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• 11001 t of N, 68 t of P, and 73528 t of S were delivered in 2021. • Atmospheric deposition contributes 9% for N and 21% for P input to the Middle Route. • There were 988 t of N, 29 t of P and 2,540 t of S accumulated in the main channel. Nutrient levels in the artificial channel constructed for the Middle Route Project are significant indicators of water quality safety and aquatic ecological integrity for this large, inter-basin scheme. However, the distribution and transport of nutrients along the channel were poorly understood. Based on a time-series dataset as well as mass balance and material flow analysis methods, the water and nutrient transport fluxes in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project were identified in this study. The results indicate that the nutrient concentrations varied considerably with time, but there was no significant difference among the 30 stations of the main channel. Seasonal temperature difference was the major factor in the large fluctuations of water quality indicators over time. The nutrient loadings varied with the water volume outputs from the main channel to the water-receiving cities. Atmospheric deposition was an important source of nutrients in the main channel, accounting for 9.13%, 20.6%, and 0.635% of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur input from the Danjiangkou Reservoir, respectively. In 2021, a net accumulation of 988 tons of N, 29 tons of P, and 2,540 tons of S, respectively, were present in the main channel. The increase of these external and internal nutrient loadings would cause water quality fluctuation and deterioration in some local sections of the main channel. Our study quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of nutrient transport in the Middle Route and revealed the ecological effects on the aquatic environment, assisting authorities on the project to develop effective water conservation strategies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal ecosystems are complex and often support a broad spectrum of functions with competing objectives. In addition to their ecological value, they offer socio-economic benefits (i.e., ecosystem services) to coastal communities. One potential way to help address this complexity is to use decision support systems to help natural resources managers understand system dynamics and evaluate strategies to maintain the health and integrity of these ecosystems. This paper presents a roadmap and detailed application of co-production strategies where managers and researchers are fully engaged in a collaborative manner in the design of a decision support tool for coastal ecosystems. It also emphasizes the importance of capturing end-users' (i.e., natural resource managers) priorities to refine the conceptual design of the decision support tool, while maintaining a sound scientific and modeling framework. The case study presented here centers on the Northern Gulf of Mexico, but the concept can be exported globally to other systems. This effort highlights foundational co-production strategies, including transdisciplinary team assembly, a knowledge sharing workshop, Toolbox Dialogue Initiative workshops to facilitate working across disciplines, core team and focus group meetings, and design charrettes. Further, this paper articulates the benefits and difficulties of executing a co-production process through virtual collaborations. • Coastal ecosystem management by co-productive, interdisciplinary design methods. • Co-production design strategies for decision support systems. • Northern Gulf of Mexico natural resource management decision support tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling is a unique and cost-effective approach to predict the long-term impacts of climate change on infectious plant diseases and sustainability. Model predictions are hindered by a lack of evolutionary understanding of the individual and interactive impacts of climate change on plants, pathogens, and ecosystems. Climate change creates a series of intra- and inter-specific trade-offs that modulate the entire epidemiological process of infectious plant diseases. Climatic preferences of plants, pathogens, and their interactions evolve in response to change in local climatic conditions. Technological advances offer unprecedented opportunities to generate and integrate biological, ecological, and evolutionary knowledge in polytrophic models. Infectious plant diseases are a major threat to global agricultural productivity, economic development, and ecological integrity. There is widespread concern that these social and natural disasters caused by infectious plant diseases may escalate with climate change and computer modeling offers a unique opportunity to address this concern. Here, we analyze the intrinsic problems associated with current modeling strategies and highlight the need to integrate evolutionary principles into polytrophic, eco-evolutionary frameworks to improve predictions. We particularly discuss how evolutionary shifts in functional trade-offs, relative adaptability between plants and pathogens, ecosystems, and climate preferences induced by climate change may feedback to future plant disease epidemics and how technological advances can facilitate the generation and integration of this relevant knowledge for better modeling predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study encompasses 841 sampling records from 217 chinese lakes. • The trophic state of lakes was significantly related to the degree of human impact. • Human impact disrupted most relationships among environmental factors of the lakes. • Correlations between salinity and organic C/N were apparent in saline lake regions. • Human