. Although the population of L. monocytogenes gradually decreased, L. monocytogenes did not survive in cabbage kimchi or radish kimchi after 15 PFDs. Compared with radish kimchi, the pH of cabbage kimchi dropped rapidly during the early fermentation period and reached a pH of 3.9 at 15 PFDs. We observed that pH changes during fermentation were associated with a reduction in foodborne bacterial pathogens. Antimicrobial factors and inhibitory mechanisms against foodborne bacteria need to be investigated in the different types of kimchi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The anisakid nematode is a prevalent foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular genotype of Anisakis worms found in Korean sea fish and squid. Sixty DNA samples were prepared from third stage larvae of Anisakis spp. collected from Scomber japonicus, Trichiurus lepturus, and Todarodes pacificus. An approximately 1000 base pair fragment in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, including ITS-1, ITS-2, and the 5.8S subunit, was amplified and digested with HinfI or HhaI. We identified restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis simplex sensu stricto, Anisakis typica, and a hybrid genotype. Among the 60 isolates, 47 were identified as A. pegreffii, 10 as A. typica, one as A. simplex sensu stricto, and two as hybrid genotypes. A. pegreffii was determined to be the most prevalent molecular genotype of A. simplex complex found in Korean sea fish. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Foodborne risks of Aeromonas hydrophila in East Asia region was newly highlighted. • Virulence of isolates from seafood and RTE sushi were characterized in association with human gastroenteritis. • The frozen and dried products presented significantly low prevalence of A. hydrophila. • >70% of the A. hydrophila isolates (75.4%, 126/167) contained virulence gene(s). • In summer, the prevalence of virulent strains was the lowest in sashimi, whereas it was the highest in sushi (P < 0.05). Aeromonas hydrophila is an emerging foodborne pathogen capable of causing human gastroenteritis, and the main reservoir is the aquatic environment. In this study, the prevalence and virulence of A. hydrophila in seafoods and ready-to-eat (RTE) sushi distributed in various conditions (refrigerated, dried, or frozen) or seasons was investigated. Strains were isolated from seafood (refrigerated or frozen oysters, sashimi, and processed fish; n = 333) and RTE sushi (n = 88) samples collected in South Korea and then genetically analyzed for gastroenteritis-related virulence genes (aer , ast , and alt). Raw oysters showed the highest prevalence of A. hydrophila (57.1%; 47/91) among all seafoods. Among the sashimi samples, flatfish sashimi (54.8%; 34/62) and salmon sushi (51.4%; 18/35) were the most prevalent. A. hydrophila was not detected in the oysters or anchovies distributed as either frozen or dried products. Seasonal investigations of sashimi and sushi showed that the summer prevalence of A. hydrophila with putative virulence genes was significantly lower in sashimi but highest in sushi. These results indicated that sushi could have been contaminated from several sources during the manufacturing or distribution processes. Significant correlations among the prevalence of putative virulence genes were confirmed, although no combination of genes presented a Phi correlation coefficient above 0.5 (0.26–0.43). To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the prevalence of A. hydrophila in various types of retail seafoods and RTE sushi in the East Asia region and then relate the prevalence to the distribution conditions of the samples. This study provides background information on the level of potential risk posed by A. hydrophila in retail seafoods and RTE sushi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that adversely affects the food industry. In this study, 6 anti-listerial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were screened. These anti-listerial LAB isolates were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyzed via repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR. Probiotic assessment of these isolates, comprising an evaluation of the antibiotic susceptibility, tolerance to lysozyme, simulated gastric and intestinal juices, and gut conditions (low pH, bile salts, and 0.4% phenol), was carried out. Most of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, vancomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin. All of the isolates were negative for virulence genes, including agg , ccf , cylA , cylB , cylLL , cylLS , cylM , esp , and gelE , and hemolytic activity. Furthermore, autoinducer-2 (a quorum-sensing molecule) was detected and quantified via HPLC with fluorescence detection after derivatization with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. Metabolites profiles of the Lactobacillus sakei D.7 and Lactobacillus plantarum I.60 were observed and presented various organic acids linked with antibacterial activity. Moreover, freeze-dried cell-free supernatants from Lb. sakei (55 mg/mL) and Lb. plantarum (40 mg/mL) showed different minimum effective concentration (MEC) against L. monocytogene s in the food model (whole milk). In summary, these anti-listerial LAB isolates do not pose a risk to consumer health, are eco-friendly, and may be promising candidates for future use as bioprotective cultures and new probiotics to control contamination by L. monocytogene s in the food and dairy industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic that emerged in 2019 has imposed huge consequences, including economic losses and threats to human health, which are still affecting many aspects throughout the world. This review provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cause of COVID-19, and explores its impact on the food supply system and food safety. This review examines the potential risk of transmission through food and environmental surfaces before discussing an effective inactivation strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the aspect of food safety. This article also suggests effective food safety management post-COVID-19. Respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 are responsible for huge impacts on the global economy and human health. Although food and water are not currently considered priority transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, infection through contaminated food and environmental surfaces where the virus can persist for several days cannot be ignored, particularly when the surrounding environment is unhygienic. This approach could help determine the exact transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 and prepare for the post-COVID-19 era in the food safety sector. ● COVID-19 pandemic has brought huge implication in many sectors including food supply and safety. ● There is no evidence that food is a likely transmission route of SARS-CoV-2, however potential risks of infection via food and water cannot be ignored as high persistence of the virus on food and environmental surfaces. ● Effective strategy for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and monitoring of the virus infection in food and environmental sector are essential in order to control rapid spreading of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Disinfection by ClO 2 and PAA was evaluated in root-vegetables simulated wash water. • 4.89–6.35 log 10 PFU of MNV-1 and 4.63–4.96 log 10 PFU of HAV was inactivated by ClO 2. • 2.5 ppm of ClO 2 for 10 min effectively inactivated MNV-1 and HAV. • pH of the soil-rich wash water can affect HAV recovery via the PFC-UF method. Wash water from fresh vegetables and root vegetables is an important vehicle for foodborne virus transmission. However, there is lack of assessing rapid viral inactivation strategies in wash water characterized by a high soil content at the post-harvest stage. Considering the significance of food safety during the washing stage for fresh and root vegetable produce prior to marketing, we assessed the inactivation efficacy by using chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and peracetic acid (PAA) against a surrogate of human norovirus (murine norovirus 1, MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), in wash water containing black soil and clay loam. The results indicated that MNV-1 and HAV were reduced to the process limit of detection (PLOD), with reductions ranging from 4.89 to 6.35 log 10 PFU, and 4.63 to 4.96 log 10 PFU when treated with ClO 2 at 2.5 ppm for 10 mins. Comparatively, when treated with 500 ppm of PAA for 10 mins, MNV-1 and HAV were maximum reduced to 1.75 ± 0.23 log 10 PFU (4.50 log 10 PFU reduction) and 2.13 ± 0.12 log 10 PFU (2.72 log 10 PFU reduction). This demonstrated the efficacy of ClO 2 in eliminating foodborne viruses in soil-rich wash water. When we validated the recovery of the virus from two types of wash water, the pH (9.24 ± 0.33 and 5.95 ± 0.05) had no impact on the recovery of MNV-1, while the recovery of HAV was less than 1 %. By adjusting the pH to a neutral level, recovery of HAV and its RNA levels was increased to 15.94 and 3.89 %. Thus, this study emphasized the critical role of pH in the recovery of HAV from the complex soil-rich aqueous environment, and the efficacy of ClO 2 serving as a pivotal reference for the development of control strategies against foodborne viruses in the supply chain of fresh and root vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh root vegetables are one of the main causes of viral foodborne diseases; however, the associated risk has not been fully considered. Therefore, the prevalence of five foodborne viruses including norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotavirus (RotaV), adenovirus (AdV), and astrovirus (AstroV) in pre- and post-washed root vegetables (potato, carrot, sweet potato, and radish) were investigated by RT-qPCR or qPCR, nested RT-PCR, and sequencing. AdV and NoV GII were only detected in pre-washed samples. NoV GII was found in 1% and 2% of the potatoes and carrots, respectively and AdV in 4% and 10% of the potatoes and radishes, respectively. HAV was detected in 5.8% and 1.3% of the pre-and post-washed sweet potatoes, respectively and in 8% and 2% of the post-washed carrots and radishes, respectively. NoV GI and AstroV was not detected in any of the root vegetables. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genotypes of AdV, NoV, and HAV were belonged to human AdV 41, NoV GII.3, and HAV IA and IB, respectively. This molecular surveillance study clearly demonstrated that human pathogenic viruses are found in root vegetables, and it is possible that they may serve as a potential reservoir for such viruses. Therefore, further research is necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Nevertheless, washing produce can lower the risks of contracting diseases due to certain root vegetables. • HAV was detected in both pre-and post-washed root vegetables regardless of washing. • AdV and NoV GII were detected only in pre-washed root vegetables. • AstroV was not detected in any root vegetables. • Detected viruses were subsequently confirmed and characterized by sequencing. • AdV, NoV, and HAV genotypes belonged to human AdV 41, NoV GII.3, and HAV IA and IB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as oysters, clams, and cockles, are well-recognized as vectors that concentrate foodborne pathogens by filter feeding. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in experimentally contaminated oysters that were either fed or not fed with algae. Oysters were experimentally contaminated with HAV and maintained in depuration conditions. qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed on oyster samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-inoculation. When HAV-contaminated oysters were depurated for 7 days, HAV was detected in 91.1–97.8% of the digestive glands and gills. While the high viral load in the digestive glands in oysters did not change significantly regardless of algae-feeding, the viral load of the gills gradually decreased in both groups during the depuration. HAV antigen and RNA were detected in the digestive diverticula and connective tissues by both IHC and ISH. HAV was detected in the stomach, intestine, and gills by only ISH. The distribution of HAV in various oyster tissues may explain the persistence of contamination in oysters during the depuration process. • High titer of HAV was accumulated in the digestive gland and gills of oysters. • HAV capsid was localized in the hemocyte and digestive gland by immunohistochemistry. • HAV RNA was visualized in the hemocytes and digestive gland by in situ hybridization. • HAV was persistently detected in oysters for 7 days under depuration condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recently, many of studies have been attempted to determine how to decrease adhesion. To effectively prevent adhesion, decrease in unnecessary surgical procedures, prevention of contact with other tissue, and drug treatment for inflammation are required. However, current anti-adhesion materials have disadvantages. To solve current problems, we prepared a biocompatible drug-loaded anti-adhesion barrier using a visible-light curable furfuryl gelatin derivative. We used riboflavin as a photo-initiator in the photo-curing process. The biocompatibility of riboflavin was estimated compared with that of Rose Bengal. In addition, the curing ratio was measured to determine whether riboflavin initiated photo-curing. We also evaluated the curing ratio of riboflavin according to the concentration of F-gelatin and the photo-irradiation time. A drug used to decrease inflammation that causes adhesion should not disappear from the surgical site and should also be released consistently. For this, we observed the release profiles of photo-immobilized ibuprofen with different concentrations of F-gelatin. Because an anti-adhesion barrier should protect from bacterial infection we evaluated the protective ability of a barrier formed by F-gelatin. In conclusion, a drug-loaded anti-adhesion barrier was prepared using a visible-light curable furfuryl gelatin derivative, with riboflavin as a photo-initiator. We expect that this drug-loaded anti-adhesion barrier effectively decrease adhesion formation. Highlights • Riboflavin showed the better photo-curable property and biocompatibility as photo-initiator than Rose Bengal. • As concentration of furfuryl gelatin and photo-irradiation time increase, the photo-curing ratio increase. • Release profile of photo-immobilized ibuprofen can be controlled by changing the concentration of furfuryl gelatin. • Surgical site can be protected from bacterial infection by furfuryl gelatin barrier and adhesion also can be decreased. • Drug-loaded anti-adhesion barrier can protect surgical site and prevent inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products are continuously being researched to develop safe and effective treatment options for cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer in women. Piperlongumine (PL), an amide alkaloid mainly present in long pepper, exhibits neuroprotective and anti-cancer properties. However, the specific effect of PL in cervical cancer and the relationship between the anti-cancer pathway and autophagy remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate PL-induced apoptosis in KB human cervical cancer cells and the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy therein. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and wound-healing assays showed that PL treatment suppressed KB cell viability and proliferation. Apoptosis was identified through 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and annexin V-propidium iodide staining, increased cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Bcl-2 associated X levels, and decreased B cell lymphoma 2 levels. Acridine orange staining and increased microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-II and Beclin-1 levels confirmed autophagy. We determined that KB cell-related autophagy exerted cytoprotective effects using the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and hydroxychloroquine. PL treatment promoted apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in KB cells; inhibiting the pathway using PI3K inhibitors increased autophagy. We suggest that PL is a potential natural anticancer agent for cervical cancer treatment. • Piperlongumine inhibits the proliferation of KB cells. • Piperlongumine induces apoptosis in KB cells. • Piperlongumine inhibits the PI3K signaling pathway in cervical cancer. • Autophagy is promoted by piperlongumine treatment. • Early-stage autophagy induced in KB cells by piperlongumine protects the cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant- and soil-originated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors like polyphenols, polysaccharides, and humic acid (HA) can impact the sensitivity of foodborne virus detection at a low concentration in post-washing water (PWW). This study aims to efficiently detect each virus by inoculating 102 PFU/mL of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) into post-washing water (PWW) containing various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors, including humic acid (HA), pectin, starch, and gallic acid. To optimize the detection of these viruses, a paper filtration-coupled ultrafiltration (PFC-UF) method was used in combination with the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) RNA extraction method, pectinase treatment, and various commercial kits. The PFC-UF with the OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit can effectively remove HA in PWW when the HA content was less than 1.0 mg/L. However, PFC-UF with the PVP RNA extraction, pectinase treatment, and chloroform/butanol separation were not effective to improve viruses detection. PFC-UF with OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit successfully recovered MNV-1 (17.58 ± 7.28%) and HAV (7.37 ± 4.06%) from all 9 samples with high soil content and PCR