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To examine whether the effectiveness of current dentin-priming approaches requiring solvated hydrophilic resins may be replicated by modifying the infiltration dynamics of neat methacrylate-based monomers into dry-etched dentin using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) pretreatments. Methods: H 3 PO 4 -etched mid-coronal dentin surfaces from human molars were air-dried for 30 s and randomly pretreated with 50 %(v/v) ethanolic DMSO for 20 or 60 s. Untreated samples and an isolated wet-bonding group served as controls. Samples were bonded with a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive or simply with the solvent-free hydrophobic-rich resin. Restored crown segments (n = 7/group) were stored in distilled water for 24 h and sectioned for microtensile bond strength testing. Resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm2) were tested under tension until failure (0.5 mm/min) after 24 h or 2 years of storage in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Nanoleakage evaluation and hybrid layer characterization were performed by SEM. Bond strength data was examined by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey and Dunnett's test (α = 0.05). Results: Pretreatments significantly affected the ability of neat and solvated resins to bond to etched-dry dentin (p = 0.001). Ageing significantly lowered bond strengths depending on resin composition and DMSO-application times (p = 0.007). While hybridization of DMSO-treated dentin with the solvated resin produced no significant reductions in bond strengths after ageing (p < 0.05) improving hybrid layer integrity, direct bonding of the neat hydrophobic-rich resin matched the long-term bonding performance of the "gold standard" wet-bonding protocol (p > 0.05). Significance : Lowering dentin's hydration state via DMSO-dry bonding allows direct coupling of neat methacrylate-based resins, which may contribute to developing new strategies to ultimately extend the durability of resin-dentin interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polymer contaminated PET hydrolysed via neutral hydrolysis. • PE, PP, PS, PMMA, and ABS could be removed by sieving the hydrolysis product. • POM, PA6, PC decomposed, evaporated or was removed during dewatering. • Esterification was performed directly on hydrolysis products without purification. • The produced BHET is extracted from the dirty synthesis by how water. Plastic recycling is gaining traction to reduce the demand for fossil resources for plastic production. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), mainly used in the packaging and textile sectors, is often isolated in the sinking fraction during the density-based separation of mixed plastic waste streams. The heterogeneity of the sinking fraction makes direct mechanical recycling of PET impossible. Therefore, neutral hydrolysis of PET was investigated in the presence of other polymer contaminants to study their impact on the neutral hydrolysis of PET. PA6, PC, POM, and PVC were found to decompose during hydrolysis, whereas ABS, PMMA and a mixture of PE, PP and PS was chemically inert during the hydrolysis treatment. The subsequent BHET synthesis with excess ethylene glycol was performed directly on a mix of the polymer contaminated hydrolysis products or a hydrolyzed post-consumer plastic waste fraction. BHET was successfully formed in the plethora of decomposition products in the synthesis, and a subsequent recrystallization recovered the BHET in high purity with only water being used as solvent. This demonstrated a robust method to handle PET fractions in mixed plastic waste that can be applied without purification prior to BHET synthesis – enabling chemical recycling of PET. Abbreviations: ABS, Poly(acetonitrile-butadiene-styrene); ATR-FTIR, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy; BC, Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) terephthalate crystals; BHET, Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) terephthalate; DMSO, Deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide; DSC, Differential Scanning Calorimetry; EG, Ethylene glycol; 1H NMR, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; H m , Melting enthalpy; Oligo, Oligomers; PA6, Polyamide 6; PC, Polycarbonate; PE, Polyethylene; PET, Poly(ethylene terephthalate); PMMA, Poly(methyl methacrylate); POM, Polyoxymethylene; PP, Polypropylene; PS, Polystyrene; P, Purity; PVC, Poly(vinyl chloride); rpm, Revolutions per minute; SPHP, Solid Phase Hydrolysis Product; Ti(IV)OBu, Titanium(IV) butoxide; T m , Melting temperature; TPA, Terephthalic acid; Wt, Weight; Y , Solid Phase Hydrolysis Product yield; Y t , Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) terephthalate yield; ν , IR stretching mode; δ , IR bending mode; ω, IR wagging mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to study the effect of 4-phenylfuroxan-3-carbonitrile (Fx), a NO-releasing agent, and carbetocin, an oxytocin receptor agonist, on matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) activity and PGE2 production in cervix from cycling sheep. Cervical explants were incubated during 12 h with MEM supplemented with increasing concentrations of Fx in DMSO (2 %) (0 to 300 μg/mL) with Cb (100 ng/mL) (Experiment 1, n = 15) and DMSO (2 %), DMSO + Cb (100 ng/mL) or DMSO + Fx (30 μg/mL) (Experiment 2, n = 10), and their respective controls. In the supernatants, activated (A) and latent (L) MMP-2 activities were determined by a SDS-PAGE zymography, PGE2 concentration by immunoassay and NO production indirectly as nitrites by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The Cb treatment increase the A MMP-2 activity in DMSO (Experiment 1 at follicular phase and Experiment 2) or alone (Experiment 2) and increase the L MMP-2 activity (Experiments 1 and 2) (P < 0.02). The DMSO treatment also increase the L MMP2 activity (Experiment 2) (P < 0.0001). Treatment with Fx + DMSO increased the concentration of accumulated nitrites in the supernatant (P < 0.0001) (Experiment 1), but did not affect or decrease the activity of A and L MMP-2 (P < 0.04) (Experiments 1 and 2). The PGE2 concentration trend to increase with Cb treatment (P = 0.0614) and decrease with Fx+DMSO treatment (P < 0.0001) (Experiment 2). In conclusion, Cb and/or DMSO treatment of cervical explants increase the MMP-2 activity through PGE2-independent mechanisms, but Fx in DMSO fail in this, suggesting that the pre-treatment with Cb and/or DMSO could be used to increase cervical dilation in ewes. • Carbetocin increases in vitro cervical MMP-2 activity in cycling ewes. • DMSO increases in vitro cervical MMP-2 activity in cycling ewes. • The increase in MMP-2 activity by carbetocin and DMSO is not dependent on PGE2. • The combination of carbetocin and DMSO has cooperative in vitro effect on cervical MMP-2 activity in cycling ewes. • Furoxan increases in vitro NO levels without increases in the cervical MMP-2 activity and inhibits PGE2 production in cycling ewes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a toxic gas emitted through natural and anthropogenic activities. Chronic exposure to inhaled H 2 S at low sub-toxic levels is common among workers in oil refineries and may have important health implications. Inhaled H 2 S can be oxidized to thiosulfate or methylated to dimethylsulfide (DMS) which can be methylated to the novel human metabolite trimethylsulfonium (TMS) or oxidized to dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) but the extent of methylation of inhaled H 2 S is currently unknown in humans. A total of 80 participants were recruited of which 40 were workers in an oil refinery in Kurdistan region, Iraq including those working in close contact with the facility area where H 2 S was measured at 1.5–5.0 mg m−3, and 40 controls living in a nearby city with no detectable H 2 S or perceptible odor (<0.1 mg m−3). A total of 240 urine samples were measured for multiple H 2 S-related metabolites. DMSO was consistently found in all urine samples with concentrations generally within the range of 1.0–10 µM. Although these concentrations were 10–100-fold higher than TMS urinary levels, clear correlation between DMSO and TMS was observed (r s 0.55, P < 0.0001), which supports DMS as common precursor. DMSO urinary levels were elevated in the oil refinery workers in close contact with the facilities (5.0 vs. 3.3 µM, P 0.03), but TMS was unaltered (0.13 vs. 0.14 µM, P 0.68). Overall, the results suggest that the investigated methylation metabolites are not sufficiently sensitive to low occupational exposure levels of inhaled H 2 S. • First investigation of the response of H 2 S-methylation metabolites to inhaled H 2 S in humans. • Total 240 urine samples were collected (120 from oil refinery workers and 120 from controls). • Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was slightly elevated in oil refinery workers (3.3 vs. 5.0 µM), P 0.03. • Trimethylsulfonium (TMS) did not