impact and environmental factor network can be indicators of lake status. Anthropogenic and natural disturbance to inland aquatic ecosystems displays a notable spatial difference, yet data to measure these differences are scarce. This study encompasses 217 lakes distributed over five lake regions of China and elucidates the environmental factors determining the spatial variability of the water quality and trophic status. A significant correlation between human modification index in surrounding terrestrial systems (HMT) and trophic status of lake ecosystems (TSI) was found, and the regression slope in each region was similar except in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. It was further noted that the pattern of environmental factor network (EF network) differed among freshwater and saline lakes. The EF network was complex for freshwater lakes in less human-influenced areas, but intensive man-made influence disrupted most relationships except for those between total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll- a , and water turbidity. As for regions including saline lakes, correlations among water salinity and organic forms of carbon and nitrogen were apparent. Our results suggest that HMT and EF network can be useful indicators of the ecological integrity of local lake ecosystems, and integrating spatial information on a large scale provides conservation planners the option for evaluating the potential risk on inland aquatic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reforestation activities such as tree planting are important management tools to offset carbon emissions and restore forest ecosystem integrity. Severe wildfire activity, a key driver of forest loss, is increasing throughout the western United States (US) and creating an immense backlog of areas needing reforestation. Major financial investments and recent policy changes are expected to accelerate rates of tree planting, yet the broad-scale impact and efficacy of post-fire planting activities remain poorly understood. We quantified the outcomes of recent (1987–2022) post-fire plantings in the US Interior West using remotely sensed estimates of forest cover change and in-situ survival records (69,245 seedlings) spanning 297 unique fire events. Overall, planted areas gained forest cover 25.7 % more rapidly than environmentally similar, unplanted sites in the same fires, and planted seedling survival averaged 79.5 % (SD = 23.2 %) after one growing season. However, the effects of planting were highly variable over time and across environmental gradients. Forest cover gain and planted seedling survival were typically highest in cold, wet areas and when planting was followed by wetter-than-average years. Planting season also shaped outcomes, with late summer or fall plantings performing best on warm, dry sites, and spring plantings performing best in cold, wet areas. Forest cover gain was fastest in planting units that burned at low to moderate severity and had > 20 % post-fire forest cover in the surrounding area. Nearly half of all plantings were completed in such areas, where natural regeneration processes are most likely to promote forest recovery even without intervention. Here, we demonstrate that tree planting can enhance post-fire forest recovery rates at broad scales, though its effects are dependent on a range of environmental and operational factors. Our results help inform realistic expectations of planting outcomes, an issue of global relevance as such projects expand to achieve restoration and climate mitigation goals. • Tree planting is commonly used to achieve restoration and climate mitigation goals • Areas with post-fire tree planting show 25.7 % faster rates of forest regrowth • Survival of planted seedlings averaged 79.5 % after one growing season • Forest regrowth and seedling survival varied widely across the Interior West • Outcomes of post-fire plantings are likely to differ across environmental gradients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and predicting the environmental impact of wastewater is essential for sustainable aquaculture. The environmental DNA metabarcoding-integrated supervised machine learning (SML) algorithm is an alternative method for ecological quality assessment and prediction. However, the ecological integrity of aquaculture wastewater and available effective input features for prediction remain unclear. Here, we used the multispecies biological integrity index (Ms-IBI) to provide a detailed categorization, identifying over half of the samples (53.85 %) as highly impacted, emphasizing the urgency to address ecological degradation; Ms-IBI emerged as a reliable label for SML models. By condensing 410 effective indicators and integrating 25 core operational taxonomic unit features with external stressors, an accuracy of 0.78 and R2 of 0.96 was achieved. Utilizing only external stressors yielded a comparably good performance with fewer input features, obtaining an accuracy of 0.74 and an R2 of 0.91. The integration of external stressors in this study highlights a practical predictive method that meets the ecological quality requirements of aquaculture wastewater, aiding the reversal of global ecological decline. [Display omitted] • Ecological quality of 53.85 % samples in aquaculture wastewater was highly impacted. • Human operations, water quality and pollutants altered aquaculture wastewater ecology. • Effective input features enhanced performance of aquaculture ecology prediction. • Predicting ecology by external stressors obtained an accuracy of 0.74 and R2 of 0.91. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandy beaches, essential components of coastal landscapes, are increasingly threatened by urbanization, resource extraction, and climate change, jeopardizing their ecological integrity and scenic value. This study assesses the health and scenic quality of 100 sandy beaches along the Uruguayan coast, influenced by the Ro de la Plata estuary, using the Coastal Scenery Evaluation System (CSES) and a dune integrity assessment as indicators of ecosystem health. The analysis identified urbanization as the primary driver of beach degradation, with the most urbanized beaches, particularly those in the inner and outer estuary macrozones, exhibiting the lowest scenic and ecological values. In contrast, beaches with greater dune integrity and lower human impact, especially those in the oceanic macrozone, demonstrated better scenic quality and ecological health. This study emphasizes the role of natural features, such as dunes and natural vegetation, in sustaining beach health, while stressing the urgent need for sustainable management practices to safeguard the ecological and cultural value of these fragile ecosystems. The findings offer critical insights for coastal governance, management, and conservation, advocating for the protection of less developed beaches and the restoration of degraded beaches through scientifically robust management plans. This approach also emphasizes the importance of inclusive decision-making, fostering active societal engagement to enhance long-term resilience and sustainability in areas threatened by coastal grabbing. • Scenic assessment of 100 beaches along the Uruguayan coast. • Lowest scenic values in highly urbanized estuarine beaches. • Higher dune integrity correlates with beach health and scenic quality. • Urbanization identified as the primary driver of beach degradation in Uruguay. • Urgent need for comprehensive beach management and conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for targeted restoration in regions where ecosystem integrity has become compromised is now widely recognised. Local community views, alongside those of other stakeholders, should be incorporated into transparent decision-making to ensure conservation/restoration activities are successful. We used a structured decision-making approach, working with stakeholders and local communities, to pose and answer the following question for Kenya's Central Highlands: " what future land-use options [2030] are feasible for the study region, which is most preferable, how does this vary between different stakeholder groups, and what values drive these preferences? ". We engaged with 51 individuals from six stakeholder groups (Big Farms , Conservationists , Counties , Forest Users , Pastoralists , Smallholders). As individuals, the stakeholders held significantly different values for provisioning, cultural, regulation and maintenance ecosystem services. However, following consensus-building activities within the six groups, shared values and perspectives emerged. The future land-use option of habitat conservation/restoration was preferred by the majority of stakeholder groups, although one (Big Farms) favoured increased plantation forestry. Water resource management was also prioritised consistently. By using structured decision-making, we demonstrate that ecosystem restoration is compatible with the views and values of smallholders and forest users, as well as those with a direct interest in conservation. Structured decision-making processes can facilitate stakeholders with disparate views to work towards a consensus regarding future land-use options, aiding environmental planning and implementation. • Ecosystem restoration is needed for biodiversity and ecosystem function recovery. • Structured decision-making is a transparent way to account for stakeholder values. • Individuals in Kenya's Central Highlands valued ecosystem services differently. • Water management and restoration emerged as priorities from consensus-building. • Structured decision-making helped those with disparate views reach near consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a commonly used quaternary ammonium compound in various products like antiseptics, cosmetics, and disinfectants, has raised concerns due to its potential to contaminate aquatic environments and subsequently affect the reproductive performance of the organisms within those ecosystems. The article underscores a critical concern regarding the impact of BAC on aquatic ecosystems, particularly its effect on fish reproductive quality, using medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model organism. Firstly, while measuring lethal dose of BAC in adult medaka, we observed a dose dependent mortality in BAC treated fish (100 and 200 ppm: 100%; 60 ppm: 51.7%; 30 ppm or less: no mortality at 24 h post treatment (hpt)) and calculated the LD 50 at 96 hpt as 39.291 ppm (95% confidence interval: 28.817–53.570 ppm). Further, we assessed the molecular, cellular and histological changes through long-term exposure. Enlarged sperm pockets and reduced spermatocyte were seen in BAC exposed testis while no significant structural changes were observed in the ovaries. Following BAC exposure, drastic alterations in the gene expression and cellular localization related to sex, estrogen signaling, and autophagy were also noted from gonads and liver. Subsequently, using a short-term exposure analysis, we confirmed the sex and time responsive transcriptional kinetics and found that BAC sequentially affected the gonadal somatic cells followed by germ cell differentiation. Finally, using reproductively competent male and female medaka, we conducted progeny production and performance analysis and depicted a drastic reduction in fecundity, and fertilization and hatching rate, indicating adverse effects of BAC on reproductive success. Cumulatively, these findings emphasize the