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The chronology of landslides of Valles Marineris, the equatorial trough system of Mars, has been investigated by a crater population study. Valles Marineris landslides have widespread debris aprons which offer a remarkable opportunity to study the crater population with high resolution images from Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and from Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS). Sixty-six ages were determined within Valles Marineris including 56 landslide ages and 10 ages of the canyon floor. Results reveal that landslides of Valles Marineris system of canyons occurred during a widespread period of time between 3.5 Gy and 50 My. In some locations, the canyon floor has an apparent age of 3.5 Gy suggesting that at least locally within Valles Marineris no major refreshing processes have occurred for 3.5 Gy. The temporal repetitivity of landslides implies that the triggering mechanisms of the landslides are reproducible in time. Landslides have the same features whatever their age. The dynamic of these landslides is probably the same either with intervention of water up to recently (the last 100 My) or without water since 3.5 Gy. Keywords: Mars; Surface; Landslide; Cratering chronology

The educational and social benefits provided by school far outweigh the risks of a possible COVID-19 contamination of children in school environments or in daycare centers. Following summer break, the back-to-school period in France is taking place in the context of an increasing viral spread and requires strict adherence to health measures to limit the risk of outbreaks in communities. Based on a critical update of the role of children in the transmission of the infection, and of children's susceptibility to infection, the French Pediatric Society published practical guidelines for school re-entry and the management of COVID-19 infections in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guidelines recommend to explore mild delayed hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactams (BL) in children with direct drug provocation tests (DPTs). The optimal duration of these DPTs remains unknown and DPTs lasting 1 to 10 days are proposed. No study has directly compared the frequency of positivity of directs DPTs according to their duration. To compare the frequency of positivity of DPTs of different duration performed to explore mild delayed hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactams (BL) in children in different centers. Data from children explored between January 2019 and December 2021 for delayed mild reactions (isolated urticaria, maculopapular exanthema or non-specific skin rashes) to oral BL in six different pediatric centers performing DPTs of varying duration (1 day or 3 days or 2 days more than the index reaction) were analysed. In total, 673 children were included. The duration of the DPTs were 1 day in 60 cases (8.9%), 3 days in 69 cases (10.3%), and 2 days more than the index reaction in 544 cases (80.8%). The median age at the index reaction was 1.7 years [0.8–3.7] in the "group 1 day", 1.9 [1–3.6] years in the group "3 days" and 1.5 [1–3.3] in the group "2 days more". Amoxicillin was the main BL involved (72.8%). The median age at workup was 4.6 years [2.7–8.7] in the "group 1 day", 3.8 years [1.8–8.3] in the "group 3 days" and 3 years [1.7–7] in the group "2 days more". General characteristics of patients in the 3 groups were similar. Fifty-eight DPTs were positive (8.6%); reactions occurring during DPTs were all mild and delayed isolated skin rashes resolving spontaneously or with H1-antihistamines. One DPT was positive in the "group 1 day" (1.5%), 4 (5.8%) in the "group 3 days", and 53 (9,7%) in the "group 2 days more than the index reaction" (P = 0.08). The frequency of positive DPTs was higher for long DPT ("2 days more") than short DPT (1 or 3 days) (3.9% vs. 9.7%, P < 0.05). Our results support that increasing the duration of DPTs to explore mild delayed reactions to BL in children may improve their diagnosis performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of graphite/LFP commercial cells, stored under 3 different conditions of temperature (30, 45, and 60 °C) and SOC (30, 65, and 100%) during up to 8 months, are disassembled and analyzed in order to identify aging phenomena. The recovered positive and negative electrodes are studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical testing. The maximum lithium stoichiometry in the recovered cathodes, derived both from XRD data and from electrochemical titration, decreases with an increase of storage temperature and storage SOC. This result confirms that the capacity fade of the commercial cells is caused by the loss of cyclable lithium. From capacity measurements on individual electrodes, any loss of active material is ruled out. Cyclable lithium loss arises from the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase at the anode, as outlined by the presence of a thick and fluffy film at the graphite particle surface for severe aging conditions (e.g., T = 60 °C and SOC = 100%) and an increase of the impedance. Evidence for side reactions at the LFP electrode is provided as well, as demonstrated by the presence of F-rich particles and an impedance increase for the electrodes that aged the most. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Congenital thoracic malformations (CTMs) are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that may involve the airways or lung parenchyma. The authors have focused on the condition that causes the most controversy, namely, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). The reported incidence is 3.5 and 0.94 per 10,000 live births for CTMs and CCAMs respectively. Ultrasound is the antenatal imaging modality of choice for screening for CCAMs whilst magnetic resonance imaging is complimentary for morphological and volumetric evaluation of the foetal lung. Most CCAMs are detected antenatally with only a small proportion presenting postnatally. Only a few CCAMs cause foetal problems, with foetal hydrops being the best predictor of death. Although many CCAMs regress during pregnancy, most remain detectable postnatally by CT scans. Surgical excision of symptomatic lesions is relatively straightforward, but management of asymptomatic lesions is controversial. Some surgeons adopt a “wait and see” approach operating only on those patients who develop symptoms, but others operate on asymptomatic patients usually within the first year of life. Due to the potential of malignant transformation, children should have long term follow up. There is an urgent need to delineate the natural history of antenatally detected CCAMs to guide future management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The onset of experimental galvanostatic charge/discharge data of Li y FePO4 at low current density and at room temperature is analyzed using a single-particle mathematical model. The model contains only two adjustable parameters, namely one related to solid-state diffusion in the active particle and another one related to the surface resistance of the particle. The analysis reveals that these two parameters depend on the current density in a similar manner, meaning that there exists a correlation between them. An immediate consequence is that the onset of the experimental charge/discharge curves is properly modeled with the particle radius as a unique parameter depending on the current density. Hypotheses are made to shed light on this unusual dependence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: In France, half of hospital admissions for asthma concern children and the rates of hospitalization, decreasing in adults, are stable in children. Most admissions for asthma exacerbation are avoidable with appropriate disease management. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of children admitted for asthma. The study was carried out in 14 pediatric units over 1 year. Children aged 3 years and over who were hospitalized for an asthma exacerbation were included. Data from 727 hospitalizations were collected. In 48% of the hospitalizations, children were 3–5 years old. Asthma was undiagnosed at the time of the admission in 27%. Among children with diagnosed asthma, 57% had already been admitted to the hospital for asthma exacerbation, 37% had been admitted to the hospital or emergency department during the last year, and the control of asthma in the previous month was unacceptable in 46%; 11% had received an oral and written self-management action plan. This study underlines the need to strengthen the efforts to encourage improvement of the therapeutic education of asthmatic children in order to decrease the risk of hospitalization for exacerbation of asthma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Introduction: Seven cases of pneumococcal meningitis caused by serotypes covered by the available vaccine occurred in France in vaccinated children, 4 of which were caused by serotype 19F. Case report: A 3-year-old child, who had received 3 doses of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevenar® but not the 4th injection, presented with bacterial meningitis after acute media otitis. The identified bacterium was a 19F serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Comments: This vaccine failure was characterized by an immune memory installation defect and underscores the necessity of the booster dose of vaccine during the 2nd year of life to acquire rates of protective and lasting antibodies. Serotype 19F of S. pneumoniae is particular since, despite good immunogenecity, it induces antibodies with weak avidity. We describe a case of pneumococcal meningitis caused by 19F serotype S. pneumoniae, which is included in the vaccine, in an immunocompetent child. Such events should be inventoried. They can reveal rates of antibodies that are very weak defenders, in spite of the vaccination, reflecting the absence of implementation of immunizing memory. Furthermore, an underlying immune deficit must be ruled out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Persistent asthma is associated with airway remodelling that is more or less permanent. The functional consequence of this pathology is chronic bronchial obstruction, with little or no response to bronchodilators and even to inhaled corticosteroids. Numerous arguments indicate that bronchial remodelling begins early in the course of childhood asthma. The potential prevention—or limitation—of this process by early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is rendered unlikely by results from several studies, which show that remodelling is independent of other parameters seen in asthmatic patients. Thus, remodelling might develop in parallel with airway inflammation rather than being systematically caused by it. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Wheezing is frequently present during lower respiratory diseases in infancy. Viral infections are mostly responsible for these acute episodes. IgE-dependent mechanisms may however also contribute to the pathophysiology of infantile asthma. First, allergenic sensitization is more frequently observed in asthmatic infants than in the whole population within the same age range. Second, some studies argue for a predisposing role of an early allergenic sensitization to the appearance of an asthma in infants. When asthma is established, allergenic sensitization is associated with more acute episodes. Finally, the persistence of asthma from infancy to school age appears strongly influenced by personal or familial atopy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: During the course of a first episode of bronchiolitis and especially before the recurrence of wheezing in babies, the question of the connection between these early manifestations and infantile asthma is almost always raised by parents. Twenty to 40% of wheezy babies continue to wheeze up to 10 years of age. However, the prediction of persistent asthma in the case of any particular infant is never totally reliable. Atopy and the clinical and functional severity of the asthma are probably the two factors that increase the risk of persistence the most. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The median-term clinical course and the evolution of pulmonary function in asthmatic infants is still not well known. The present report describes the results of a prospective study of 129 asthmatic infants who were first seen at an average age of 16±1 months. The infants were re-evaluated when they had reached 5, 7 and 9 years of age; 80 (62%) were available for the final evaluation. At 5 years of age, 19% of the children no longer had episodes of wheezing. On the other hand, at 9 years of age 49% continued to have asthma regularly. There was a close association between the symptoms reported at 5 years of age and the patient''s status at 9 years of age: it was mainly the children who were asymptomatic when seen at 5 years who subsequently had no asthmatic attacks between 5 and 9 years, whereas the large majority (79%) of those who wheezed at 5 years also wheezed at 9 years of age. The clinical course between inclusion and the 5th year follow-up visit was closely correlated with the subsequent evolution of the children''s pulmonary function: for those who were still asthmatic at 5 years of age, the FEV1, FEV1/FVC and methacholine sensitivity were just as low at 9 years as it had been at 5 years of age. In conclusion, a large majority of asthmatic infants continue to be symptomatic between 5 and 9 years of age. The fact that the pulmonary function of asthmatic infants tends to remain stable after 5 years of age suggests that airway remodeling can occur at an early age. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is a crucial need to perform clinical trials in pediatrics due to an increased prescription rate of unapproved drugs. Since pediatricians are the gatekeepers of clinical trials, the primary objective of the current study was to evaluate, for the first time in France, pediatricians' views on performing clinical trials. The second objective was to identify the factors that influence their perceptions. In 2017, pediatricians who were members of the French Pediatric Society completed an online survey comprising 27 questions. Fisher's exact test was performed to evaluate possible correlations between pediatrician characteristics (age, sex, parenthood, professional experience, status, type of practice, previous participation in clinical trials, ethics education) and personal views on clinical trials. A value of P ≤ 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Overall, 207 pediatricians completed the questionnaire. Almost all participants (96.6%) were in favor of performing clinical trials. Pediatricians with teaching experience at university hospitals were more reluctant to propose children's participation in clinical trials for fear of increasing parental stress (P < 0.001), or the occurrence of serious adverse reactions (P < 0.001). Pediatricians with coordinator or investigator experience considered that one of the ethical drifts in pediatric clinical trials is the risk of child exploitation (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest a favorable position of pediatricians concerning clinical trials, despite numerous concerns. Another outcome is the need to create an educational system of research in ethics in France dedicated to pediatricians in order to guarantee good clinical practice in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Certaines pathologies pulmonaires chroniques de l’enfant ayant en commun une réduction de la clairance muco-ciliaire et un encombrement bronchique chronique sont associées au cours de leur évolution à une colonisation bactérienne bronchique et à des poussées récurrentes de surinfection. De ce fait, la prescription d’une antibioprophylaxie (ABP) est proposée chez certains malades par les équipes de pneumologie pédiatrique. Même si certains enfants semblent nettement améliorés par cette stratégie, il faut reconnaître qu’aucune étude pédiatrique (ni prospective, ni même rétrospective) ne valide clairement son efficacité, et qu’aucune recommandation de société savante n’encadre actuellement sa prescription. Les bénéfices cliniques démontrés d’une ABP concernent des pathologies très ciblées et rares. Ces enfants nécessitent une évaluation spécialisée avant toute décision d’ABP. La mucoviscidose est certainement une situation où l’intérêt de l’ABP est bien établi. Par extension des données obtenues chez l’adulte, les enfants ayant des dilatations des bronches (DDB) peuvent potentiellement bénéficier d’une antibiothérapie prolongée. Pour les surinfections bactériennes récidivantes des voies aériennes sans DDB, l’ABP doit être limitée au maximum en la réservant aux formes les plus graves. En l’absence de données sur le bénéfice des antibiothérapies alternées, nous proposons