show a response to occupational H 2 S exposure. • H 2 S detoxification via methylation is limited at occupational exposure levels in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous alumina structures were developed by indirect Powder Bed Fusion with Laser Beam (PBF-LB), employing a novel feedstock (composite granules) based on alumina (Al 2 O 3), bio-renewable polyamide 612 (PA612), and micron-sized graphite (MG) using a commercial PBF-LB machine that operates with a low-power visible light diode laser. Regular and slightly rounded composite granules were prepared via the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using 0.05 vol% of PA612, 40/60 vol% of Al 2 O 3 /PA612 and 6.25 wt% of MG, and then characterized via density measurements, Hausner's ratio, SEM-EDS, particle size distribution, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, and TGA. Experimental conditions to be used in the PBF-LB process were determined in order to obtain high-quality green porous structures with a controlled geometry. After the heating treatments, sintered components with good structural integrity, a high open porosity associated with interconnected pores in the struts, and a ceramic matrix with microsized-equiaxial grains were obtained. The evaluation of the mechanical properties was performed by diametral compression testing. In order to improve these properties, a vacuum infiltration process involving a low-concentration alumina-ethanol suspension was used on pre-sintered discs. As a consequence of the infiltration process, the discs showed improved mechanical properties after sintering without the porosity having been significantly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas putida , Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus were utilized as test samples to evaluate the antibacterial characteristics of DD3-clay/MgO and DD3+38 wt% ZrO 2 -clay/MgO nanoparticles. The ceramic powders prepared by a thermal autoclave method are characterized before and after Mg addition by SEM, EDX, XRD, IR, UV–visible, and TEM in order to investigate microstructure, phase, and surface morphology. The results showed that after adding Mg, it led to the deformation of the crystal lattices of (mullite, zirconium silicate, and zirconium oxide) together with a decrease in particle size (75–103 nm) and a complete change in its shape from nanotube to nanospherical, as observed by SEM and TEM analyses. It also confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy that the addition of Mg increases the absorbance accompanying a decrease in the energy gap of 1.91, 1.74, 1.73, and 1.43 eV corresponding to DD3, DD3Z, DD3/30 wt% Mg and DD3Z/30 wt% Mg respectively. The antibacterial mechanism is related to the size of the particles, the solvent used for powder dissolution, the nanoparticle's size when they come into touch with bacteria, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: ˙O 2 −, ˙OH, and H 2 O 2). It was observed that the anti-bacterial activity is enhanced with 10 wt% and 30 wt% of Mg added to a modified ceramic powder. Also, more O 2 − is formed on the surface of the prepared powder, which penetrates the bacterial cell and destroys it. The nanocomposite particles showed remarkable antibacterial activity when they were dissolved in DMSO compared to methanol and chloroform as organic solvents. The aim is to enrich knowledge on the antibacterial activities of metal nanoparticles (ZrSiO 4 and MgO) on three bacterial strains with different Grams due to their extensive involvement in the phenomena of contamination and infection encountered in the medical field. The synthesized nanoparticles have good antimicrobial activity against all strains tested. A maximum inhibition zone of 35 ± 0.2 mm was obtained with S. aureus , a zone of 23 ± 0.46 mm with P. putida and a zone of 27 ± 0.46 nm with B. subtilis for DD3/30 wt% Mg and an inhibition zone of 38 ± 0.93 mm, 26 ± 0.24 nm and 17 ± 0.33 nm was obtained with same strains for DD3Z/30 wt% Mg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro embryo production (IVP) is of great importance to the porcine industry, as well as for basic research and biomedical applications. Despite the large efforts made in laboratories worldwide to address suboptimal culture conditions, porcine IVP remains inefficient. Nobiletin (Nob, 5,6,7,8,3′,4′ hexamethoxyflavone) supplementation to in vitro culture (IVC) medium, enhances in vitro embryo development in various species. However, its impact on the quality and developmental capacity of in vitro-produced pig embryos is yet to be established. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations (2.5 and 5 μM) of Nob during the early culture of in vitro -produced pig embryos on embryo developmental competence, mitochondrial activity, lipid content, intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Glutathione (GSH) content, Total Cell Number (TCN) per blastocyst, and expression of genes related to embryo development, quality and oxidative stress. Embryos cultured in medium without Nob supplementation and in medium supplemented with 0.01 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-vehicle for Nob) constituted the Control and DMSO groups, respectively. Embryo development rates were evaluated on Days 2, 6 and 7 of IVC. Additionally, a representative group of embryos was selected to assess mitochondrial activity, lipid, ROS and GSH content (on Days 2 and 6 of IVC), TCN assessment and gene expression analyses (on Day 6 of IVC). No significant differences were observed in any of the parameters evaluated on Day 2 of IVC. In contrast, embryos cultured under the presence of Nob 2.5 showed higher developmental rates on Days 6 and 7 of IVC. In addition, Day 6 embryos showed increased mitochondrial activity, with decreased levels of ROS and GSH in the Nob 2.5 group compared to the other groups. Both Nob 2.5 and Nob 5 embryos showed higher TCN compared to the Control and DMSO groups. Furthermore, Nob 2.5 and Nob 5 upregulated the expression of Superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) genes, which could help to counteract oxidative stress during IVC. In conclusion, the addition of Nob during the first 48 h of IVC increased porcine embryo development rates and enhanced their quality, including the upregulation of relevant genes that potentially improved the overall efficiency of the IVP system. • In vitro embryo production is of great importance to the porcine industry and biomedical applications. • The efficiency of porcine in vitro embryo production falls below optimal levels. • Nobiletin supplementation in vitro increased porcine embryo development and quality. • Nobiletin is a potential solution for addressing ROS-related issues in porcine in vitro embryo production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A series of linear high molecular weight acrylonitrile homopolymers have been synthesized using controlled anionic polymerization. The possibility of producing polyacrylonitrile with a wide range of molecular weights by controlling the concentrations of metal-free initiator and water has been demonstrated. The resulting homopolymers exhibit excellent spinnability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is crucial for autologous transplantation, cord blood banking and other special circumstances. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used most commonly for cryopreserving HSC products but can cause infusional toxicities and affect cell viability and engraftment after transplant. A systematic review of controlled studies using lower concentrations of DMSO to cryopreserve HSC products in clinical transplant studies is needed to determine the effect of reducing DMSO concentrations on post-thaw cell viability, initial engraftment and adverse effects on patient health. All studies identified in our systematic search (to July 11, 2023) examining the use of cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) for autologous stem cell transplantation (AHCT) were included. Meta-analysis was performed to determine how varying the concentration of DMSO during cryopreservation effects post-thaw cell viability, initial engraftment and adverse effects on patient health. A total of 1547 studies were identified in our systematic search, with seven published articles meeting eligibility for inclusion in meta-analysis. All patients underwent AHCT using (PBSCs) to treat hematologic malignancies. The viability of CD34+ cells post thaw was greater when cryopreserved with 5% DMSO compared with 10% DMSO, with lower rates of adverse side effects in patients. DMSO concentration had minimal impact on rates of initial engraftment. Significant heterogeneity in outcome reporting was observed and the potential for bias was identified in all studies. Reducing the concentration of DMSO from 10% to 5% during cryopreservation of autologous PBSCs may improve cell viability and reduce DMSO-associated adverse effects in patients undergoing AHCT. Data from more studies