consequences of widespread use of BAC on reproductive security of aquatic animals and highlights the need for further research to comprehend the potential harm posed by such compounds to aquatic animal health and ecosystem integrity. [Display omitted] • BAC exposure results in enlarged sperm pockets and altered testis histology. • BAC treatment alters sex and estrogen signaling related genes transcription. • BAC affects the autophagic gene expression in medaka. • Decline in hatching rate suggest detrimental effects of BAC on fish reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuarine systems often have degraded ecology and functioning due to the multiple interacting stressors that they face. While conventional management might address such a situation with narrow focus, ecosystem based management provides a more holistic and adaptive option allowing for multiple objectives and values. Such an approach has some commonality with that of the Indigenous Māori of New Zealand, who have holistic, interconnected and intergenerational aspirations. In this study we utilised Te-Rerenga-Parāoa, Whangārei Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand as a case study to explore how ecological and Māori knowledge systems and approaches may align to address complex multi-stressor and multi-value scenarios common to estuarine systems. To achieve this we co-developed a Bayesian network heuristic modelling tool which provided a probabilistic framework to consider the relationship between stressors and the outcome states for ecological function and cultural values. The process of model development itself was a rewarding exercise of joint learning. For example, this process illustrated that while western ecological values can focus on endpoints such as abundance, cultural values were more diverse, experiential in nature, with value often centred on a cultural practise being enabled, not just the ecological component the value was connected to. Once the model was developed we considered three specific scenarios relating to harbour dredging, environmental degradation from land use changes, and fishery extraction. Model predictions for these scenarios generally matched expectations, but were generic in nature and could therefore benefit from more specificity relating to aspects such as spatial scale and context around cultural interpretation. Overall, the model demonstrated generic utility as an interactive educational tool for resource managers considering the broader impacts (on ecology and cultural values) of major societal challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater-surface water interaction (hyporheic exchange) is critical in numerous hydrogeochemical processes; however, hyporheic exchange is difficult to characterize due to the various spatial (e.g., sedimentary architecture) and temporal (e.g., stage fluctuations) variables that influence it. This interdisciplinary study brings forth novel insights by integrating various methodologies including geophysical surveys, physical and chemical sediment characterization, and water chemistry analysis to explore the interplay of the numerous facets governing hyporheic zone processes within a compound bar deposit. The findings reveal distinct sedimentary facies and geochemical zones within the compound bar, driven by the sedimentary architecture. Cross-bar channel fills are identified as critical structures influencing hydrogeochemical dynamics, acting as baffles to groundwater flow and modulating nutrient transformations. Geophysical imaging and hydrogeochemical analyses highlight the complex interplay between sediment characteristics and subsurface hydraulic connectivity, emphasizing the role of sediment heterogeneity in controlling hyporheic exchange and solute mixing. The study concludes that sediment heterogeneity, particularly the presence of cross-bar channel fills, plays a pivotal role in the hydrogeochemical dynamics of the hyporheic zone. These structures significantly influence hyporheic flow paths, solute residence times, and nutrient cycling, underscoring the necessity to consider the fine-scale sedimentary architecture in models of hyporheic exchange. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of riverine ecosystem processes, offering insights that can inform management strategies for water quality and ecological integrity. • Physical and chemical sediment heterogeneity impacts hyporheic zone processes. • Geophysical methods allow for three-dimensional site characterization. • Hydrogeochemistry is driven by heterogeneous sedimentary architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We revised the soil erosion model for the karst peak cluster depression. • We established a model of supply-demand relationship for soil conservation in study area. • The overall trend of the supply-demand ratio for soil conservation shows a fluctuating increase. • Vegetation coverage is the main controlling factor for the supply-demand ratio of soil conservation. The karst peak-cluster depression basin in southwestern Guangxi, characterized by a fragile ecological environment and intensive human activities, is characterized by rocky desertification and ecological function degradation. This degradation not only impairs the region's ecological integrity but also limits its ecological and welfare benefits. Traditionally, the estimation of soil conservation service supply and demand in karst areas relies on internationally recognized models, which often exclude the critical factor of karst desertification. This omission introduces significant uncertainty in the assessment of soil supply and demand in karst terrains. To address this gap, our study employs an adapted revised universal soil loss equation model tailored for karst