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Falls from cribs resulting in head injury are understudied and poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to advance current understanding of the prevalence, descriptive characteristics of injury victims, and the types of crib fall-related head injuries (CFHI) using queried patient cases from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database. Using the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's System NEISS database, we queried all CFHIs among children from over 100 emergency departments (EDs). Patient information regarding age, race, sex, location of the incident, diagnoses, ED disposition, and sequelae were analyzed. The number of CFHI from all US EDs during each year was also collected from the database. There were an estimated 54,799 (95% CI: 30,228–79,369) total visits to EDs for CFHIs between 2012 and 2021, with a decrease in incidence of approximately 20% during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (2019: 5616 cases, 2020: 4459 cases). The annual incidence of injuries showed no significant trend over the 10-year study period. An available subset of 1782 cases of head injuries from approximately 100 EDs was analyzed, and 1442 cases were included in final analysis. Injuries were sorted into three primary categories: unspecified closed head injury (e.g., closed head injury, blunt head trauma, or traumatic brain injury), concussion, or open head injury and skull fracture. Unspecified closed head injuries were the most common of all head injuries (95.4%, 1376/1442). Open head injuries (14/1442, 0.97%) and concussions 3.6% (52/1442, 3.6%) were rare. Most injuries involved children under the age of 1 (42.6%) compared to children who were 1, 2, 3, or 4-years old. About a fourth of patients had other diagnoses in addition to their primary injury including scalp/forehead hematomas, emesis, and contusions. Female patients were more likely to present with other diagnoses in addition to their primary head injury (Difference: 12.3%, 95% CI: 9.87%–15.4%, p <.0001). Despite minimum rail height requirements set by the Consumer Safety Product Commission (CPSC), head injuries associated with crib falls are prevalent in the United States. However, most injuries were minor with a vast majority of patients being released following examination and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) carries significant risk of permanent injury and death, disproportionately affecting children. These injuries commonly affect the head and are especially severe among children as they are often unhelmeted and more likely than adults to experience rollover injuries. Many studies examining patients with ATV-related injuries are single-center cohort studies, with few focusing specifically on head injuries. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the annual incidence of ATV-related head injuries between 2012 and 2021, classify and compare head injury types, and identify descriptive characteristics of ATV-related head injury victims. Using the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database, we queried all head injuries associated with operating or riding an ATV in children under 18 years-old from over 100 emergency departments (EDs). Patient information regarding age, race, sex, location of incident, diagnoses, and sequelae were analyzed. We also collected the estimated number of ATV-related head injuries from all US EDs using the NEISS algorithm provided by the database. Using the NEISS algorithm we identified 67,957 (95% CI: 43,608 - 92,305) total pediatric ATV-related head injuries between 2012 and 2021. The annual incidence of ATV-related head injury was similar throughout this study period except for a 20% increase during the COVID-19 pandemic period of 2019–2021 (2019: 6382 injuries, 2020: 6757 injuries, 2021: 7600 injuries). A subset of 1890 cases from approximately 100 EDs were then analyzed. Unspecified closed head injuries were the prevailing type of injury (38%, 900/1890), followed by concussions (27%, 510/1890). More severe injuries included intracranial hemorrhages in 91 children (3.8%, 91/1890). Injuries of all types were predominantly seen in 14–17 year-old's (780/1890, 41%) and in males (64.1%, 1211/1890). In addition, ATV-associated injuries were significantly more common in those coded as white (58.0%, 1096/1890) than any other racial group. ATV-associated accidents among children younger than 9 more commonly occurred at the home compared to accidents involving children older than 9 (57% vs. 32%, p < 0.0001). ATV-related head injuries cause a significant annual burden among children, with growing incidence in recent years. Further research may wish to explore potential benefits of helmet use and supervision of younger children in possible prevention of these accidents and their associated economic and non-economic costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerial net is the standard method for capturing wild arbovirus vector mosquitoes, in which the human presence acts as an attractant. However, biases related to the collectors' abilities to attract and collect the insects, in addition to the occupational risk, are important limitations to be considered in the obtained result. Chemical attractants and automatic traps could be alternatives to resolve these limitations. In Brazil, few studies have employed this approach in the wild and during the daytime; therefore, this study sought to collect diurnal mosquitoes in two forest strata: the ground and canopy, to compare aerial nets and electric traps (CDC) that were associated with two different kairomones The studied area lies in the green belt of the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, within to the Atlantic Forest biome. Electrical traps associated with kairomones: CO 2 and BG-Lure®, were used. These were compared to the standard aerial net technique. The collections with the different techniques were carried out from 9:00 to 16:00 on the ground and in the canopy. For comparison between the methods, diversity and abundance index and cluster analysis were used.. In the 18 collections conducted, 3570 specimens were obtained, distributed in 52 different taxa. The most frequent species in the ground stratum were Wyeomyia confusa (53.1%) and Limatus durhamii (30.9%), while Sabethes albiprivus (14.5%), Sabethes purpureus (13.1%), and Haemagogus leucocelaenus (11.3%) were the most frequent in the canopy. The net method resulted in the greatest richness and abundance of species in both strata, followed by the trap containing CO 2. The yield did not improve when CO 2 traps included BG-Lure®. The use of BG-Lure® alone resulted in a restricted number of species and low abundance. Our results demonstrate that the association of traps with CO 2 can complement collections with aerial nets; however, for species with epidemiological interest, such as those in the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes, especially in the canopy, the aerial net is still the method of choice. Further studies are needed with other attractions to replace human presence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The stringency of motorcycle helmet safety legislation varies widely across the US. • States with more stringent laws had significantly lower unhelmeted fatalities per 100,000 people and 100,000 motorcycles. • Exemptions to helmet wearing for certain riders and motorcycle-like vehicles significantly predicted higher fatalities. Motorcycle collisions comprise a large portion of motor vehicle injuries and fatalities with over 80,000 injuries and 5,500 fatalities per year in the United States. Unhelmeted riders have poor medical outcomes and generate billions in costs. Despite helmet use having been shown to lower the risk of neurological injury and death, helmet compliance is not universal, and legislation concerning helmet use also varies widely across the United States. In this study, we systematically reviewed helmet-related statutes from all US jurisdictions. We evaluated the stringency of these statutes using a legislative scoring system termed the Helmet Safety Score (HSS) ranging from 0–7 points, with higher scores denoting more stringent statutes. Regression modeling was used to predict unhelmeted mortality using our safety scores. The mean score across all jurisdictions was 4.73. We found jurisdictions with higher HSS's generally had lower percentages of unhelmeted fatalities in terms of total fatalities as well as per 100,000 people and 100,000 registered motorcycles. In contrast, some lower-scoring jurisdictions had over 100 times more unhelmeted fatalities than higher-scoring jurisdictions. Our HSS significantly predicted unhelmeted motorcycle fatalities per 100,000 people (β = -0.228 per 1-point increase, 95% CI: -0.288 to -0.169, p <.0001) and per 100,000 registered motorcycles (β = -6.17 per 1-point increase, 95% CI: -8.37 to -3.98, p <.0001) in each state. Aspects of our score concerning helmet exemptions for riders and motorcycle-type vehicles independently predicted higher fatalities (p <.0001). Higher safety scores predicted lower unhelmeted fatalities. Stringent helmet laws may be an effective mechanism for decreasing unhelmeted mortality. Therefore, universal helmet laws may be one such mechanism to decrease motorcycle-related neurological injury and fatality burden. In states with existing helmet laws, elimination of exemptions for certain riders and motorcycle-type vehicles may also decrease fatalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]