inhibitors. This study successfully addressed the challenge of recovering viruses under extreme conditions of high soil content and PCR inhibitors. The findings provide a promising platform for validating the surveillance of foodborne viruses in washing water at farm fields or washing facilities. • Examined the recovery of viruses in the PWW containing PCR inhibitors, separately. • Effectively detected MNV-1 and HAV from soil-rich PWW containing PCR inhibitors. • It provides a feasible way to assess foodborne viruses at a low concentration in PWW. • Higher concentrations of PCR inhibitors increased the difficulty in virus recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root vegetables, which are in close contact with soil, are particularly vulnerable to soil contamination or decay as they can be contaminated from multiple sources, including primary production and processing. This study investigated effective washing conditions to reduce the microbial contamination of potatoes by using soaking and shaking in the washing process. The reduction of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes , and Murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) in four washing processes (soaking only, shaking only, combined soaking-shaking I, and combined soaking-shaking I-shaking II) were compared. The numbers of E. coli and L. monocytogenes decreased by 0.55 and 0.49 log CFU/g after shaking only, 1.96 and 1.80 log CFU/g after soaking, 2.07 and 1.67 log CFU/g after soaking-shaking I, and 2.42 and 1.90 log CFU/g after soaking-shaking I-shaking II, respectively. The combined process reduced the microbial contamination more efficiently than shaking only. The reduction of E. coli in the washing process was higher than that of L. monocytogenes by approximately 0.5 logs. MNV-1 showed a reduction in the soaking and shaking steps by 1.34 and 1.98 log GC/100 g, with no significant reduction observed after the combination process. A combined process of soaking-shaking I-shaking II was effective to eliminate E. coli, L. monocytogenes , and MNV-1 from potatoes during the handling and washing process. • Combined soaking-shaking I-shaking II treatment reduced E. coli by 2.42 log CFU/g. • L. monocytogenes was reduced by 1.90 log CFU/g during soaking-shaking I-shaking II. • Murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) was reduced by 1.98 log GC/100 g by shaking only. • Washing processes, including shaking, were effective at eliminating all pathogens. • Washing water contamination levels after the wash process were >3 logs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid technique for detecting human norovirus (HuNoV). The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique was evaluated and found to be sensitive, highly specific, and useful for routine oyster testing. Reverse transcription-LAMP (RT-LAMP) primers were designed to detect HuNoVs genogroups I (GI) and GII. One-step RT-LAMP was found to be more sensitive than real-time RT-PCR, semi-nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-LAMP methods and could detect 10 1 HuNoV genome copies per microliter. The specificity of one-step RT-LAMP for HuNoVs GI and GII was confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. When a field test of oyster samples was performed, one-step RT-LAMP proved to be a rapid and accurate technique for detecting HuNoV. Thus, this could be reliable rapid technique for detecting HuNoV in fishery production fields, so to improve food safety and enable the oyster industry to become more competitive in the world market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the sequence of the astA gene found in 8 Korean and 11 Japanese Escherichia coli isolates. Conventional PCR was used to amplify the astA gene from the chromosomal and plasmid DNA preparation samples of each isolate using commercial DNA extraction kits. Cloning of the PCR products, sequence analysis, and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were sequentially performed. An identical copy of astA in each isolate were found for 8 Korean and 8 Japanese E. coli strains isolated from bovine, porcine, and healthy human carriers. Among these, 1 Korean and 4 Japanese isolates carried a stop mutation at residue 16. Three Japanese outbreak strains (V199, V638, and 96-127-23) carried multiple clones of astA gene with multiple amino acids changes at residues 11, 16, 20, 23, 30, 33, and 34. Compared with the non-diarrheal isolates, clonal diversity and sequence variations of the astA gene in outbreak isolates may be associated with virulence potential of EAST1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal plants have long been used as traditional medicines to treat diseases caused by microbial pathogens. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes acute liver infection through the fecal–oral route. Although the antimicrobial activities of herbal extracts against bacterial and some viral pathogens have been extensively studied, their antiviral properties against HAV have not been investigated thus far. This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of 16 herbal extracts against HAV. Significant inhibition of HAV was observed only when HAV was co-treated with extracts. Ten out of the 16 herbal extracts demonstrated significant virucidal activity against HAV. Alnus japonica extract at a concentration of 50 μg/mL reduced HAV titer by 3.43 ± 0.24 logs. Artemisia annua, Allium sativum, Allium fistulosum, and Agrimonia pilosa extracts showed 2.33 ± 0.43, 2.10 ± 0.41, 2.07 ± 0.60, and 2.03 ± 0.26-log reductions, respectively. Pleuropterus multiflorus, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Coriandrum sativum, Ginkgo biloba, and Torilis japonica extracts reduced HAV titer by 1.02 ± 0.21 to 1.90 ± 0.33 logs. Among the 10 herbal extracts, Alnus japonica extract was the most potent in inhibiting HAV without exhibiting cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virucidal suspension testing is commonly used as an authorized test for disinfectants. However, this method