with similar patients and standard outcome reporting are needed to increase confidence in our initial observations. PROSPERO; registration number CRD42023476809 registered November 8, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A binary solvent system (DMSO + water) assisted swollen liquid crystalline lamellar mesophase (SLCLM) template is effectively used to produce the reduced graphene oxide-polyaniline (rGO-PANI) nanocomposite. The large surface area and 2D hybrid nanosheets of PANI and rGO collectively persuade, providing an anchor for the ammonia gas sensing process. The obtained gas sensing results demonstrate the synthesized rGO-PANI films exhibited the highest gas sensitivity, excellent repeatability, good linear gas concentration response, a low detection limit (200–1000 ppb), and an ultrahigh sensitivity of 32 %. The newly synthesized morphology of rGO-PANI nanocomposite may be one of the factors for the enhanced NH 3 gas response. All characterization techniques, such as XRD, HR-TEM, XPS, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy, confirm the formation of the rGO-PANI hybrid nanocomposite. Furthermore, the NH 3 gas sensitivity in the relative humidity range of 34 %–57 % showed only ∼1 % variation. The development of 2D nanosheets of hybrid rGO-PANI nanocomposite in SLCLM with enhanced gas sensing properties is significant for the future development of selective and sensitive RT ammonia sensors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannase have broad practical applications in the food, feed, agriculture and leather industries. In this study, a putative tannase (Pa-Tan) from P. albidiflava was identified and characterized. The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using metal-affinity chromatography. Purified recombinant tannase had the highest activity at pH 6.0 and 30 °C. The Pa-Tan maintained > 70% residual activity at pH 6.0–8.0 and approximately 90% of its maximum activity was retained after incubating at 30 °C for 1 h. The addition of low concentrations of Ba2+, Li+, and DMSO could slightly stimulate the enzymatic activity of Pa-Tan, whereas Cu2+, Fe3+ , Hg2+, SDS, DTT, and β-mercaptoethanol heavily inhibited the enzymatic activity of Pa-Tan. Meanwhile, the kinetic parameters of Pa-Tan were determined for methyl gallate, propyl gallate, and tannic acid as substrates. The estimated K m , k cat , and k cat / K m values were 0.27 mM, 5.48 s−1, 20.37 s−1 mM−1 for methyl gallate, 0.09 mM, 4.97 s−1, 53.50 s−1 mM−1 for propyl gallate, and 0.48 mM, 71.58 s−1, 149.62 s−1 mM−1 for tannic acid, respectively. Pa-Tan has a high affinity for substrates, particularly propyl gallate, which gives it a high potentiality for industrial applications. [Display omitted] • A novel P. albidiflava tannase (Pa-Tan) was identified and characterized. • The Pa-tan is a monomeric enzyme with 57 kDa. • Pa-Tan with higher substrate affinity and lower docking energy for propyl gallate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extractive distillation is a commonly used method for the separation of azeotrope in the chemical industry. In this article, we investigate the safety issue of the extractive distillation process for targeted audience process engineers from the perspective of process safety. We conduct inherently safer design and multi-objective optimization of extractive distillation processes for the separation of methyl acetate/methanol via computer-aided molecular design, thermal hazard analysis, and multi-objective genetic algorithm. Firstly, the entrainers with good safety and separation performances are pre-screened by computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) based on flash point and entrainer selectivity. Then the entrainers with top-ranking separation performance are manually screened based on vapor-liquid equilibria. Next, the Pareto front solution is obtained by optimizing both safety and economic objective functions using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Finally, the thermal hazard of the entrainer is also investigated via DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) test. Finally, the optimization result and thermal hazard investigation demonstrate that 1,3-propanediol is inherently safer than dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a common entrainer in terms of not only a fire hazard but also a thermal hazard for the separation of methyl acetate/methanol mixture. The optimal TAC using 1,3-propanediol as an entrainer is 3.72% lower than that of dimethyl sulfoxide, and the corresponding GISI is 57.73% lower than that of dimethyl sulfoxide. As for DMSO, thermal decomposition can occur near its normal boiling point (189 ℃) and 1,3-propanediol, can be thermally stable over 330 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel nanofiber composite proton exchange membranes were fabricated by embedding highly sulfonated poly (ether ketone) (SPEEK) nanofibers in a cross-linked SPEEK matrix, showing both high proton conductivity and excellent stability. Composite membranes were prepared with salt-form SPEEK nanofiber mats filled with acid-form SPEEK solution. After thermal treatment at 180 °C in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, the cross-linking reaction occurred in the acid-form SPEEK matrix but not in nanofibers. The dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and oxidative stability of the composite membrane were significantly improved due to thermal cross-linking treatment. The swelling ratio of all the cross-linked membranes was below 30% in hot water, and the maximum tensile strength reached 68 MPa. The nanofibers formed non-cross-linked regions and retained rich sulfonic acid groups to construct fast, long-range proton transport channels. The proton conductivity of the nanofiber composite cross-linked membrane reached 200 mS/cm exceeding the pristine cross-linked membrane (135 mS/cm). The fuel cell performance showed a peak power density of 485 mW/cm2 at 80 °C under 100% relative humidity. [Display omitted] • Highly sulfonated nanofibers embedded cross-linked membranes were prepared. • Cross-linked matrix stabled the membrane. • Non-cross-linked nanofibers built fast, continuous proton transport channels. • The nanofiber composite membrane exhibited high proton conductivity of 200 mS/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that ammonium ion (NH 4 +) was widely distributed in natural water and many sewage, it was of great practical significance to study NH 4 + enhanced potassium ferrate (Fe(VI)) to rapid removal of levofloxacin (LEV) from water. In this experiment, firstly, the reaction kinetic of NH 4 + enhanced Fe(VI) removal of LEV was studied, and the results showed that the enhanced removal reaction conformed to the second-order kinetic equation. When pH ≤ 9, the second-order rate constant k app was linearly related to NH 4 + dosage, but when pH= 10, the above linear relationship was broken, and the slope of the fitting line would change toward a smaller trend. Subsequently, tert-butanol (TBA) and Methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) were used as probes for·OH and high-valent iron-based intermediate (Fe(V)/Fe(IV)) respectively, which further revealed the reaction mechanism that NH 4 + enhanced Fe(VI) to remove LEV as follows: NH 4 + could promote Fe(VI) to produce a large amount of Fe(V)/Fe(IV), thus accelerating the degradation of LEV. In addition, 10 degradation intermediates of LEV were identified by quadrupole time-of-flight tandem ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (Q-TOF LC-MS), and then combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculation, two possible degradation pathways were inferred. Through the luminescence inhibition experiment of Vibrio fischeri and the toxicity evaluation of ECOSAR, it could be concluded that in the process of NH 4 + enhancing Fe(VI) to remove LEV, the toxicity of the solution showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and its toxicity was effectively improved and reduced after full oxidation. Finally, the experiments in actual water showed that it was feasible to use NH 4 + in actual water to enhance Fe(VI) for rapid removal of LEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asarinin has been found to prolong allograft survival and inhibit post-transplant immune rejection via the Tolllike receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Therefore, elucidating the possible pathophysiological role of asarinin in the TLR signaling pathway is essential. Here, dendritic cells were isolated from Sprague-Dawley« rats and cultured with splenocytes from Wistar rats treated with asarinin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and/or dimethyl sulfoxide. mRNA expression of TLR-2. TLR-4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (My 1)88). and nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 levels were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LPS resulted in an increase in the