regions to conduct a quantitative analysis of the soil supply–demand relationship in southwestern Guangxi. We explore its spatiotemporal evolution and spatial matching characteristics utilizing geographic detectors to identify the driving factors influencing the ecological supply-to-demand ratio (ESDR). Our findings revealed the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the soil conservation supply–demand ratio in the study area showed a fluctuating upward trend, with an overall increase of approximately 63.29%. Specifically, there was a fluctuating increase from 2000 to 2008 and from 2013 to 2020, while a downward trend was observed from 2009 to 2012. (2) The predominant matching pattern of the soil conservation services in the research area was "low supply, low demand", which was primarily located in the southeastern part of southwestern Guangxi. (3) The supply–demand relationship of soil conservation services is significantly influenced by factors such as vegetation coverage, slope, soil type, and lithology, with each factor exhibiting a marked interactive effect on the ESDR. This study evaluates and reveals the supply–demand relationship and driving mechanisms of soil conservation services in the karst region of southwestern Guangxi, which contributes to the precise formulation of strategies for rocky desertification prevention and ecological restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation has impaired the capacity of urban rivers to provide ecosystem services. In the last decades, many river restoration projects have been carried out worldwide with the objective of recovering ecological integrity and the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services. In this paper we analyse the impact of the renaturalisation of the Manzanares river in Madrid, Spain, in the attractiveness of the surrounding green space for outdoor recreation. Two complementary mapping methodologies, ESTIMAP-recreation model and public participation geographical information systems (PPGIS), were used to analyse recreation potential and actual use. The results show that the renaturalisation of the river has improved ecological quality as well as recreational attractiveness, increasing the capacity to provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Both methodologies produce complementary results. The areas close to the river are those with the highest recreation potential. However, actual use is not only conditioned by recreation potential but also by proximity to the place of residence, accessibility, security, and other landscape characteristics that could not be captured by ESTIMAP model, such as sense of place. We conclude that even in highly modified urban rivers, renaturalisation with low-cost actions can highly improve the capacity to provide ecosystem services and recommend using complementary methodologies to capture the diversity of user preferences for outdoor recreation to design urban green spaces. • ESTIMAP model and PPGIS are complementary methodologies to map outdoor recreation. • Low-cost renaturalisation actions in urban rivers contribute to recreational attractiveness. • Recreation potential is defined by proximity to the river, biodiversity, vegetation and facilities. • Actual use depends on recreation potential but also on accessibility, security, beauty or sense of place. • Ecological quality can be improved as well as recreational attractiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant impacts of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) on riverine ecosystems underscores the critical need to identify the primary nutrient source areas in watersheds. This study aims to unravel the influences of terrain and land use types on mean monthly TN (TNM) and mean monthly TP (TPM) export across varying catchment resolutions in the Qiantang River Watershed of China. The findings of this study illuminated the critical role of topography in understanding nutrient dynamics, wielding a profound influence over water flow patterns and nutrient dispersion. Both land slope and Stream Power Index (SPI) displayed substantial negative correlations (r < −0.6) with TNM and TPM concentrations, whereas the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) showed positive correlations with the nutrient indexes. In addition to terrain characteristics, impervious land surfaces had a positive correlation with nutrient concentrations, while grassland and forest areas exhibited negative correlations. Results further underscored the substantial influence of catchment resolution on correlations between watershed properties and riverine nutrient concentrations. It was imperative to choose an effective catchment resolution in watershed delineation – not too coarse, nor too fine – to accurately capture the topographic and land use impacts on nutrient dynamics. With the most appropriate catchment size (Catchment 700 km2), the critical pollution source areas for TN and TP pollution were identified, and thus could be used to guide future pollution reduction efforts. The study not only highlights the importance of identifying an appropriate catchment size for water pollution, but also emphasizes the necessity of effectively extracting critical pollution source areas to mitigate water nutrient pollution and increase the ecological integrity of the Qiantang River Watershed. [Display omitted] • Both topography and land use significantly correlated with riverine nutrients. • The catchment resolutions shape the pollution source areas of nutrients. • Impervious lands were the most critical nutrient sources in the watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Introduce an EI-based framework for assessing regional-scale human impacts. • Identify major drivers of