could not precisely evaluate the effect of disinfectants on food-contact surfaces. To solve this problem, a carrier testing method needs to be established in the food-processing industries by following a standard guideline. Therefore, we employed two murine norovirus strains (MNV-1 and MNV-S99) to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of three disinfectants, i.e., ethanol, peracetic acid (PAA), and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) after three contact times (1, 5 and 10 min) as per the OECD guidelines regarding the carrier test. Following this, we compared the results of carrier testing results with those of suspension testing. The standard level of antiviral efficacy for disinfectants was determined by ≥ 3 log 10 (99.9%) and ≥4 log 10 (99.99%) reduction of viral titers in carrier and suspensions tests, respectively. In the carrier test, ethanol and PAA were effective against both MNVs and showed the standard level of performance at selected concentrations and contact times; the exception being the highest concentration of ethanol (90% for all contact times) and lowest concentration of PAA (80 ppm for 1 min). QACs were not effective against both MNVs at all selected concentrations and contact times. In the case of suspension test, ethanol and PAA exhibited the best antiviral efficacy and showed the standard level of performance at all contact times and concentrations; while, all concentrations of QACs were not enough to reduce the MNV-1 titers for achieving the standard level of performance during experimental conditions. This study showed that ethanol and PAA could inactivate MNVs under surface and suspension conditions. Therefore, these results could provide valuable information for establishing standard antiviral efficacy tests and approaches to control viral transmission via surfaces. • Ethanol and PAA could inactivate MNVs under surface and suspension conditions. • QACs were not effective against MNV in carrier or suspension tests. • Similar results were obtained for these agents in the carrier and suspension tests. • Carrier test was better than suspension test to measure surface disinfectant levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 269 million people and killed more than 5.3 million people worldwide. Although fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been continuously reported, few studies have been conducted on food contact surfaces. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the viability of coronaviruses on food contact surfaces and to remove SARS-CoV-2 contaminated on food contact surfaces with disinfectants. At 20 °C, SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated within 48 h on all food contact surfaces. At 4 °C, it was inactivated at 48 h on kraft paper and 96 h on parchment paper, but it was viable up to 5 days in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). At −20 °C, SARS-CoV-2 did not decrease by even 1 log on all food contact surfaces until 5 days. Treatment with 70% ethanol or 1000 ppm sodium hypochlorite for 5 min was sufficient to completely remove SARS-CoV-2 from 6 food contact surfaces. Similarly, UV-C irradiation at 60 mJ/cm2 eliminated SARS-CoV-2 contaminated on food contact surfaces. Also, the wiping test showed that even wiping an area contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 with a cloth moistened with 70% ethanol or 1000 ppm sodium hypochlorite, it took 5 min to inactivate the virus. Our findings suggested that SARS-CoV-2 contaminated on food contact surfaces in local retail may be viable enough to be transported home. However, if the type and method of use of the disinfectant suggested in this study are followed, it is possible to sufficiently control the fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through food contact surfaces at home. • SARS-CoV-2 survived up to 5 d under different temperatures on food packaging surfaces. • SARS-CoV-2 was more susceptible to ethanol than sodium hypochlorite. • Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 was dependent on sufficient exposure time after wiping with disinfectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiviral effect of 10 flavonoids against feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) was investigated on Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and RAW 264.7 cells. Each cells infected with FCV or MNV was treated with different flavonoids at concentrations between 50 and 300 μM. A 200 μM dose of kaempferol and daidzein significantly reduced the FCV titer by 69.76 ± 8.71 and 63.47 ± 9.82%, respectively. A 300 μM dose of quercetin and fisetin reduced the titer of FCV titer by 56.70 ± 11.39 and 41.84 ± 11.35%, respectively. The titer of MNV was reduced by 50.47 ± 6.91 and 51.21 ± 13.38% by a 50 μM dose of fisetin or a 150 μM dose of epicatechin gallate, respectively. A 50 μM dose of daidzein and 100 μM of quercetin reduced the MNV titer by 46.32 ± 8.70 and 45.78 ± 9.81%, respectively. The pre-treatment of quercetin, fisetin, daidzein, and epicatechin gallate demonstrated the anti-noroviral activity against MNV and FCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study In this study, we examined the effect of different fractions and components of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus Obliquus) on viability and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Among them, one component showed the most effective growth inhibition and was identified as ergosterol peroxide by NMR analysis. We investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptosis mechanisms of ergosterol peroxide associated with its anti-cancer activities in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and tested its anti-tumor effect on colitis-induced CRC developed by Azoxymethane (AOM)/Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in a mouse model. Materials and methods We used MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, flow cytometry assays, Western blot analysis, colony formation assays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and