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• Strategic partnerships between AI firms and pharmaceutical firms enhance drug discovery and development efficiency. • AI firms identify and leverage relational capabilities to align technological strengths with specialized needs of pharmaceutical partners. • Effective governance structures, formal and informal mechanisms, are essential for the success of AI–pharma collaborations. • Formal governance mechanisms provide a clear framework for collaboration, confidentiality, IP, and deliverables to ensure smooth partnerships. • Creation and esp. management of relationship-specific assets, AI models and new drug targets, is essential for achieving partnership objectives. Artificial intelligence-driven drug discovery (AIDD) companies hold significant promise for transforming pharmaceutical development, yet little is known about how they manage partnerships with established pharmaceutical firms. To address this research gap, our study explores how AIDD companies develop and leverage relational capabilities to enhance collaboration effectiveness. Through a case study approach, we focus on four key relational aspects: identifying complementary capabilities, establishing effective governance mechanisms, creating relationship-specific assets, and developing interfirm knowledge-sharing routines. Our findings demonstrate that particularly effective governance of intellectual property is essential for partnership success. We offer actionable recommendations for AIDD companies to strengthen collaborations, thereby contributing to the realization of AI's potential in drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2009.02.004 Byline: Wilfred Dolfsma (a), Loet Leydesdorff (b) Keywords: Lock-in; Break-out; Technological paradigm; Co-evolution; Innovation system Abstract: The prevailing models explaining how technologies develop along a specific trajectory largely focus on the circumstances that lead to technological lock-in. We contribute substantially to this area of research by investigating the circumstances under which technological development may break-out of a trajectory. We argue that for this to happen, a third selection mechanism -- beyond those of the market and of technology -- needs to upset the lock-in. We model the interaction, or mutual shaping among three selection mechanisms, and thus this paper also allows for a better understanding of when a technology will lock-in into a trajectory, when a technology may break-out of a lock-in, and when competing technologies may co-exist in a balance. As a system is conceptualized to gain a (third) degree of freedom, the possibility of bifurcation is introduced into the model. The equations, in which interactions between competition and selection mechanisms can be modeled, allow one to specify conditions for lock-in, competitive balance, and break-out. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Groningen School of Economics and Business, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands (b) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR), Kloveniersburgwal 49, 1012 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands Article History: Received 15 October 2008; Revised 24 February 2009; Accepted 25 February 2009 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We are grateful to two anonymous referees and the editor for comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer holds, however.

Summary: In this paper we offer a way to measure the knowledge base of an economy in terms of probabilistic entropy. This measure, we hypothesize, is an indication of the extent to which a system, including the economic system, self-organizes. In a self-organizing system, interactions between dimensions or subsystems will unintentionally give rise to anticipations that are properly aligned. The potential reduction of uncertainty can be measured as negative entropy in the mutual information among three (or more) dimensions. For a knowledge-based economy, three dimensions can be considered as key: the distribution of firm sizes, the geographical locations, and the technological classifications of firms. Based on statistics of these three dimensions and drawing on a unique dataset of all Dutch firms registered with the Chambers of Commerce, we are able to refine well-known empirical findings for the geographical dimension. Counter-intuitive, however, are our empirical findings for the dimension of technology. Knowledge diffusion through medium-tech industry is much more important for a localized economy than knowledge creation in high-tech industry. Knowledge-intensive services tend to uncouple economic activities from the regional dimension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

When seeking advice online about health concerns, forums dedicated to medical themes are increasingly becoming an appreciated source of information for many individuals. In online health communities, patients can ask questions or otherwise seek advice that is particularly relevant to them. While they may find some of the advice useful, other advice may be perceived as less valuable. By studying the advice-seeking, advice-giving, and advice-evaluation behaviours in one of the largest online health communities in Europe, this paper looks at what determines which advice is perceived as helpful, and why. Drawing on network theory, we analysed the interaction data of 108,569 users over twelve consecutive years based on all publicly available information of an established Q&A online health community. Utilising zero-inflated negative binominal modelling, our results show that advice received from others, who have similar predominant interests, is valued more when reaching out for lay expertise. If this advice is given by peers, who can also draw on expertise from other health areas, allowing for a combination of diverse "lay" expertise, the advice is valued even more. Advice provided by those who are quick to obtain the latest knowledge available in the larger community further reinforces these effects. Our findings offer an original view to understand the influence of lay expertise exchanged via online health communities and hold implications for both policy-makers and medical practitioners regarding their approach to patient-initiated use of social media for health-related reasons. • People readily seek health advice online. • People value advice from others who have similar predominant health interests. • People value advice from knowledgeable others. • People value speed of access to their peers' expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition towards a circular economy within the construction industry continues to be a formidable challenge. One reason why the construction industry is not at the forefront of circularity is due to the complexity of ecosystem-level organizational forms. In the construction industry, the product-based organizational form characterizes an ecosystem structure with multilateral interdependencies among firms seems to be a more compatible approach towards circularity. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted into how the inter-organizational arrangements and interdependencies of actors within a product-based structure affect the orchestration and alignment between different firms during the implementation of new circular practices in the construction industry. Using an explanatory multi-grounded theory approach, this study investigates how product-based organizational forms affect partner alignment in construction ecosystems compared to project-based organizational forms during the implementation of new practices within the wider transition towards circularity. Based on a multiple-case study involving seven ecosystems, it is suggested that there is a positive connection between a construction ecosystem implementing a product-based approach and the extent of partner alignment being performed by the lead firms as well as a stronger iterative use of orchestration mechanisms to achieve partner alignment. The findings are relevant for both business ecosystems and sustainability scholars. [Display omitted] • Comparative study of 7 construction ecosystems to unpack collaboration dynamics for circular transition. • Business ecosystem theory explains actor interdependencies in circular construction industry transition. • Product-based structures favors the extent of partner alignment and orchestration mechanisms. • The development of new circular practices in the construction sector, are best realised by lead firms. • Product-based approach fosters mutual understanding of ecosystem's purposes and expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship has started to recognize the need to understand the role of contracts in processes of circular business model innovation, particularly in Product Service Systems (PSS) business models. Ownership, usage right and risk allocation are key aspects of contract design, all influencing circular business model innovation. However, current knowledge of how contracts support emerging circular business models is limited. In this paper, we address this gap by presenting an in-depth analysis of a case study drawing on data stemming from the Fairphone-as-a-Service project to define key elements for a Circular Service Contract Template. Our findings support the idea that contracts, ownership, and usage right issues strongly influence the core elements of a PSS business model, such as servitization , longevity and modularity. Particularly, evidence from the case study confirmed the presence of tensions between ownership and contractual aspects when attempting to manage the circular business practices. • Key elements in circular economy contracts differ from linear business contracts. • Servitization, longevity and modularity are key aspects of CBMI. • Contractual mechanisms can enable critical CBMI processes in PSS models. • Contracts can be used for strategic purposes in CBMI for PSS models. • Contracts can enhance the applicability and scalability of PSS models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies nowadays play a major role in innovation within the agri-food domain. The evolution of IT systems has currently arrived at a level that involves complex systems integration and business ecosystems in which many stakeholders in different roles are involved. A new paradigm for digital innovation is needed that copes with this increased complexity. This paper presents an empirically informed framework for analysing and designing viable, sustainable digital innovation ecosystems in the agri-food domain. The research is based on a series of European large-scale public-private innovation projects from 2011 to 2021 with a total budget of 73 M€. They involved hundreds of stakeholders that were developing a large number of digital solutions through which a digital innovation ecosystem for agri-food was formed. In a longitudinal study, a conceptual framework was used to analyse these projects and describe how the digital innovation ecosystem has developed. Lessons learnt are translated into a number of design principles and an organizational approach to foster digital innovation ecosystems in agri-food. The conceptual framework consists of 6 key concepts: (i) innovation strategy, (ii) innovation organization, (iii) innovation network that contains (iv) the innovation process and (v) the innovation object and finally (vi) an innovation infrastructure. Along these 6 concepts, lessons learnt and in total 21 design principles are derived from analysing the projects forming a basis for the organizational framework. At the core of this framework is a lean multi-actor approach to trials and use case development interacting with a set of multidisciplinary activities: (i) developing a common technical collaboration infrastructure, (ii) identifying value streams with user engagement, (iii) engaging the right partners and stakeholders at the right time supported by strategic project planning and dynamic management. The most important conclusion is that effective, successful and quick use of appropriate IT in agri-food requires that actors should not be analysed in isolation from both their technological and business environment. Another consequence is that a 'minimal viable ecosystem' only emerges after considerable time, resources and ingenuity is invested and may require outside (government) intervention. Results from this paper can be used both by public and private stakeholders to diagnose and improve digital innovation projects and develop viable, sustainable digital innovation ecosystems in agri-food. [Display omitted] • A data economy for food systems based on data spaces requires understanding and optimizing digital innovation ecosystems. • A conceptual framework is used to analyse the development of large digital innovation ecosystems in agri-food in Europe. • Lessons learnt are translated into design principles and approach to organize digital innovation ecosystems in agri-food. • The core is a lean multi-actor approach in use case development interacting with multidisciplinary activities. • The framework, design principles and approach can be used by stakeholders to foster viable digital innovation ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]