EI degradation at a regional scale. • Analyze the combined effects of major drivers and suppressors on EI patterns. • Provide strategies for mitigating human impacts within specific policy contexts. Various anthropogenic disturbances, such as urbanization, agricultural production, and infrastructure development, are contributing to global and regional ecosystem degradation. However, comprehensive quantitative assessment methods for evaluating regional-scale anthropogenic impacts remain insufficient. This study introduces a comprehensive assessment framework based on ecological integrity (EI) derived from the landscape condition model (LCM), combined with commonality analysis and other quantitative methods. This framework was applied to the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region in North China to assess the spatio-temporal variations and spatial aggregation of EI, identify the major drivers of EI degradation, and determine the formation mechanisms of resultant EI patterns. The anthropogenic impacts, as measured by EI, exhibit significant spatial and aggregation heterogeneity across functional zones. This heterogeneity, along with the observed temporal variations (2000–2022), is attributed to diverse anthropogenic disturbances within intricate biophysical and socioeconomic contexts. This framework can indirectly improve the R2 of multiple linear regression models related to EI by identifying grassland and cropland as suppressor variables to enhance the predictive capacity of other variables. Consequently, this framework enables decision-makers to accurately identify major drivers of EI degradation, such as road construction and urbanization, and understand the combined effects of major drivers and suppressor variables on the resultant EI patterns. Lastly, within specific policy contexts, this framework offers several management implications for mitigating anthropogenic threats to EI, including effectively regulating urbanization and restoring forest landscapes. This framework provides fundamental support for anthropogenic impact assessment and management strategy design at a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pressure-based cropland condition reflects patterns of relative bird species richness. • The proportion of semi-natural areas is the most important condition variable. • The proportion of maize is more important than average parcel size. • Model goodness and variable importance vary spatially. As the world is struggling to halt the rapid decline of biodiversity, the assessment and mapping of ecosystem condition is getting ever increasing attention. Croplands are artificial ecosystems, but as they occupy a large portion of land, they significantly influence biodiversity. Yet, there is a knowledge gap about their suitability to support and maintain wildlife on a national scale. Large-scale condition mapping is meant to address this gap; the good condition of croplands includes their ability to support biodiversity. However, the lack of suitable databases is often a challenge when creating such maps. As there is a strong causal relation between pressures on the ecosystem and its condition, pressure indicators can be used as proxies to approximate condition when more direct indicators are lacking. The validation of condition maps based on pressure proxies is a key but challenging step. In this study, we tested a previously designed pressure-based cropland condition map for Hungary using bird census data. Besides validating the composite condition indicator, we also tested some key elements of the mapping process, such as the choice of variables and thresholds. Using multiple comparisons of means by Tukey's contrast and Random Forest modelling, we examined the relationship of (1) the continuous pressure-based cropland condition variables, (2) their rescaled, ordinal version (called sub-indicators), and (3) the composite cropland condition indicator (sum of the sub-indicators) with a biodiversity measure, the standardised relative richness of characteristic farmland bird species (rRRCS). To get a picture of the spatial patterns of the examined relationships across Hungary, individual Random Forest models were constructed for all the spatial units of the bird census database, using focal analysis with a 30 km radius moving window. We found significant differences in the mean rRRCS for nearly all sub-indicator categories, signifying that the literature-derived thresholds were mostly sound. Categories with higher (better) condition scores had higher mean rRRCS; the differences are significant in the mid-range but not in the extreme categories, indicating a need for a meaningful simplification of the categories. The goodness-of-fit (R2) of the Random Forest models was found to be high, but it is spatially heterogeneous (ranged from 0.69 to 0.89, with a median value of 0.81), similarly to the variable importance. The proportion of semi-natural areas proved to be the most important condition variable. The proportion of maize and alfalfa were more important than parcel size. Our results show that condition maps based on pressure proxies can reflect patterns of biodiversity surprisingly well. They also highlight the spatial context dependence of the uncertainty of condition maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ecological stress is brought into the framework of ecosystem health assessment in karst area. • Landscape configuration and socio-economic factors are the main driving factors of ecosystem health pattern in karst regions. • The relationship between EHI and its driving factors in karst region is spatiotemporal heterogeneity at county scale. Accurately evaluating the degree of ecosystem health and comprehending its drivers are of crucial