AOM/DSS mouse models to study the molecular mechanism of metastatic activities in CRC cells. Results Ergosterol peroxide inhibited cell proliferation and also suppressed clonogenic colony formation in HCT116, HT-29, SW620 and DLD-1 CRC cell lines. The growth inhibition observed in these CRC cell lines was the result of apoptosis, which was confirmed by FACS analysis and Western blotting. Ergosterol peroxide inhibited the nuclear levels of β-catenin, which ultimately resulted in reduced transcription of c-Myc, cyclin D1, and CDK-8. Ergosterol peroxide administration showed a tendency to suppress tumor growth in the colon of AOM/DSS-treated mice, and quantification of the IHC staining showed a dramatic decrease in the Ki67-positive staining and an increase in the TUNEL staining of colonic epithelial cells in AOM/DSS-treated mice by ergosterol peroxide for both prevention and therapy. Conclusion Our data suggest that ergosterol peroxide suppresses the proliferation of CRC cell lines and effectively inhibits colitis-associated colon cancer in AOM/DSS-treated mice. Ergosterol peroxide down-regulated β-catenin signaling, which exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in CRC cells. These properties of ergosterol peroxide advocate its use as a supplement in colon cancer chemoprevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is likely to affect the incidence of foodborne disease outbreaks, but the relationship between foodborne disease and conditions of climate change is still poorly understood and may vary regionally. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between climatic conditions/seasonal changes, with regards to temperature and relative humidity, and the incidence of foodborne disease outbreaks in South Korea during 2003–2012. Eight pathogens commonly associated with foodborne diseases were identified and the effect of changes in temperature and relative humidity on each of them was investigated. Pathogenic Escherichia coli had the strongest correlation with temperature and relative humidity (0.8998, 0.8803, p < 0.001), followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0.6964, 0.8048, p < 0.05), Campylobacter jejuni (0.6595, 0.6142, p < 0.05), Salmonella spp. (0.7531, 0.3893, p = 0.005, 0.211), and Bacillus cereus (0.3556, 0.2040, p > 0.05). Norovirus had a strong negative correlation with temperature and relative humidity (− 0.9791, − 0.8747, p < 0.001), followed by Clostridium perfringens (− 0.6457, − 0.8635, p < 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus poorly correlated with both temperature and relative humidity (0.1106, − 0.1169, p > 0.05). The statistical model in the present study could be useful for estimating the prospective effects of climate change on foodborne disease patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antiviral activity and protective mechanism of Korean red ginseng (KRG) is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of KRG extract and ginsenosides against feline calicivirus (FCV), a human norovirus surrogate. CRFK cells that were pretreated for 48 h with 10 µg/mL of KRG extract or purified ginsenoside Rb1 or Rg1, were inoculated with FCV. RNA extracted from each treated group was examined for the expression of antiviral cytokines, including interferon-ɑ (IFN-ɑ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interferon-ω (IFN-ω), Mx, and zinc finger antiviral protein shorter isoform (ZAPS), by relative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. mRNA expression of IFN-ɑ, IFN-β, IFN-ω, Mx, and ZAPS was significantly induced in the FCV-challenged group pretreated with the KRG extract or ginsenosides, and it was higher than the group treated with FCV alone. Mx protein expression was confirmed by western blotting of CRFK cells pretreated with the ginsenoside Rb1 or with Rg1. Induction of antiviral cytokines contributes to the reduction of the viral titer in CRFK cells pretreated with the KRG extract and purified ginsenosides. In future studies, the antiviral protective mechanism of KRG should be demonstrated using other viruses such as human norovirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Foodborne viruses such as norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and rotavirus (RoV) are transmitted through water and food contaminated with stool. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of foodborne viruses in shellfish collected in South Korea using real-time RT-PCR. Virus was eluted from the stomach and the digestive diverticula of 152 shellfish (51 oysters, 51 Manila clams, and 50 mussels) and concentrated with polyethylene glycol precipitation. The detection rate of NoV genogroup II, NoV genogroup I, HAV, HEV, and RoV was 21.7%, 5.9%, 0.7%, 0%, and 0% of shellfish, respectively. Although the geographic distribution of NoV was statistically significant, prominent seasonal variation in NoV was not observed in this study. In order to reduce norovirus food poisoning in the public, it is important to prevent the contamination of NoV in shellfish in South Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The survival of murine norovirus (MNV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in bottled drinking water, strawberries, and oysters stored at different temperatures for various durations was investigated. In drinking water, over 6.4 and 1.6 log 10 plaque-forming units (PFU/mL) reductions of viable MNV and HAV were observed after 20 days of incubation at 35 °C. After 160 days of incubation at 20 °C, there was a sharp decrease in the MNV (>6.4 log 10 PFU/mL) and HAV (>2.9 log 10 PFU/mL) load but only a slight reduction at 4 °C. In fresh strawberry, the MNV and HAV titers reduced by 1.0 and 0.9 log 10 PFU/g after incubation for 2 days at 25 °C, by 0.85 and 1.22 log 10 PFU/g after 3 days of incubation at 15 °C, and by 0.7 and 1.1 log 10 PFU/g after 7 days of incubation at 4 °C, respectively. After 3 days of incubation at 4, 15, and 25 °C in oyster reductions of over 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6 