expression of TLR-2 rather than TLR-4 and MyD88. Furthermore, it inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and IL-12. MyD88 can be silenced after lentiviral transduction, and LPS can activate MyD88, whereas asarinin can inhibit this kind of activation. The effect of LPS and asarinin on TLR-4 could only be achieved when MyD88 was not silenced by lentivirus transduction. Therefore, asarinin might suppress TLR-4-mediated activation via the MyD88-dependent pathway. Overall, asarinin has a pre-applicalion effect in inhibiting graft rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine whether lower dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations would affect long-term bond stability of simplified or multistep water-based adhesives to dry-etched dentin. H 3 PO 4 -etched mid-coronal dentin surfaces from human molars were randomly blot- or air-dried for 30 s and pretreated or not with 5 or 50 % (v/v) ethanolic DMSO solutions. Untreated samples served as control. Samples were bonded with a two-step or a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. Restored crown segments (n = 5/group) were stored in distilled water for 24 h and sectioned for microtensile bond strength testing. Resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm2) were tested under tension until fracture (0.5 mm/min) after 24 h and one year of storage in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Nanoleakage evaluation and hybrid layer characterization were performed by SEM. Bond strength data was examined by three-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: Dry bonding produced significantly lower bond strengths than conventional wet bonding for both water-based adhesive systems (p < 0.05). DMSO-dry bonding restored bond strengths and reduced nanoleakage levels, regardless of adhesive type or DMSO concentration (p < 0.05). Bond strengths of DMSO-dry bonded samples were not significantly affected by long-term ageing regardless of adhesive type or DMSO concentration (p < 0.05). Although bonding methacrylate-based resins to etched dentin is normally performed under wet conditions, hybridization of air-dried collagen can outperform conventional wet bonding by employing water-free DMSO solutions with concentrations as low as 5 %. Reduced moisture-related technique sensitivity, higher bonding performance and improved hybrid layer stability may contribute to extend the service life of resin-dentin bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of universal adhesives on eroded dentine, immediately and after four years of water storage. Sixty-four sound human molars were distributed into 16 groups according to (1) Dentine surface (sound and eroded dentine); (2) dimethyl sulfoxide application (with or without); (3) Application mode (etch-and-rinse or self-etch) and (4) Storage time (immediate and four years). One mild universal adhesive was used (Scotchbond Universal). The restoration was then performed with a composite resin and the specimens were sectioned into resin-dentine bonded sticks. Resin-dentine bonded sticks were tested (immediately and after four years of water storage) for µTBS (0.5 mm/min) or used to assess NL. Data on μTBS and NL were analyzed using four-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Only the 3-way cross-product interaction 'substrate vs DMSO vs time' was statistically significant (p = 0.007). Eroded dentine showed a lower mean of µTBS and a higher mean of NL values than sound dentine. However, when DMSO was applied, no significant decrease of μTBS or NL values was observed after four years of water storage, regardless of adhesive strategies, or dentine evaluated, when compared to immediate results. Water-based DMSO pre-treatments not only prevent degradation of MDP-containing simplified adhesives but also serve as a potential alternative to improve long-term bonding properties to eroded dentine. The versatility of using a single pre-treatment for both self-etch or etch-and-rinse bonding to eroded dentin may facilitate future clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sec-butyl alcohol (SBA), a common chemical intermediate, is used as an anti-emulsion, dye dispersant, industrial detergent, and raw material to produce methyl ethyl ketone. To further reduce the energy consumption and production cost of the hydrolysis of sec-butyl acetate (SBAC) to SBA, a reactive distillation coupled with extractive distillation using a mixed entrainers process was proposed in this study. Based on the relative volatility curve and quantum chemical calculations, EG and DMSO were selected as potential entrainers. Based on the total annual production cost, the appropriate ratio of mixed solvent is obtained (EG: DMSO = 9:1). The thermal coupling distillation technology is introduced into the proposed process to achieve energy-saving further. The results showed that the thermodynamic efficiency of the thermal coupling process using mixed entrainers increased by 18.02%, the total annual cost is saved by 15.18%, and CO 2 emissions were reduced by 391.82 kg/h compared to the process using single DMSO entrainers process. [Display omitted] • Quantum chemical calculation and VLE data were used to screen mixed extractants. • Combination of mixed extractant and thermal coupling process can effectively save energy. • The thermodynamic efficiency of the novel process can be improved by 18.02%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair regenerative medicine must involve practical procedures, such as cryopreservation of tissue grafts. This can aid in evaluating tissue safety and quality, as well as transportation to a clinic and multiple transplants. Hair follicle germs (HFGs), identified during in vivo development, are considered effective tissue grafts for hair regenerative medicine. However, to the best of our knowledge, methods for cryopreserving HFGs have not been explored yet. This study investigated the efficacy of slow vitrification methods for freezing HFGs. Cryoprotectants such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and carboxylated poly- l -lysine were used for vitrification. The results indicate that DMSO vitrification yielded the most efficient de novo hair regeneration in mouse skin, comparable to that of non-cryoprotected HFGs. A microfinger was fabricated to scale up the cryopreservation method, considering that thousands of tissue grafts were required per patient in clinical practice. The microfinger can be used for a series of processes, holding the HFG, replacing it with a cryopreservation solution, freezing it in liquid nitrogen, thawing it in a warm medium, and transplanting it into the skin. Although de novo hair regeneration by HFGs cryopreserved using microfingers was reduced by approximately 20 % compared to those cryopreserved using flat plates for fertilized eggs, it exceeded 50 %. These findings demonstrate that vitrification with DMSO and microfingers could be a useful approach for the cryopreservation of tissue grafts in hair regenerative medicine for hair loss. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded template-assisted fabrication by template removal technique is a simple and cost-effective method for preparation of complex 2D and 3D microchannels in soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platforms. However, employing this technique for fabrication of macroscale flow channels is impractical due to the requirement of a high swelling ratio of the PDMS network and other difficulties arising with the usage of millimeter-sized monofilament threads. The current work introduces a novel template digestion technique for fabricating topologically complex and transparent flow channels. The technique involves preparation of templates using flexible polyurethane (PU) tubes and their subsequent digestion by hot dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) within the embedding PDMS network. It is demonstrated for fabrication of various multi-helical channels (MHCs) with different geometrical features and compact modules of multiple MHCs which cater to process integration and intensification operations. Finally, an integrated operation of liquid-liquid extraction with subsequent phase separation is also demonstrated through typical parallel flow observed in MHCs. [Display omitted] • A novel method for fabrication of transparent flow channels in PDMS at macroscale. • Template preparation using flexible polyurethane tubes and selective digestion of the template in hot dimethyl sulfoxide. • Fabrication of complex multi-helical channels (MHCs) of various geometrical features and compact modules of multiple MHCs. • Demonstration of an integrated liquid-liquid extraction with subsequent phase separation in the fabricated MHCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Eutectic-gallium-indium particle (EGaIn*) is considered one of the promising conducting materials for soft electronics due to its enhanced stability compare to bulk EGaIn and constant conductance under