de privilégier une antibiothérapie par une seule molécule prescrite au long cours. Il peut s’agir d’amoxicilline, de macrolides ou de cotrimoxazole. Par ailleurs, il n’y a pas actuellement de données justifiant la prescription de macrolides au long cours dans l’asthme de l’enfant. Summary Some children with chronic lung disease associated with mucociliary clearance impairment and chronic bronchial congestion develop, during their evolution, bronchial bacterial colonization and recurrent infections. Therefore, antibioprophylaxis (ABP) is proposed by pediatric pulmonology specialists. Although some children seem improved by this strategy, it is worthy to note that no pediatric study supports its effectiveness, and no guidelines from society currently recommend its prescription. Demonstrated clinical benefits of ABP involve rare and highly targeted diseases. These children require a specialized assessment before any decision of ABP. Cystic fibrosis is definitely a situation where the interest of ABP is well established. By extension of the data obtained in adults, children with bronchiectasis (DDB) could potentially benefit from prolonged antibiotic therapy. In recurrent bacterial infections of the airways without DDB, ABP should be limited and restricted to most severe cases. In the absence of data on the benefit of alternate antibiotic treatment, we propose to focus on a single-molecule antibiotic prescribed for long periods. It may be amoxicillin, macrolides or cotrimoxazole. Furthermore, there is currently no data justifying the prescription of long-term macrolides in childhood asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le « poumon de jacuzzi » est une pneumopathie d’hypersensibilité, secondaire à l’exposition au complexe Mycobacterium avium . Nous rapportons le cas d’un garçon de 14 ans hospitalisé pour une dyspnée hypoxémiante révélant une pneumopathie interstitielle bilatérale. L’évolution clinique atypique sous antibiothérapie probabiliste et une anamnèse détaillée ont permis d’évoquer le diagnostic, secondairement confirmé par la positivité des précipitines à M . avium et la rechute clinique après une réexposition au jacuzzi familial. Ce type de pneumopathie infiltrante diffuse, bien que rare chez l’enfant, doit être évoqué devant un tableau de toux ou de dyspnée d’évolution progressive. Le scanner thoracique et la fibroscopie bronchique sont les principaux examens orientant la démarche diagnostique. La précocité du diagnostic, grâce à un interrogatoire minutieux, permet l’éviction allergénique rapide et une prise en charge adaptée. Summary Hot tub lung is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalational exposure to the Mycobacterium avium complex. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy presenting dyspnea with hypoxemia, whose medical history and clinical course helped make the diagnosis. Infectious causes were considered first, and antibiotics were initiated without success. Further questioning and explorations led to discussing a hypersensitivity pneumonitis diagnosis. Relapse after exposure to a hot tub enabled us to confirm hot tub lung. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a rare cause of pulmonary disorder, especially in children. It should be discussed with unusually severe and progressive cough or dyspnea. Further explorations should therefore be undertaken (CT, fibroscopy). Taking a precise medical history allows early diagnosis, leading to a quick withdrawal from the allergenic source and appropriate treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast majority of prenatally diagnosed congenital pulmonary malformations (CPM) remain asymptomatic at birth. The maximal value of the CPM volume ratio (CVRmax) predicts the risk of neonatal respiratory distress (NRD), and should allow for better assessment of the level of expertise needed at the delivery site. This study evaluated the level of maternity units currently chosen for the delivery of CPMs, and determined the impact of the choice of delivery site based on the CVRmax, with a threshold of 0.4 cm2. Data were extracted from the French prospective MALFPULM cohort, with inclusion between March 2015 and June 2018. The final study population consisted of 383 women. Deliveries in level 1 or 2 maternity units (n = 98, 25%) involved CPMs with lower CVRmax (p <0.001), causing fewer signs of prenatal compression (p = 0.025). Among the 62 children (16%) who presented with NRD, only seven (11%) were born in level 1 or 2 units (p = 0.0078). Choosing the maternity level according to the CVRmax would have increased the number of births in level 1 or 2 maternity hospitals by 70%. In these maternity units, the percentage of children with NRD would have increased from 8% in the actual distribution to 10% in the new strategy. Our results showed an overuse of level 3 maternity hospitals for the delivery of newborns with a prenatal diagnosis of CPM. The use of CVRmax should enable a reduction in the use of expertise centers without an adverse impact on newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to better target children who should be screened for tuberculosis and to tailor treatment according to risk a good knowledge of the risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection and progression to disease is needed. Risk of infection is strongly related to number and duration of exposure and is particularly high when contact happens at home. Host factors like a young age or chronic underlying disease seem to favor progression to disease but do not increase infection rate. Some M. tuberculosis strains seem to be more easily transmissible. An adaptation of the