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27. From rice-like plants to plants liking rice: a review of research on weeds and their management in African rice systems

Author

Jonne Rodenburg, Dennis E. Tippe, Amadou Touré, Runyambo Irakiza, Juma Kayeke, and Lammert Bastiaans

Subjects
Preventive weed management, S1, Soil Science, PE&RC, GF, Broadleaved, Curative weed management, Africa, Parasitic weeds, Grasses, Sedges, Crop and Weed Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, SB
Abstract

Competition from weeds is the most important yield reducing factor in African rice production systems. Generally important weed management practices in rice are controlled flooding and the use of herbicides. Smallholder rice farmers in Africa however often lack the necessary water management infrastructure, access to affordable, good quality herbicide products and knowledge and equipment for their safe and effective application. Against this challenging backdrop, effective and affordable weed management strategies are highly needed. The literature on weed ecology and management in African rice systems is systematically reviewed to assess achievements in the last quarter of the past 50 years of international rice research endeavours, the period since the last comprehensive review (2009), and to propose the way forward for research and development. Most published studies are from West Africa and focussed on rainfed upland (43% of all relevant studies) or rainfed lowland (32%) rice. Grasses are the most frequently studied weed types, closely followed by parasitic weeds and broadleaved weeds (ex aequo). Most research (75% of published studies) focussed on weed management, mostly referring to or including curative measures (e.g., chemical, manual) or preventive weed management options that improve weed competitiveness of the crop (e.g., crop establishment, cultivars), while less attention was observed for preventive measures aiming at reduced weed recruitment or seed bank sizes (e.g., crop rotations, intercropping, mulches) or integrated weed management approaches. Future research should invest more in developing integrated weed management strategies that achieve (1) reduced weed recruitment, (2) reduced weed seed bank sizes and (3) improved crop competitiveness and that are compatible with farmer's production resources, fairly independent of (agrochemical) industries and markets and benign to the environment and human health. We recommend research on parasitic weeds to focus on a further broadening of the range of currently available management options, with a particular focus on the role of soil fertility and more efficient fertiliser technologies that simultaneously improve crop productivity and quality. For research to contribute to the development of meaningful weed management strategies for African rice systems in the future, we believe it would be best to identify and focus on target-location specific weed-communities, and to reconcile field level weed management strategies with the preconditions set at higher system levels (e.g., farming and agricultural systems) and anticipated scenarios regarding changing demographics and biophysical and institutional environments.

Published
2022

45. The relationship between alexithymia and alcohol-related risk perceptions: The moderating effect of general trauma in a college population

Author

Bujarski, Sarah J., Klanecky, Alicia K., and McChargue, Dennis E.

Subjects
Universities and colleges, Alcohol and youth, Drinking of alcoholic beverages, Alexithymia, Health, Sociology and social work
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.023 Byline: Sarah J. Bujarski, Alicia K. Klanecky, Dennis E. McChargue Keywords: Trauma; Alexithymia; Risk perception; College drinking Abstract: The current study explored the moderating influence of general trauma exposure (GTE) on the relationship between alexithymia and alcohol-related risk perceptions. Undergraduate college students (N =237) completed a battery of self-report measures. After controlling for relevant variables, results indicated that the interaction between alexithymia and GTE significantly predicted alcohol-related risk perception. Simple effects revealed that for students who reported higher rates of GTE, alexithymia positively predicted risk perception; this relationship did not exist among students with lower GTE. Exploratory analyses indicated that despite increased risk perception, individuals with GTE also reported greater alcohol-related problems compared to students with low trauma exposure. The current study highlights the importance of examining risk perception abilities in individuals with alexithymia and GTE as well as the impact of risk perception on alcohol-related risk behaviors. Author Affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE 68588-0308, USA

Published
2010

46. Depressive symptoms, gender, and growth in cigarette smoking among indigenous adolescents

Author

Whitbeck, Les B., Yu, ManSoo, McChargue, Dennis E., and Crawford, Devan M.

Subjects
Smoking and youth -- Growth, Smoking and youth -- Analysis, Depression, Mental -- Growth, Depression, Mental -- Analysis, Teenage girls -- Growth, Teenage girls -- Analysis, Company growth, Health, Sociology and social work
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.009 Byline: Les B. Whitbeck (a), ManSoo Yu (c), Dennis E. McChargue (b), Devan M. Crawford (a) Keywords: Cigarette smoking; Indigenous adolescents; Depressive symptoms Abstract: This study reports findings from two-level growth curve modeling of cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms based on the first three waves of data from a longitudinal study of Indigenous adolescents and their parents/caretakers in the northern Midwest and Canada. The 743 adolescents were aged 10-13 years at Wave 1 and 12-15 years at Wave 3. Over the three years of the study the overall retention rate was 93%. By Wave 3, 39% of the adolescent girls and 25% of the boys had smoked cigarettes in the past 12 months. The growth curve results indicated that smoking increased for both adolescent boys and girls across time. Depressive symptoms were associated with an increase in cigarette smoking for girls but not boys. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States (b) Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States (c) School of Social Work, Public Health Program, University of Missouri, Columbia Article Note: (footnote) [star] This research was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA13580) and the National Institute of Mental Health (MH67281), Les B. Whitbeck, Principal Investigator.

Published
2009

47. Depression vulnerability within smoking research: How accurate are one-item screening items?

Author

McChargue, Dennis E. and Cook, Jessica Werth

Subjects
Depression, Mental, Clinical psychiatry, Health, Sociology and social work
Abstract

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.006 Byline: Dennis E. McChargue (a)(b), Jessica Werth Cook (c) Keywords: Cigarette smoking; Assessment; Depression Abstract: Epidemiological and large scale treatment studies within smoking research have utilized many one-item screening items to examine the influence of current depressive symptoms on smoking behavior and quitting. Little is known about that concurrent validity of screening items that may reflect depression vulnerability independent of current symptoms. The present paper evaluated the concurrent validity of two one-item screening items that were essential for diagnosing past episodes of major depression. Screening questions were administered to seventy-seven nicotine dependent participants via a telephone screening interview. Smokers then returned to the laboratory for a comprehensive structured assessment of depressive vulnerability. Vulnerability measures were clinician-diagnosed history of major depressive disorder and other self-reported depressive vulnerability factors. Telephone screening items accurately classified a clinician-diagnosed history of major depression, and predicted the number of recurrent depressive episodes, self-reported rumination, and self-reported depression-proneness (all p Author Affiliation: (a) University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 238 Burnett Hall, P.O. Box 880308, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, United States (b) University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States (c) VA Puget Sound Health Care System-Seattle Division, Seattle, United States

Published
2007

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