strain. However, its practical implementation has thus far been limited due to the challenges of achieving initial electrical conductivity and the incompatibility with well-developed fabrication strategies. Here, we report materials and manufacturing methods that allow large-area multi-layered patterning of 'polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)-attached EGaIn* (EGaIn*:PSS)' thin-film with the conventional cleanroom process. PSS enhances the stability of EGaIn*, which allow uniform thin-film coating and photographic lift-off at a wafer-scale down to 10 μm features of varying thicknesses. Using dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent during lift-off induces cohesion between EGaIn*:PSS, resulting in initial electrical conductivity without an additional activation process. Demonstrations of stretchable display, multilayer pressure sensing systems, and soft artificial finger validate the versatility and reliability of this manufacturing strategy for soft electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DMSO and MOE were proposed for the first time to improve the surface morphology of the films. • The optimum mixing ratio is V MOE = V DMSO = 2 mL, and the solution to the precursor film is completed in the air environment. • The efficiency of the fabricated CZTSSe solar cell is 10.99% with V oc of 510.6 mV, J sc of 33.19 mA/cm2, and FF of 64.83 %. A mixed dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2-methoxy ethanol (MOE) solvent system was developed to prepare high-quality kesterite Cu 2 ZnSn(S, Se) 4 (CZTSSe) film. The precursor films made pure DMSO system show a tube-like microstructure morphology, which can be changed by adding MOE to the solution. The increase of MOE in the precursor solution is a key in the crystalline characteristic of the absorber and connecting performance with thin film solar cells. As V MOE = V DMSO , the CZTSSe layer can achieve good contact with the back electrode and obtain large grains across layers. The addition of MOE solvent effectively improves the fill factor (FF). Specifically, both the fill factor and efficiency are increased from 49.67% and 6.43% to 64.83% and 10.99%, respectively, with the addition of 2 mL of MOE into precursor solution prepared by DMSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for ultrasound flow phantoms to validate ultrasound systems requires the development of materials that can clearly visualize the flow inside for measurement purposes. A transparent ultrasound flow phantom material composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel (PVA-H) with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water solution manufactured using the freezing method and mixed with quartz glass powder to exhibit scattering effects is proposed. To achieve transparency of the hydrogel phantom, the refractive index (RI) was changed to match that of the glass by modifying the PVA concentration and the ratio of DMSO to water in the solvent. The feasibility of optical particle image velocimetry (PIV) was verified by comparing an acrylic rectangular cross-section channel with a rigid wall. After the feasibility tests, an ultrasound flow phantom was fabricated to conduct ultrasound B-mode visualization and Doppler–PIV comparison. The results revealed that the PIV measured through PVA-H material exhibited 0.8% error in the measured maximum velocity compared with PIV through the acrylic material. B-mode images are similar to real tissue visualization with a limitation of a higher sound velocity, when compared with human tissue, of 1792 m/s. Doppler measurement of the phantom revealed approximately 120% and 19% overestimation of maximum and mean velocities, respectively, compared with those from PIV. The proposed material possesses the advantage of the single-phantom ability to improve the ultrasound flow phantom for validation of flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to calculate the CD34+ stem cell (SC) count at the right time in patients with hematological malignancies who will undergo Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). The amount of SC infused into the patient affects the engraftment time and healing process of the patient. In this study, we aimed to compare which of the DMSO-not removed and DMSO-removed samples showed the CD34 + SC amount more accurately as the SC amount determination method after the SC was dissolved after cryopreservation in patients who will undergo HSCT. A total of 22 patients were included in the study. All 22 patients were transplanted from frozen samples using DMSO. After the SC products were dissolved in a 37 °C water bath, they were washed 2 times and the amount of CD34+ SC was studied from the samples taken by removing DMSO and without removing DMSO. In the findings, the amounts of CD34+ SC studied with both methods were compared. The increase in the number and percentage of CD34+ SC after DMSO-removed was found to be statistically significant both in terms of difference and proportionally, and the calculated effect sizes also showed that the increase was clinically significant (Cohen's d is between 0.43 and 0.677). After thawing the frozen SCs of the patients who will undergo HSCT, the analysis of CD34+ SCs from which DMSO is removed provides a more accurate calculation of the CD34+ SC amount in the AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Approach of PET waste conversion into high-yield porous carbon was proposed. • KOH hydrolysis of PET dissolved in DMSO forms dipotassium terephthalate. • This technique provides mild conditions of hydrolysis (150 °C, atm pressure, 10 min). • Dipotassium terephthalate helps to keep a carbon residue until 850 °C pyrolysis. • PET-derived porous carbon has MB adsorption value of 443 mg g−1. A method for conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste into porous carbon material is proposed. The recycling of PET bottle waste includes the stages of low-temperature hydrolysis of the polymer and subsequent pyrolysis at 800 °C. To provide PET hydrolysis at ∼150 °C and atmospheric pressure, the polymer was pre-dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and then an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide was added. The potassium terephthalate formed as a result of the alkaline hydrolysis of PET allows the carbon-containing precursor to be preserved for further activation to temperatures beyond 600 °C. The proposed method leads to the formation of a porous carbon material, increasing the yield of carbon residue to 25 wt%, which is higher compared to the yield of carbon residue in the direct pyrolysis of PET. The obtained porous carbon is characterized by graphite-like structure and specific surface area of ∼1100 m2 g−1. It has been shown that PET-derived carbon material can be used to remove pollutants from aqueous media. The adsorption properties of the carbon material were demonstrated by adsorption of methylene blue from an aqueous solution. The capacity of the carbon material was found to be 443 mg g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine whether DMSO could serve as an effective pretreatment to improve the mechanical properties and minimize the degradation of the adhesive interface, through the degree of conversion (DC) and bond strength to dentin of different categories of dentin bonding systems (DBSs) after 30 months. DMSO (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 vol%) were incorporated into four categories of DBSs: Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose (MP), Adper Single Bond 2 (SB), Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and Adper Scotchbond Universal (SU). DC was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For microtensile bond strength test (µTBS), 1 % DMSO were applied on dentin as pretreatment before DBSs. For SU, both strategies were tested. Specimens for µTBS were tested after 24 h, 6 and 30 months. DC and µTBS data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α < 0.05). Incorporating 5 %/10 % DMSO increased the DC of CSE. Controversially, when combined with SU, 2 % and 10 % DMSO jeopardized the DC. Regarding µTBS, 1 % DMSO pre-treatment increased the bond strength for MP, SB, SU-ER and SU-SE. After 30 months, MP, SU-ER and SU-SE showed a decrease compared to baseline but remained higher than the control. DMSO pretreatment may be a useful strategy to improve the bond interface over time. Its incorporation seems to favor the non-solvated systems regarding DC while it seems to show long-term benefits for bond strength using 1 % DMSO for MP and SU systems. • DMSO appears to be a promising agent to increase the bond strength to dentin. • DMSO was able to increase the degree of conversion of non-simplified adhesive systems. • For etch-and-rinse and universal adhesive systems, the dentin pretreatment with DMSO enhanced the resin-dentin interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ternary network organo-hydrogel electrolyte is developed to improve the