criteria for a positive tuberculin skin test according to risk may help to increase the positive and negative predictive values of the test. When the risk of progression to disease is high a prophylactic treatment may be considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Persistent asthma is associated to airway remodeling, characterized by structural changes of the bronchi, poorly responsive to therapies. Remodeling may strongly contribute to the residual airway obstruction observed in asthmatic patients, both children and adults, and to the loss of reversibility of this obstruction. Remodeling has been demonstrated in paediatric asthma and is not limited to longstanding severe asthma. Numerous arguments indicate that this process begins early in the development of asthma. Some studies argue for a possible prevention — or limitation — of this process by an early treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The walls of the Valles Marineris canyons are affected by about 45 landslides. The study of these landslides provides a test of the hypothesis of processes having affected Martian wallslopes after their formation. The dynamics of Valles Marineris landslides are controversial : either the landslides are interpreted as large debris flows or as dry rock avalanches. Their morphology and their topography are basic parameters to understand their dynamics. From topographic MOLA data and remote sensing images acquired with different spatial resolutions (Viking, THEMIS, MOC), the 3D geometry of 45 landslides of Valles Marineris has been studied. The landslides have been classified in 3 geomorphologic classes from the topography of the landslide deposits: the “chaotic” landslides without well identified structures, the “structured deposit without debris aprons” landslides with tectonic structures and small roughness at the deposit front and the “structured deposit with debris aprons” which display circular normal faults at the back of the deposit and several debris aprons at the front of the landslide. The spatial distribution of the three morphological types is in relation with the confinement of the canyons. The initial volume and the total deposited volume were also measured to compute volume balances. The deposited volumes range from 50 to . All volume balances display a maximum deficit ranging from 5% to 70%. The landslides with the largest deficits take place within an enclosed-canyon (Hebes Chasma). Lacking material exportation, these deficits could be interpreted as reflecting the porosity of the landslide source. This fact is in agreement with the hypothesis of a karstic origin of these enclosed-canyons. The Valles Marineris landslides have large mobilities (length/vertical drop) ranging from 1.8 to 12 implying low coefficients of friction and so fluidization mechanisms. The possible filling up of the porosity by volatile could be compatible with the fluidization patterns of Valles Marineris landslides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to characterize conventional pediatric care capacities in French public hospitals and identify the main difficulties in guiding upcoming health policies. The secondary objective was to assess the quality of care by the implementation of the European Charter of the Rights of Children in Hospital. Multicenter cross-sectional study using a questionnaire survey sent by e-mail to the heads of conventional pediatric departments in four French regions identified on the French Hospital Federation's website. The survey was conducted between 25 September and 25 October 2018. Fifty-six of 113 heads of departments participated in the survey. The mean annual number of admissions per unit in 2017 was 2066 (SD, 1433), with a median length of stay of 2.7 days (range, 1–10). Children were admitted up to age 18 years in 76% of the departments, and 83% of the departments had an individualized pediatric emergency department. The nurse care load was very high, specifically during the night shift (9.5 patients/nurse). Inpatient education and academic teaching were unavailable in 38% of the departments. Overall, 89% of department heads declared knowing the European Charter of the Rights of Children in Hospital, and a copy of it was posted in all units in 57% (95% confidence interval, 44–70) of the services/departments. At all times and in all departments, parents were allowed to be with their children, and for 34% (95% CI, 21–47) of the departments, an accommodation for parents was available close to the hospital. Public hospital pediatric departments lack sufficient medical and nonmedical caregivers. Department heads were well aware of the European Charter, and it was well disseminated but should be updated to address today's challenges in pediatrics. An area of improvement would be to include parents in their child's care more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the respiratory outcome in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), considering recent management procedures and the CHD pathophysiology. Clinical and functional respiratory outcome were evaluated in 8-year-old children with isolated CHD followed up from birth in the prospective population-based EPICARD cohort. Children were assigned to two groups, based on the pathophysiology of the CHD: CHDs with left-to-right shunt (n = 212) and CHDs with right outflow tract obstruction (n = 113). Current wheezing episodes were observed in 15% of the children with isolated CHD and left-to-right shunt, and 11% of the children with isolated CHD and right outflow tract obstruction (not significant). Total lung capacity (TLC) was the only respiratory function parameter that