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Insulin delivery by oral route would be ideal, but has no effect, due to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Protection of insulin using encapsulation in self-assembled particles is a promising approach. However, the lack of stability of this kind of particles in biological environments induces a low bioavailability of encapsulated insulin after oral administration. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two stabilisation strategies alone or combined, freeze-drying and cross-linking, on insulin-loaded chitosan NPs, and to determine their bioefficiency in vitro and in vivo . NPs were prepared by complex coacervation between insulin and chitosan, stabilised either by cross linking with sodium tripolyphosphate solution (TPP), by freeze-drying or both treatments. In vitro bioefficiency NP uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry on epithelial models (Caco-2/RevHT29MTX (mucus secreting cells)). In vivo , NPs were injected via catheter in the peritoneum or duodenum on insulinopenic rats. Freeze-drying increased in size and charge (+15% vs control 412 ± 7 nm; +36 ± 0.3 mV) in comparison with cross linking which decreased NP size (−25%) without impacting the NP charge. When combined the consecutive treatments reduced NPs size and increased charges as compared to standard level. Freeze drying is necessary to prevent the destruction of NP in intestinal environment in comparison with no freeze dryed one where 60% of NP were destroyed after 2 h. Additionally freeze drying combined with cross linking treatments improved bioefficiency of NP with uptake in cell increased when mucus is present. Combination of both treatment showed a protection of insulin in vivo , with a reduction of glycemia when NPs were administrated. This work showed that the combination of freeze drying and cross linking treatment is necessary to stabilize (freeze-drying) and increase bioefficiency (cross-linking) of self assembled NP in the delivery of insulin in vitro and in vivo . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A critical process aspect of the bipolar device is the oxide isolation between the emitter and the extrinsic base. Indeed, it is a well known fact that the emitter–base junction degradation is mainly due to interface states generation underneath oxide spacer. This study demonstrates the large impact of the inside spacer process in fully-self aligned high speed HBT on its reliability. Several types of electrical stress have been investigated and the stress-induced degradation compared for nitride and a-Si (amorphous silicon) spacers. Aging results coupled with noise measurements and TCAD simulations allowed to explain the different observed behaviors, finally concluding on the significantly higher reliability performances of devices processed with a-Si spacers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Objective. – To assess the effect of age and speed on the variability of ground reaction forces (GRF) and stride parameters of gait in normal children.Material and method. – Forty-seven children aged 4–10 years were split into three age groups. Each child walked at three constant speeds on a treadmill. Thirty consecutive steps of each leg were recorded. For each child, the mean parameters of the 30 steps were calculated. The mean parameter of each child was taken to calculate the mean parameters of the group. The variability was evaluated by the coefficient of variation (CV). The influence of both age and speed on the variability was examined with a to-way analysis of variance.Results. – The cross effect of age and speed on the variability was not significant. The variability of the parameters decreased significantly with age between 4 and 8 years. The variability of vertical forces increased significantly with speed (between 2.7 and 4.5 km/h), while the variability of antero-posterior forces, the stride and the stance decreased between 2.7 and 3.6 km/h. However, the variability of double stance was not influenced by walking speed between 2.7 and 4.5 km/h. Except the time of production of the vertical force of propulsion (Tz3), the variability of temporal vertical parameters decreased significantly with speed between 2.7 and 4.5 km/h and the variability of temporal antero-posterior parameters decreased significantly between 2.7 and 3.6 km/h.Discussion–conclusion. – The variability of the GRF and spatio-temporal parameters in children was influenced by age between 4 and 8 years old and by speed between 2.7 and 3.6 km/h. Moreover, the effect of age on the GRF persists up to 8 years. The variabilities of the time of production of the antero-posterior force of propulsion (Ty2) and stance duration were lower than the variabilities of the others parameters. These two variables could be the most reliable parameters when assessing gait in children aged 4–10 years, walking at speeds between 2.7 and 4.5 km/h. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objective: To establish determinants of lactatemia after race on 200m and 400m in African athletes specialized in these distances. Methods: Seven male athletes participated in the study. Their mean age was 24.57±3.41 years. Measured anthropometric parameters were weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fatty mass by the cutaneous folds’ method and thin mass. Athletes performed 200m race and 400m 24hours after. Lactatemia was measured on samples obtained by micro puncture from fingertip after warm up and at 5th minute recovery [LA]R5. Results: Significant difference (P <0,001) was found between 200m and 400m concerning velocity v, recovery lactatemia ([LA]R5), lactate productions ΔLA (difference between post-warming lactatemia and [LA]R5) and when ΔLA are divided by velocity (ΔLA/v). Significant positive correlation was found only for the 200m, between BMI and ΔLA (R =0,75; P =0,047) and remain better when we have considered ΔLA/v (R =0,9; P =0,0048). Conclusion: Our study suggests that BMI and velocity represent the most determining parameters in lactate production in 200m race more than in 400m. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The short stature syndrom in an internal medicine unit has been retrospectively studied. In the results Turner syndrom, primary hypothyroidism and anemic heart disease by geophagia were the main etiologies. Associated diseases were oftenly hyperthyroidism. Consultation was motived by primary amenorrhea, short stature and goiter. The mid-height was 145 cm and the mid-weight was 41 kg. All were female except for one male. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background and aim: Using of safety blood products did not stop improving these last years. The use of effective methods as well immunologicals as virologicals ones really reduces risk associated to blood transfusion. However, it persists residual risk (RR) of transfusion transmitted viral diseases. The aim of our study was to detect cases of seroconversion for HIV,and HBV among donors in the Senegalese national blood bank. And then, we estimated the RR of these virus. Methods: We led a transverse retrospective study from 2003 (January 1st) to 2005 (December 31st). Had been included donors with at least two donations of blood during the period of study. They had to be seronegative for HIV and HBV after the first donation. All donors with only one donation had been excluded. RR was estimated by multiplying incidence rates by the durations of the window periods. Results: During 3 years, we collected 425,503 donations; 388 were positive for HIV and 4240 for HBV. But we noted only two cases of seroconversion for HIV and 23 for HBV. So, RR estimated was 3,5 in 100,000 donation for HIV and 102,45 in 100,000 donations for VHB. Conclusion: It emerges from this study that the risk of blood transmitted virus is always high. Introduction of more sensitive tests (as nucleic acid testing) would allow us to deliver more safety products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective. – To evaluate the intensive management of HELLP syndrome in a intensive care unit in African setting. Study design. – Descriptive and analytical retrospective study. Patients and methods. – All patients hospitalized between June 1998 and June 2004 for HELLP syndrome were included in the study. Following parameters were studied: age, parity and gestity, term of pregnancy, delay before admission in ICU, data clinical, biological parameters, medical treatment, obstetrical treatment, maternal complications, maternal and foetal prognosis. Results. – Twenty patients of average age 26.3 years with seven primigeste and 13 pauci and miltigeste were admitted in ICU during the period of study for HELLP syndrome. The average time of admission was 1.35 days; 13 patients had HELLP syndrome in ante partum and seven patients in postpartum. Serious complications were noted at admission in the majority of patients with oligoanuric renal insufficiency in 11 cases, eclampsia in eight cases and intravascular coagulation disseminated in four cases. The mode of delivery in patients for HELLP syndrome occurring in ante partum was the Caesarean section under general anaesthesia in five cases and vaginal delivery in eight cases. All the patients for HELLP syndrome in the postpartum had been confined by low way. The maternal evolution was favourable in 13 cases. Seven patients of which five with HELLP syndrome who occurred in ante partum had died. The infant mortality was noted in eight cases primarily in cases of HELLP syndrome which occurred in ante partum. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction La chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier (CPS) méthode de prévention recommandée par l’OMS depuis 2012, consiste en l’administration de sulfadoxine pyriméthamine (SP) et amodiaquine (AQ) pendant trois jours. Les deux dernières doses d’amodiaquine sont administrées par les mères ou gardiennes d’enfants. L’objectif général était d’étudier les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques de ces mères ou gardiennes d’enfants en matière de CPS. Matériels et méthodes Une étude transversale, descriptive à visée analytique a été conduite du 16 au 20 décembre 2015. Les données étaient collectées à l’aide d’un questionnaire lors d’un entretien individuel avec les mères ou gardiennes d’enfants âgés de 3 à 120 mois après un consentement éclairé. Ces mères étaient choisies après un sondage aléatoire par grappe. Les données étaient saisies et analysées à l’aide du logiciel EPI INFO version 3.5.3. Résultats Au total, 396 mères ou gardiennes d’enfants âgées en moyenne de 30,9 ± 10,5 ont été incluses. Elles étaient pour la plupart mariées (94,5 %), dépourvues d’instruction (70,5 %) et sans revenu fixe (99 %). Les mères ou gardiennes d’enfants qui connaissaient les avantages de la CPS représentaient 95,2 %. Les doses de médicaments de la CPS à administrer à leur enfant étaient connues de 78,5 % des enquêtées. Les vomissements étaient les effets indésirables les plus cités (73,9 %). En cas d’effets indésirables, les mères ou gardiennes d’enfants avaient recours aux structures sanitaires dans 89,6 % des cas. Plus de deux tiers des mères (69,4 %) n’avaient pas administré les deux doses d’AQ lors des trois passages de la CPS. Les raisons de non-administration étaient dominées par les effets indésirables 57,6 %. La couverture thérapeutique adéquate était statistiquement liée au régime du mariage des mères (OR = 5,93 ; IC [3,57–9,86]), au revenu (Chi 2 = 6,30 ; p = 0,04), aux connaissances des avantages de la CPS (OR = 3,16 ; IC [1,24–8,01]) au type d’effets indésirables des médicaments de la CPS cité par les mères ou gardiennes d’enfants (Chi 2 = 6,71 ; p = 0,03). Conclusion L’ amélioration de la couverture thérapeutique adéquate des enfants en matière de CPS passe par une sensibilisation, une amélioration des connaissance, attitudes et pratiques des mères en matière de CPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]