environmental adaptability of flexible supercapacitors. The ternary network electrolyte is composed of graphene/boric acid/polyvinyl alcohol matrix and methyl sulfoxide/water/H 2 SO 4 mixture. A flexible supercapacitor with a sandwich structure is further assembled with the electrolyte and two polyaniline fiber/carbon cloth electrodes. The supercapacitor exhibits a high capacitance retention rate (90%) after 5 cutting/self-healing cycles. Furthermore, supercapacitors have high specific capacitance and capacitance retention on a wide temperature range of −65 °C–65 °C. The specific capacitance of supercapacitor is about 237.8 F/g and 152 F/g at 65 °C and −65 °C, in which the corresponding capacitance retention of supercapacitor is about 110.5% and 70.7%, respectively. The work provides an effective strategy to design and prepare flexible electrolyte with broad temperature adaptability, good self-healing ability and good mechanical flexibility for flexible energy storage devices. • A novel ternary network organo-hydrogel electrolyte is developed. • The ternary network possesses broad temperature adaptability and self-healing ability. • A self-healing and wide temperature tolerant flexible supercapacitor are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus is a freshwater fish that has economic value in Indonesia. It is cultured in the country, but the breeding technology, specifically sperm storage, is not well developed. Sperm cryopreservation is one of the preservation methods that need to be developed to support fish breeding technology. The type of cryoprotectants and its concentration are species-dependent and determines the success of this approach. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the optimal type and concentration of cryoprotectant for sperm cryopreservation of A. testudineus. Four separate study series were performed, each of which evaluated one type of cryoprotectant at five concentration levels. The cryoprotectants used were DMSO, methanol, glycerol, and ethanol, and the tested concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, which were combined with 5% egg yolks. Each treatment was conducted with three replications. The results showed that the type of cryoprotectant and its concentration significantly affected sperm motility, viability, and fertility of climbing perch (P < 0.05). The best outcome was obtained in DMSO, and methanol at a concentration of 10%, glycerol at 5%, and ethanol at 15%. However, the highest motility, viability, and fertility values were observed at 10% DMSO, indicating it is the best type and concentration for sperm cryopreservation of climbing perch A. testudineus. • Climbing perch Anabas testudineus is a freshwater fish that has economic value and this species has been cultivated worldwide especially in Southeast Asia. • The breeding technology of climbing perch, especially in sperm storage, has not yet developed, so the production of larvae was not optimal. • The sperm cryopreservation technology of climbing perch fish has been initiated but is not yet optimal, where the recommended CPA concentration, namely DMSO is still high (20%). • We tested four CPAs; DMSO, methanol, ethanol, and glycerol combined with 5% egg yolks succeeded in increasing the effectiveness of CPAs to 10% for DMSO and methanol, 15% for ethanol, and 5% for glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of molecular modelling and experiments was conducted to study the separation of acrylic acid and propionic acid through extractive distillation with polar aprotic entrainers. It was found that acrylic acid and propionic acid can be efficiently separated through extractive distillation with a polar aprotic entrainer, resulting in the entrainment of acrylic acid and making propionic acid the most volatile compound. Vapour-liquid equilibrium experiments were conducted with 25 wt% acrylic acid, 25 wt% propionic, and 50% wt% entrainer. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was found to induce the highest relative volatility of 1.56 at 25 mbar, which agrees well with the predicted value of 1.66 using the simulation software COSMO-RS. The difference in pKa (ΔpKa = 0.63) between acrylic acid and propionic acid is the main cause for the enhanced relative volatility. The corresponding difference in hydrogen bonding strength was calculated using COSMO-RS to result in ΔE = 1.8 kJ/mol at 25 °C between acrylic acid and propionic acid with the total mixture. When dodecane was selected as an entrainer, acrylic acid became the most volatile compound instead of propionic acid. This is explained by the fact that propionic acid has two extra hydrogen atoms available to have a Van der Waals interaction with the carbon atoms of dodecane. The difference in total Van der Waals interaction between the two carboxylic acids in the mixture with dodecane is 1.34 kJ/mol at 25 °C. This difference results in a relative volatility of 0.91, which is too small to be exploited in a distillation process, and it was concluded that for this mixture, DMSO was the best entrainer in the study. [Display omitted] ● Acrylic acid and propionic acid were separated by extractive distillation (ED). ● COSMO-RS and Spartan calculations predicted and explained relative volatilities. ● The ΔpKa of 0.63 is sufficient for entrainers to induce relative volatility in ED. ● DMSO induced a relative volatility of 1.56 at 25 mbar using 50 wt% entrainer. ● Alkanes reverse the relative volatility to 0.9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive sialadenitis (COS) is a condition that severely reduced patients' quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the effects of SIS3, a specific inhibitor of small mothers against decapentaplegic 3 (SMAD3), on the submandibular gland (SMG) dysfunction, fibrosis, and inflammation. The dominant duct in the SMG was ligated in mice, followed by intraperitoneal injection of SIS3 (2 mg/kg/day) or Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) saline for 7 days. In the sham group, this duct was surgically identified but not ligated. Saliva flow, histological structure, fibrosis, Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β)/SMAD3 signaling, and inflammatory cytokines, were analyzed. SIS3 rescued ligation-induced SMG dysfunction and improved the saliva flow rate compared to DMSO. SIS3 alleviated acinar atrophy and ductal dilation and maintained the morphology of the basal membrane. SIS3 reduces interlobular and intralobular fibrosis and collagen deposition. We observed reduced SMAD3 phosphorylation and TGF-β expression. The SIS3 group showed downregulation of np_5318 and miR-21 and upregulation of miR-29 b compared to the DMSO group. Moreover, SIS3 controlled the inflammatory cytokine release, including interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β. SIS3 protected duct-ligated SMGs against fibrosis and dysfunction by inhibiting the TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling and inflammatory cytokine expression. SIS3 may serve as a promising treatment for chronic obstructive sialadenitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-sensitivity ultraviolet photodetectors, which can be compatible with the existing Si-based technique, is highly desirable in advanced applications. In this study, a double heterojunction ultraviolet photodetection device consisting of an ITO conductive glass covered by a layer of p-type poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) polymer film, a single p-type Sb-doped ZnO microwire (ZnO:Sb MW), and an n-type Si substrate was proposed and demonstrated. Using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and carbon nanohorn (CNHs) as treated solvent, the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS polymer film were positively increased. Correspondingly, the treated photodetector exhibited a strongest photoresponsivity of approximately 737.8 A/W and largest external quantum efficiency (EQE) of approximately 2.6 × 105%, which were significantly higher than those of the pristine devices. Besides, the transient response manifests its highly-stable and faster photoresponse speed of rising/falling times of ∼67 μs/2.29 ms. The enhanced photoresponse properties are attributed to the increased electrical properties of the DMSO&CNHs co-treated PEDOT:PSS film. Especially, the p-p heterojunction formed at the PEDOT:PSS/ZnO:Sb heterointerface, can effectively accelerate the transport of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thus reducing the recombination probability. The proposed double heterojunction that meeting the criteria of low-cost and eco-friendly would be a competitive option for the large-scale fabrication of high-performance ultraviolet photodetectors, which are efficient and compatible with the existing Si-based integrated circuit technology. [Display omitted] • Catalyst-free synthesis of genuine p-type ZnO:Sb MWs was achieved using a simple CVD method. • Electronic properties of the PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer can be greatly increased by incorporating CNHs&DMSO treatments. • High-performance photodetector based on the p-PEDOT:PSS film/p-ZnO:Sb MW/n-Si double heterojunction was proposed and exhibited. • The photoresponse properties of the as-constructed double heterojunction photodetector were dramatically enhanced using the treated PEDOT:PSS films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread development of lignin valorization is hindered by a number of challenges. In particular, efficient valorization necessitates comprehensive characterization of initial lignins. In this work, the structural features of lignins from birch wood (Bétula péndula), obtained by various methods of hard and mild fractionation of biomass: hydrolysis (Hyd-L), kraft (Kraft-L), soda (Soda-L), and soda-ethanol (SodaEt-L) processes, as well as organosolv processes with dioxane (MWL, DL) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-L) have been comprehensively studied. The main novelty of this study is the first-time application of Two-Dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy (2D-COS IR) for rapidly and comprehensively assessing structural transformations of lignins, in combination with 31P NMR. It has been established that changing delignification conditions primarily affects the processes of demethoxylation, dehydration and polymerization/condensation of lignin, and then the breaking of lignin-carbohydrates linkages. An approach to evaluating the potential of different types of lignin for valorization (valorization index), based on their structural characteristics, has been proposed. The applied approach allowed for the arrangement of the studied lignins in order of decreasing valorization index: DMSO-L, MWL, DL, SodaEt-L, Soda-L, Kraft-L. • Lignin valorization requires structure-properties-performance relationships study. • NMR/2D-COS IR combination was used to characterize the lignin structural features. • An approach to calculating the lignin valorization index has been proposed. • DMSO-lignin had the highest valorization index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study is the first to discover that dimethyl disulfide, which is typically used as an electrophilic methanesulfenylating reagent in organic synthesis, can be reduced by dimethyl sulfoxide under basic conditions. One equivalent of dimethyl disulfide can be reduced to produce two equivalents of nucleophilic methiolate anion. • In this study, the nucleophilic methiolate anion generated from dimethyl disulfide was utilized to achieve hydromethylthiolation through nucleophilic addition to alkynes. This method exhibits good regioselectivity and stereoselectivity for most substrates. • Besides dimethyl disulfide, this method is also applicable to other disulfides for the hydrothiolation of alkynes. A hydromethylthiolation method for various alkynes has been developed using dimethyl disulfide as a source of the nucleophilic methylthiolate anion in a DMSO/EtOH or DMSO/H 2 O solvent system, with KOH as the base. For terminal aromatic alkynes, the reactions predominantly yield (Z)-anti-Markovnikov hydromethylthiolation products. The ratio of anti-Markovnikov to Markovnikov products typically exceeds 10:1, while the ratio of (Z)- to (E)-anti-Markovnikov products usually surpasses 7:1. In contrast, terminal aliphatic alkynes primarily produce Markovnikov hydromethylthiolation products. Reactions of internal aromatic alkynes also successfully produce the corresponding hydromethylthiolation products, whereas internal aliphatic alkynes do not exhibit reactivity in this system. The proposed mechanism suggests that in a basic DMSO solvent system, each equivalent of dimethyl disulfide is converted into two equivalents of methylthiolate anion. This anion then undergoes nucleophilic addition to the alkyne substrates, yielding hydromethylthiolation products. The regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the hydromethylthiolation are influenced by the stability of the vinyl carbanion intermediate. Additionally, this method is also applicable to the hydrothiolation of alkynes using other disulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Photophysical mechanism of NapH is clearly elucidated in H 2 O, MeOH and THF solvents. • The ESPT process is responsibility for the long-wavelength emission in H 2 O and MeOH. • The dual color fluorescence intensity is effectively regulated by the ESPT barrier. • Ideal white light emission mechanism is verified by mixing NapH1/NapH2 and DMSO/DIOX. Organic white light emitting (WLE) materials have sparked a research boom due to their promising applications in display devices, artificial lighting, and molecular sensors. However, the complex luminescence mechanism of full-spectra emitting materials has limited the development of white light materials with high stability and reproducibility. In this study, building on the full-spectra luminescent naphthimide dye (NapH) introduced by Xu et al., (Chin. Chem. Lett. 35(2024), 108348), we report the solvent-sensitive excited state proton transfer (ESPT) properties and white light emission mechanism in NapH. Our theoretical research results show that the ESPT process of NapH molecule is hindered in the low-polar solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), so only the blue fluorescence from the Enol* is observed in the experiment. In contrast, in polar solvents such as water (H 2 O) and methanol (MeOH), the formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds successfully initiates the ESPT process, leading to the dual fluorescence observed in experiments, with blue emission from the Enol* and red emission from the Nap anion. In essence, different solvent environments can adjust several emission colors. Furthermore, we theoretically verify that the optimal white light emission can be achieved when the mixed solvent ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dioxane (DIOX) is 5:5, which aligns well with experimental results. More importantly, we elucidate the specific WLE mechanism from multiple perspectives, including potential energy curves and electron spectra. Our work not only displays the interaction models of NapH molecule in various solvents, but also reveals the underlying luminescence mechanism, thus providing a valuable theoretical reference for the development and advancement of new white light materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illustration depicts the self-assembly of tetracationic cyclophane molecules. [Display omitted] • Cyclophane CP-1 shows selective self-assembly and AIEE with CH-S in a 98:2 HEPES-DMSO mixture. • CP-1 detects CH-S at concentrations as low as 200 nM under physiological conditions. • CP-1 shows stronger AIEE with SDS and SDBS in a 95:5 HEPES-DMSO mixture, highlighting its fluorescence versatility. • Cyclophane CP-2 shows selective fluorescence quenching with SDS in DMSO-water mixtures. Cyclophane CP-1 demonstrates markedly distinct sensitivities toward Cholesterol sulfate (CH-S), Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), and Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) when the solvent is shifted minimally from a 95 % to a 98 % HEPES-DMSO mixture. In a 98:2 HEPES-DMSO mixture, CP-1 engages in highly selective self-assembly with CH-S, which is characterized by aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in contrast to other steroidal sulfates such as pregnenolone sulfate (PRG-S), dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DIAND-S), taurocholic acid (TACH-S), and the surfactants SDS and SDBS. This assembly results in an approximate 40-fold increase in fluorescence intensity with three equivalents of CH-S and allows for the detection of concentrations as low as 200 nM under physiological conditions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies illustrate the aggregation of CP-1 and CH-S, with the zeta potential of each shifting from negative values to nearly zero in a 1:2 CP-1:CH-S mixture, indicating self-assembly. This aggregation behavior is reversible, as demonstrated by a corresponding decrease and then increase in fluorescence intensity with temperature variations from 25 °C to 70 °C and back to 25 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses show that CP-1 forms aggregates ranging from 100 to 180 nm, which increase to 150–250 nm upon interaction with CH-S. In a 95:5 HEPES-DMSO mixture, CP-1 exhibits a stronger AIEE response with SDS and SDBS compared to CH-S. Cyclophane CP-2, when dissolved in binary DMSO-water mixtures with water content exceeding 80 %, shows similar AIEE phenomena and undergoes selective fluorescence quenching with SDS and only a 50 % increase in fluorescence intensity with CH-S, irrespective of the HEPES concentration (95 % or 98 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dielectric properties of hydrated smectites depend on interlayer water content. • Smectites are readily modifiable nanomaterials through an intercalation process. • The dielectric