significantly differed between the two groups. It was lower in children with left-to-right shunt (88.72 ± 0.65% predicted) than in those with right outflow tract obstruction (91.84 ± 0.96, p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, CHD with left-to-right shunt (coeff. [95% CI]: -3.17 [-5.45; -0.89]) and surgery before the age of 2 months (-6.52 [-10.90; -2.15]) were identified as independent factors associated with significantly lower TLC values. Lower TLC remains a long-term complication in CHD, particularly in cases with left-to-right shunt and in patients requiring early repair. These findings suggest that an increase in pulmonary blood flow may directly impair lung development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of schools in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the community is still controversial. The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infections in different pediatric age groups during the first 2 months of the fall back-to-school period, in the context of increasing viral transmission in France. Weekly epidemiological data provided by Santé Publique France and the Ministry of National Education were analyzed according to the age groups defined by the different school levels. Weeks (W) 34–42 were considered for analysis. The PCR positivity rate and incidence rate increased in all age groups during the study period, in an age-dependent manner. At W42, with adults being considered as reference, the risk ratio for a positive PCR test was 0.46 [95% CI: 0.44–0.49] and 0.69 [0.68–0.70] for children aged 0–5 years and 6–17 years, respectively. Similarly, the incidence rate ratio was 0.09 [0.08–0.09], 0.31 [0.30–0.32], 0.64 [0.63–0.66], and 1.07 [1.05–1.10] for children aged 0–5 years, 6–10 years, 11–14 years, and 15–17 years, respectively. Children and adolescents accounted for 1.9% of the newly hospitalized patients between W34 and W42, and for 1.3% of new intensive care admissions. No death was observed. Among infected children and adolescents, the percentage of asymptomatic individuals was 57% at W34 and 48% at W42. The number of schools closed remained low, less than 1% throughout the study period. The number of confirmed cases among school staff was consistent with the data measured in the general population. In the context of increasing viral transmission in the population, the spread among children and adolescents remained lower than that observed among adults, despite keeping schools open. However, the impact was age-dependent, with data in high schools close to those observed in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a multisystemic disease, which may present with neurological involvement. We report the case of a 20-month-old girl with initial liver and skin involvement. Initial symptoms were recurrent episodes of trunk dystonia, lasting approximately 2 months prior to the diagnosis of LCH. No brain MRI abnormality was demonstrated at initial work-up and over 7 years of follow-up, except for a postpituitary involvement noted after 3 years of follow-up. These episodes of dystonia subsided during the first week of specific LCH chemotherapy (vinblastine and steroid), suggesting that they may have resulted from hepatalgia related to the histiocytic infiltration of the liver. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Early screening is recommended in children exposed to a contagious case of tuberculosis (TB), to prevent rapid progression to active TB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage of potentially preventable cases of pediatric TB stemming from inadequate screening. The data gathered on children aged 0 to 10 years, who were evaluated by the Paris Center for TB Control (CLAT75) between January 2009 and December 2013, were extracted and retrospectively analyzed. French National Guidelines for screening were used as reference. During the study period, 1232 children 0–10 years were screened, because of a known exposure to an index case, including 124 (10%) with criteria for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and 26 (2%) with active TB. Twelve additional cases of TB were reported, diagnosed based on symptoms or systematic exams. As a whole, 68% of pediatric TB cases were diagnosed at screening around an adult index case, highlighting the quality of the screening network. Among the 38 TB cases, 19 (50%) had a missed opportunity for potential prevention, due to the absence of screening despite a known contaminant (n = 2) or to screening not in compliance with current recommendations (n = 17). Delayed first evaluation was the most frequent error of the screening procedures. In conclusion, despite the quality of the screening network set up in Paris, half of the pediatric TB cases in this study did not undergo the recommended screening procedures. A significant reduction in the number of pediatric TB cases can be expected through the optimization of screening networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Graphite/LFP commercial cells are stored under 3 different conditions of temperature (30°C, 45°C, and 60°C) and SOC (30%, 65%, and 100%) during up to 8 months. Several non-destructive electrochemical tests are performed at different storage times in order to understand calendar aging phenomena. After storage, all the cells except those stored at 30°C exhibited capacity fade. The extent of capacity fade strongly increases with storage temperature and to a lesser extent with the state of charge. From in-depth data analysis, cyclable lithium loss was identified as the main source of capacity fade. This loss arises from side reactions taking place at the anode, e.g. solvent decomposition leading to the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase. However, the existence of reversible capacity loss also suggests the presence of side reactions occurring at the cathode, which are less prominent than those at the anode. The analyses do not show any evidence about active-material loss in the electrodes. The cells do not suffer substantial change in internal resistance. According to EIS analysis, the overall impedance increase is 70% or less. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It has been suggested that the incidence of childhood empyema have increased during the last years in France without clear explanation. Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for the vast majority of bacteriological documented cases. Potential prevention of pleural empyemas by the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is dependent on adequation between specific pneumococcal serogroups present in vaccine and those responsible for empyemas. Material and methods: We retrospectively collected cases of pleural empyemas registered at the National Reference Center for pneumococci (December 2002 to February 2004). Thirty children, aged 4.1±3.3 (SD) years, were included. Results: Ten specific serogroups were identified: 1, 3, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, and 23F. Serogroups 19A and 1 were the 2 dominant serogroups and represented 50% of cases. All children infected with serotype 19A were younger than 5 years, whereas serotype 1 was identified in 80% of empyemas in children older than 5 years. Among the 30 patients enrolled, 20 (69%) were infected with serotypes not included in the conjugate vaccine. Conclusion: These results thus limit the potential impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the frequency of pleural empyemas in children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Underdiagnosis of asthma is frequent in children and may be improved by the development of school-based health programs.Material and methods. – We developed an educational program in 11-year-old schoolchildren who participated in a screening test for exercise-induced asthma (EIA). All children were given an asthma questionnaire before and after two educational sessions.Results. – Mean score for asthma knowledge quiz increased from 63 to 85 % (p< 0.001). Thirty-six children (3.7 %) were initially considered as asthmatic and showed better responses than non-asthmatic children. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured before and after an outside running exercise. A fall in PEF of at least 15 % was considered an abnormal result. Seventy-height children (8 %) had a decrease in PEF, including 65 children initially not recognized as asthmatic. For these latter, a medical evaluation was recommended to parents. Only 28 of these children gave informations on follow-up : 19 had lung function tests, two received a treatment without preliminary function test, and seven had neither lung function test nor treatment. Among the children who realized lung function tests, five had criteria for airway obstruction at baseline, and ten had significant bronchial hyperreactivity.Conclusions. – However, a new screening test revealed that only a small minority of children initially not recognized as asthmatic but having decreased their PEF, were consequently considered as asthmatic by their practitioner, even in case of positive lung function test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical models of wave runup are commonly derived from open beaches, but their applicability in fetch-limited, sheltered environments are yet to be properly assessed. Based on original video-derived runup observations on 5 beaches with distinct morphodynamic states in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (EGSL), this paper presents a runup analysis at the regional scale. A wide range of environmental parameters (varying wave climate, beach slopes, tidal range) and beach types (platform-beach, with and without nearshore bars, sandy/gravel) are considered. A total of 430 15 min timestacks have been analyzed over 35 different days across a 3-year survey. Runup, setup, incident (f > 0.05 Hz) and infragravity (f < 0.05 Hz) swash are regressed against offshore wave characteristics and beach slope. Results indicate that the influence of the hydrodynamic parameters on wave runup, setup and swash is a function of offshore wave height and wavelength. While hydrodynamic forcing explain most of the coastal water level components variability, setup and swash are affected differently by the beach slope. The role of the beach morphology on wave setup can be parameterized through the inverse function of the beach slope, while swash height is written as the square root of the beach slope. The parameterizations of R 2 % for the EGSL beaches have been validated against a new set of observations. Overall, the hydrodynamic forcing is the dominant driver of wave runup, but including the beach slope improves the understanding of the runup components. The original formulations offer a strong potential for runup assessment on various morphological fetch-limited coastal environments. • Video observations of runup on 5 beaches in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. • Original parameterizations of wave runup on mixed sand/gravel sheltered beaches. • The offshore wave forcing influence on runup is parameterized under a constant form. • The influence of beach morphology on runup is a function of the beach slope. • For steep (mild) slope, the swash (setup) dominates the wave runup dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]