log 10 PFU/mL in the MNV load and 0.16, 0.28, and 0.52 log 10 PFU/mL in the HAV load were observed, respectively. Even though, survival of the two viruses fluctuated with temperature and food commodity. Therefore, our results indicate that major enteric foodborne viruses such as MNV and HAV can survive for long periods, with only a partial reduction in their titers. Owing to the persistence of foodborne viruses, preventive measures need to be taken to prevent food contamination. • MNV and HAV survival in drinking water, strawberries, and oysters was investigated. • MNV and HAV survivability varies with temperature and food type. • Enteric foodborne viruses can persist for a long time at 4 °C. • Study results could lay the foundation for the development of food hazard assessment models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carrier (stainless steel disc as a default carrier) testing method is very needed for use in the actual food-processing fields by following the standard guideline. Here, we aimed to compare the virucidal efficacy of four commercial liquid disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2), and peracetic acid (PAA) against hepatitis A virus (HAV) following the OECD guideline protocol based on the quantitative carrier testing method and compared carrier testing results with the suspension testing results. The OECD method specifies a test for establishing whether a chemical disinfectant or a microbicide has a virucidal activity on hard non-porous surfaces. The antiviral efficacy was evaluated by plaque assays, and disinfectants were considered effective if the virus reduction was greater than or equal to 3 log 10 (99.9% decrease) for carrier or 4 log 10 (99.99% decrease) for suspension tests. Results indicated that ClO 2 above 500 ppm and 50% ethanol were effective in the carrier test method. In contrast, more than 200 ppm NaOCl and 50 ppm ClO 2 for all exposure times and 70% ethanol with contact for more than 5 min were effective in suspension tests. Treatment with PAA (80–2500 ppm) were not effective in carrier or suspension tests. Therefore, we recommend the use of more than 500 ppm ClO 2 or 50% ethanol with exposure for 10 min to disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated with HAV. Thus, these results could be effective in establishing official antiviral efficacy testing methods and basic data. • We compared the virucidal efficacy of four disinfectants against HAV. • ClO 2 above 500 ppm and 50% ethanol showed disinfection effects in carrier tests. • PAA (80–2500 ppm) showed no disinfection effects in carrier or suspension tests. • Disinfection of HAV was optimal with >500 ppm ClO 2 or 50% ethanol for 10 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study’s aim was to develop a specific and sensitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR-ELISA) for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Three concentration methods were compared using samples from cabbage, lettuce, and sesame leaves that were artificially contaminated with HAV. The specificity of the assay was tested against human norovirus, hepatitis E virus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and FCV. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR-ELISA that were targeted to the 5′NCR and VP1 regions of HAV were compared. Nonspecific reactions were not observed. An optimal primer and probe set for RT-PCR-ELISA was selected for each VP1 and 5′NCR. The detection limit of the RT-PCR-ELISA was enhanced by 10–100 fold more than nested RT-PCR. Our new RT-PCR-ELISA was successfully optimized to screen vegetables for HAV contamination with high sensitivity in large samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Keratinocytes at wound margins undergo partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Based on previous in vitro and ex vivo findings, Slug (Snai2), a transcriptional regulator of EMT in development, may play an important role in this process. Objectives: This study was designed to validate an in vivo role for Slug in wound healing. Methods: Excisional wounds in Slug null and wild type mice were examined histologically at 6, 24, 48, and 72h after wounding; reepithelialization was measured and immunohistochemistry for keratins 8, 10, 14, and 6 and E-cadherin was performed. In 20 Slug null and 20 wild type mice exposed three times weekly to two minimal erythemal doses of UVR, the development of non-healing cutaneous ulcers was documented. Ulcers were examined histologically and by immunohistochemistry. Results: The reepithelialization component of excisional wound healing was reduced 1.7-fold and expression of the Slug target genes keratin 8 and E-cadherin was increased at wound margins in Slug null compared to wild type mice. In contrast, no differences in expression of keratins 10 or 14 or in markers of proliferation K6 and Ki-67 were observed. Forty per cent of Slug null mice but no wild type mice developed non-healing cutaneous ulcers in response to chronic UVR. Keratinocytes at ulcer margins expressed high levels of keratin 8 and retained E-cadherin expression, thus resembling excisional wounds. Conclusion: Slug is an important modulator of successful wound repair in adult tissue and may be critical for maintaining epidermal integrity in response to chronic injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: ObjectiveThe gene BAALC (Brain And Acute Leukemia, Cytoplasmic), a novel molecular marker involved in leukemia, is highly expressed in a subset of patients with acute leukemia and predictive of clinical outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and normal karyotype. The role of BAALC in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis is unknown.: Material and methodsWe used real-time RT-PCR to show that BAALC is strongly expressed in CD34+ cells from the bone marrow and blood and only weakly expressed in total normal bone marrow and blood cells.: ResultsExpression analyses of FACSorted cells revealed high BAALC transcript levels in CD34+ bone marrow cells including CD34+/CD38−, CD34+/CD33+, as well as CD34+/CD19+/CD10+, CD34+/CD7+, and CD34+/CD71+/CD45− cell fractions. Expression was significantly lower in all CD34− fractions. In vitro differentiation of CD34+ bone marrow cells showed downregulation of BAALC and CD34 transcripts as early as day 4 in suspension cultures supplemented with lineage-specific cytokines (G-CSF, M-CSF, or EPO). In cultures with only lineage-unspecific cytokines (IL-3, SCF, GM-CSF), BAALC transcripts persisted up to day 20, while CD34 transcripts disappeared earlier. These observations suggest that expression of BAALC is stage specific.: ConclusionsBAALC expression is restricted to progenitor cells, and downregulation of BAALC occurs with cell differentiation. We postulate that BAALC represents a novel marker of an early progenitor cell common to the myeloid, lymphoid, and erythroid pathways. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Clam jeotgal , called " jogaejeotgal ," is a Korean fermented seafood product with, generally, a high amount of added salt to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), a surrogate for human norovirus, in salt-fermented clam, jogaejeotgal. The sequential effect of ClO 2 and electron-beam (e-beam) irradiation on the inactivation of MNV-1 was also investigated. Treatments of up to 300 ppm ClO 2 and 1000 ppm NaOCl were used to determine the disinfectant concentrations at which more than 1 log (90%) MNV-1 inactivation occurred. The sequential treatment of ClO 2 (50–300 ppm) and e-beam (1–5.5 kGy) was performed after storage at 4 °C for 7 days. There was a 1.9-log reduction of the virus in seasoned clams irradiated at 5.5 kGy after ClO 2 treatment at 300 ppm. No significant change (p > 0.05) in physicochemical quality was observed after the combined treatment, suggesting the potential for the use of a combined treatment using ClO 2 (300 ppm) and e-beam (5.5 kGy) in the jeotgal manufacturing industry for the reduction of norovirus. • 1.9 log reduction in seasoned clams irradiated at 5.5 kGy after ClO 2 at 300 ppm • No significant difference in physicochemical quality after the combined treatment • Combined treatment (300 ppm ClO 2 /5.5 kGy e-beam) can be effective in jeotgal industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human norovirus is one of the potential foodborne pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and food poisoning. For norovirus detection, we developed the norovirus specifically capturable peptides functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP) decorated tungsten disulfide nanoflower (WS 2 NF/AuNP). Based on the 3D-structured WS 2 NF acting as a supporting material, AuNP were immobilized on its surface to assist the conductivity of WS 2 NF and provide effective immobilization sites for bioreceptors. Since norovirus is composed of protein that functions as an insulant, as the virus bind with WS 2 NF/AuNP, the impedance is elevated by hindering the charge transfer between the working electrode and redox species ([Fe(CN) 6 3-/4-). The prepared nano-bio hybrid sensor was assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique with spiked samples and deliberately infected oyster samples, respectively. In the case of the former, the electrochemical sensor represents a low detection limit (2.37 copies/mL) with a detection range from negative control to 104 copies/mL, and it was shown a detection limit of 6.21 copies/mL even in the oyster samples. Besides, when it applies to the different types of viruses such as rotavirus and dengue virus to verify the selectivity of this system, there were no effective signals except the norovirus. Therefore, it revealed that combining WS 2 NF and AuNP enhances electrochemical activity and stability via mutual synergetic effects. • Flower-shaped WS 2 (WS 2 NF) synthesized for electrochemical sensing. • The surface of WS 2 NF decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). • Norovirus-specific binding peptide on the WS 2 NF/AuNPs. • Low detection limit in spiked (2.37 copies/mL) and oyster samples (6.21 copies/mL). • Selective response within 60 min compared with other viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human norovirus causes gastroenteritis through a fecal-oral route. However, there are no effective therapeutic agents owing to the lack of culture systems. Alternatively, antiviral food extracts and beneficial microorganisms could be developed as antiviral agents. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 142 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or LAB-free filtrate from kimchi products against murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) in RAW264.7 cells. LAB strains were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cells were pre-treated with LAB or LAB-free filtrate, and co-treated with LAB and MNV-1 at 5 °C for 21 days. Among the 56 coccus-shaped LAB, pre-treatment of Pediococcus pentosaceus (CAU170229-2 and CAU170230-3) and Weissella cibaria (CAU170231-1 and CAU170231-3) significantly reduced MNV-1 by 1.93 ± 0.21–3.49 ± 0.43 to log 10 PFU/mL. Among the 86 rod-shaped LAB, pre-treatment of Lactobacillus sakei (CAU170208-2 and CAU170210-4) and Lactobacillus curvatus (CAU170210-2 and CAU170235-3) significantly decreased MNV-1 by 1.42 ± 0.26–1.70 ± 0.63 log 10 PFU/mL. LAB-free filtrates decreased MNV-1 by 0.26 ± 0.07–0.50 ± 0.18 to log 10 PFU/mL, and MNV-1 co-treated with LAB slightly reduced MNV-1 by 0.56 ± 0.07–0.60 ± 0.09 to log 10 PFU/mL. Thus, W. cibaria , P. pentosaceus, L. curvatus, and L. sakei from kimchi are promising anti-noroviral candidates. • In total, 481 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from 42 kimchi products. • LAB pre-treatment and co-treatment inhibited murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1). • LAB-free filtrates slightly inhibited MNV-1. • MNV-1 was significantly reduced by pre-treatment of W. cibaria and P. pentosaceus. • LAB isolated from kimchi are promising anti-noroviral candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]