phenomena of smectites and their intercalates are related to the movement of counterions and polar guest molecules. • The type of polar guest molecules significantly affects the dielectric relaxation in the kHz and MHz regions. • The E a of the dielectric relaxation of intercalates is lower compared to the hydrated smectites. Smectites are swelling layered minerals with the presence of counterions and water molecules in interlayer spaces. The movement of ions and dipole molecules located in the interlayer spaces leads to interesting dielectric properties. The systems are easily modifiable through intercalation. This paper is dedicated to examining the structural and electrical properties of hydrated nontronite, montmorillonite and their intercalates with DMSO and ethylene glycol. For this purpose, thermogravimetric, diffractometric, and dielectric measurements were performed. As a result of intercalation, the modified smectites showed a higher percentage of guest molecules compared to water in the unmodified minerals, leading to a larger interlayer distance for the modified systems. It turned out, that hydrated nontronite and montmorillonite exhibited different electrical properties due to variable water content. In the process of intercalation, the smectites regardless of the differences in the chemical composition of the layers and the type of counterions bound similar amounts of DMSO and ethylene glycol molecules. This resulted in similar relaxation times and dielectric increments for modifications, but different compared to the unmodified smectites. The activation energies of the relaxation process of modified minerals were reduced compared to the original minerals. The Maxwell–Wagner effect, and the relaxation of dipole guest molecules are responsible for most of the dielectric properties of the investigated materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four multicomponent salts of domperidone are reported. • Crystal structures were determined and the synthons discussed. • The salts were further characterized by FT-IR, NMR, DSC-TGA, and PXRD analysis. • The multicomponent salts exhibited room temperature stability for 12 months. Four new multicomponent salts of domperidone (DPN) were prepared with coformers namely benzoic acid (BAA), hippuric acid (HPA), phthalic acid (PTA), and terephthalic acid (TPA) and the crystal structures were determined. The detailed structural characterization and the supramolecular synthons involved in the crystal structures were discussed using single-crystal X-ray Diffraction analysis. DPN-BAA and DPN-PTA crystallize as hydrates, while, DPN HPA crystallizes as an anhydrous salt. The terephthalate salt crystallizes as a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvate. In all the crystal structures, amide-amide homosynthon of DPN is observed except for DPN-PTA. In DPN-PTA, DPN forms dimer via complementary N +-H···O hydrogen bond, while, the carboxylate of PTA is connected to DPN via N H···O hydrogen bond (amide –N H of DPN). The salts were produced in bulk scale and further characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and XRD techniques. The DSC and TGA analysis displayed different melting and decomposition temperatures as compared to parent DPN and coformers. The Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out to visualize the intermolecular close contact and the 2D fingerprint plot showed O···H/H···O and H···H interactions contribute most to the Hirshfeld surface. The prepared multicomponent salts exhibited 12 months of stability at room temperature (∼25–35 °C). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • OH, SO 4 −, 1O 2 , O 2 −, and Fe(IV) generated by the Fe-BC/PS system. • Reactive species steady-state concentrations recorded for different conditions. • Reactive species contribution to sulfamethoxazole degradation varied by exp. design. • OH, SO 4 −, and Fe(IV) were primarily responsible for sulfamethoxazole degradation. Reactive species, including hydroxyl radicals (OH), sulfate radicals (SO 4 −), singlet oxygen (1O 2), superoxide radicals (O 2 −), and Fe(IV), are generated by the iron-biochar activated persulfate (Fe-BC/PS) process. These reactive species can be leveraged for treatment of micropollutants, such as the sulfamethoxazole antibiotic. In this study, the steady-state concentrations and contributions of OH, SO 4 −, 1O 2 , O 2 −, and Fe(IV) to sulfamethoxazole degradation were calculated for different operating conditions in the iron-biochar/persulfate (Fe-BC/PS advanced oxidation process. Electron paramagnetic resonance was employed to confirm the production of each reactive species. The nitrobenzene, benzoic acid, furfuryl alcohol, p -chlorobenzoic acid or p- benzoquinone, and phenyl methyl sulfoxide probe compounds were added to experimental solutions in isolation, as mixtures, and at different concentrations to calculate the steady-state concentrations of OH, SO 4 −, 1O 2 , O 2 −, and Fe(IV) and determine their contributions to sulfamethoxazole degradation at variable pH conditions. The results not only informed the primary mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole degradation by the Fe-BC/PS system, but also highlighted best practices for the use of probe compounds and quenching agents in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes. In particular, the initial concentration of the probe compounds should be as low as possible to avoid impacts on target contaminant degradation and misinterpretation of the role of each reactive species. Furthermore, quenching-based approaches to determination of the key reactive species were less consistent than evaluation by probe compounds. The overall outcomes of this work inform sulfamethoxazole treatment by the Fe-BC/PS system and emphasize the need for internal validation of kinetics results using a multi-pronged approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhanced catalytic performance and stability of H 2 Pp-PDAN, as opposed to its monomer counterpart, for the photocatalytic oxidation of aniline and thioethers, can be ascribed to the incorporation of porphyrin and sp2 carbon frameworks, which jointly enhance the efficiency of electron transfer during the photocatalytic reaction. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of sp2 carbon-linked covalent organic polymers. • The prepared material exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. • Porphyrin monomers enhance photosensitivity of materials. • Sp2 carbon frameworks enhance electron transfer, boosting photocatalysis efficiency. Porphyrin based covalent organic polymers are excellent catalysts. Herein, a sp2 carbon linked porphyrin based organic polymer H 2 Pp-PDAN was designed and synthesized by co-condensation of porphyrin monomer containing flexible chains H 2 Pp with 1, 4-phenylenediacetonitrile PDAN. As photocatalysts, H 2 Pp-PDAN exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance for photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines, and was successfully used for 15 consecutive reactions with no detectable reduction of the catalytic activity. H 2 Pp-PDAN showed good photocatalytic activity and excellent recyclability for photocatalytic oxidation of thioanisole to methyl phenyl sulfoxide. Mechanistic studies revealed that the photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine coupling by H 2 Pp-PDAN proceeds via both energy transfer and electron transfer pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation has become an essential component in cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. However, in cryopreservation, biological samples can be damaged by cryoinjury, especially through intracellular ice formation (IIF). Cryoprotective agents (CPAs, e.g., Dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol) are commonly required to reduce or prevent cryoinjury resulting from IIF, and are added before the cooling process and generally should be removed after thawing because of the toxicity of CPAs. In both CPA addition and removal, osmotic injury can happen to biological samples. Furthermore, before cryopreservation and transfusion, cell suspensions usually need to be concentrated to reduce the total volume and increase cell density, such as high-dose cellular therapy. In this study, we propose a novel 3-in-1 multifunctional cell processing system based on the dilution-filtration mechanism using a hemodialyzer, enabling effective CPA addition, CPA removal, and cell concentrating by a closed and automatic system. Numerical simulation and experiments are conducted to evaluate and optimize those cell processing protocols, including the selection of fluid flow rates, concentration of dilution solutions, and processing time. In addition, cell type-specific properties (e.g., cell membrane permeability to water and CPAs) are incorporated into the optimization of CPA addition/removal protocols to minimize cell volume excursion and osmotic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]