importance for ecosystem management and restoration in fragile ecoregions. Adopting an ecosystem stress perspective, this investigation scientifically diagnosed ecosystem health in Guizhou Province, a typical karst fragile ecological area, by developing a "Vigor-Organization-Resilience-Stress" (VORS) regional ecosystem health assessment framework. The principal driving factors and their spatio-temporal heterogeneity influencing ecosystem health in karst regions were investigated using geographic detectors and geographically and temporally weighted regression. Our findings indicated that: (1) The ecosystem health in Guizhou province presents a spatial distribution pattern of lower in the western region and higher in the eastern region, and the average ecosystem health index (EHI) in 2000, 2010 and 2020 is 0.194, 0.246 and 0.254 respectively, indicating that the overall ecosystem health level in Guizhou province has improved with the passage of time. (2) The spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem stress in Guizhou Province is substantial; the pressure associated with land use is projected to increase, whereas the intensity of stress attributed to rocky desertification and soil erosion is anticipated to diminish over time. (3) The primary determinants influencing the health of ecosystems in karst environments are the social and economic elements. These factors progressively amplify their effect on ecosystem health as time passes. The new assessment framework we have established includes ecosystem integrity and ecological threats faced by the ecosystem, which provides a new perspective for understanding the complex internal characteristics of karst areas and the coupling relationship between human and natural ecosystems. The results of this study can provide scientific reference for land use and ecological management policies in fragile ecological areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Understory herbaceous communities accounted for 51.2% of the total community species richness. • USHC species composition, diversity, biomass, and nutrient characteristics varied widely. • USHC was significantly influenced by topography and soil factors. • USHC species diversity was largely determined by altitude, soil water content, and total carbon content. Forest ecosystems, especially within biodiversity hotspots, heavily rely on the often-overlooked understory herbaceous communities (USHC) for their structural integrity and ecological functions. Because of their modest stature, these communities have garnered insufficient attention from researchers. Therefore, in this study attention is focused on USHC, which attempts to fill this research gap. To achieve this, we established 105 sample plots in 2022 within forest ecosystems situated in the biodiversity hotspot of southwest China. Our investigation unveiled a rich biodiversity tapestry, identifying 424 plant species from 108 families and 284 genera. Notable were the 217 herbaceous species identified in the understory layer, representing 67 families and 163 genera. These understory herbaceous species accounted for 51.2 % of the overall species count. Through a detailed analysis, the sample plots were categorized into eight distinct communities using a two-way indicator species analysis. These communities exhibited diverse variations in species composition, diversity, biomass, and nutrient characteristics. Notably, community I (Eucalyptus robusta Smith + Rubus corchorifolius L. f. + Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.), V (Camptotheca acuminata Decne + Rubus parkeri Hance + Iris tectorum Maxim), VIII (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco + Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. + Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito) stood out for their exceptional species diversity and productivity. Moreover, correlation analyses highlighted the substantial impact of topographic and soil factors on USHC. Altitude, soil water content, and total carbon content emerged as the primary determinants of species diversity. Biomass demonstrated close associations with total soil carbon and nitrogen. Furthermore, the nutrient characteristics displayed significant correlations with soil nutrient contents. These findings underscore the critical importance of prioritizing USHC attention in forest conservation and management strategies within biodiversity hotspots. The implications strongly advocate for the inclusion of these communities in planning and decision-making processes, emphasizing their pivotal role in maintaining structural and functional diversity in ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Peroxidase-mimicking crystalline colorimetric sensors were synthesized. • Sensors integrated dual active sites of polyoxoanions and coordination unsaturated Cu centers. • Sensors allowed sensitive colorimetric detection for phenol with low detection limit. • Sensors show high anti-interference ability and good applicability in real water samples. • Common phenolic species were well discriminated by using principal component analysis. Phenol and its derivatives represent a kind of significant hazards to both human health and the integrity of ecological systems. Exploring an efficient detection and discrimination approach for them is urgent. Herein, a kind of polyoxometalate-based peroxidase-mimicking crystalline colorimetric sensors were developed by integrating dual active sites of Keggin-type polyoxoanions and coordination unsaturated copper centers, for which the formulas are [Cu(dppeo) 3 ] 2 [Cu(dppeo) 2 (H 2 O)](dppeo) 0.75 [PMo 12 O 40 ] 2 ·9H 2 O (1), [Cu(dppeo) 2 (H 2 O)] 2 [SiW 12 O 40 ]·6H 2 O (2), [Cu(dppeo) 2 ] 3 [PW 12 O 40 ] 2 ·12H 2 O (3), (dppeo = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane dioxide). Structural analysis revealed that these compounds exhibit 0-D supramolecular architecture formed through the interplay of electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding interactions between Keggin-type polyoxoanions and dppeo-chelated copper-organic cationic fragments. Sensors 1 – 3 exhibit favorable peroxidase-mimicking catalytic activities, which expedite the reaction involving phenol, 4-aminoantipyrine and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), resulting in a pronounced color change for indicating the target concentration levels. These crystalline sensors responded linearly to phenol concentration within 0.01–1.0 mM, affording low detection limits of 1.19, 1.59 and 3.78 μM for 1 – 3. These sensors demonstrate exceptional anti-interference capabilities and exhibit excellent applicability in real water samples, ensuring high recovery rates. By incorporating a colorimetric array with principal component analysis, the sensors effectively discriminate between common phenolic compounds. This research presents an innovative methodology for the design of crystalline sensor materials, paving the way for the detection and differentiation of phenolic pollutants within environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water, a critical resource, confronts significant challenges with respect to its secure utilization and ecological integrity. 0.817 units of drinking water can be saved for every unit of recycled water used, emphasizing the global importance of wastewater recycling for economic and ecological benefits. In poultry production, water consumption per tonne of product varies from 6 to 30 m3, underscoring the significance of recycling livestock wastewater for sustainable development, agricultural efficiency, modernization, and climate change mitigation. The porous structure and surface functional groups of biochar make it a key medium for resource recovery. Utilizing biochar for livestock wastewater treatment can offer both economic and environmental advantages, as it can adsorb certain components from wastewater and transform them into valuable resources. However, there is currently no literature that provides a detailed description of the reuse forms of substances adsorbed and recovered by biochar from livestock wastewater. This paper reviews the utilization of biochar in the treatment of livestock wastewater, with a specific focus on swine wastewater (SW), and outlines future directions for research in the domain of biochar resource recovery. The objective of this review is to heighten awareness of the diverse potential applications of biochar for resource recovery from wastewater, thereby facilitating the further advancement and demonstration of pertinent wastewater treatment technologies. [Display omitted] • Biomagnification heightens the health risks from livestock wastewater. • Biochar needs to be modified to enhance its adsorption properties. • Recycling nutrients from livestock wastewater aids sustainable agricultural progress. • Future research directions for the resource recovery potential of biochar are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakes and reservoirs provide important ecosystem services that support human welfare and socio-economic activities. However, in many world regions, the ecological integrity of lakes and reservoirs is threatened by human perturbations and climate change. The Secchi disk depth (SDD) is a widely-used proxy representing the trophic status of lakes and reservoirs and can be retrieved from remote sensing data. Despite their potential for large-scale (regional, global) and long-term lake and reservoir water clarity assessment, the transferability of remote sensing-based models has been a major limitation. In this study, we assembled in situ SDD in lakes and reservoirs across North America (NA) from five different sources. We identified a subset of 3235 samples collected within ±7 days of a Landsat satellite overpass. Relationships between various spectral index models calculated from Landsat top-of-atmosphere reflectance and in situ SDD were analyzed. A model based on Landsat blue/green plus blue/red ratios (denoted as RGRB) was selected to retrieve the SDD of all NA lakes and reservoirs. The RGRB model performed well during calibration (R2 = 0.81) and validation (R2 = 0.78, MAPE = 30.85 %). This model also exhibited stable and reliable performances regardless of the Landsat sensors (TM, ETM+, and OLI), despite spectral configuration differences among these sensors. RGRB was implemented to generate SDD maps for all lakes and reservoirs (water surface area ≥1 ha) across NA in 2019. More than 2.9 million lakes and reservoirs were mapped with Landsat OLI images, resulting in an average SDD of 3.84 ± 1.77 m. A strong positive relationship between average SDD and log-transformed water surface area (R2 = 0.80, p < 0.001) indicated that large lakes and reservoirs tend to be more transparent than small ones. Latitudinal variations were found in the water clarity gradient, with maximum SDD recorded at the 35°N–60°N latitude and lower SDD at the 10°N–30°N latitude. This model can be implemented using the Google Earth Engine platform to derive SDD for NA lakes and reservoirs at annual or even seasonal time steps to assess water eutrophication variation in both time and space at the continental scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing plant diversity is often suggested as a way of overcoming some of the challenges faced by managers of intensive pasture systems, but it is unclear how to design the most suitable plant mixtures. Using innovative design theory, we identify two conceptual shifts that foster potentially beneficial design approaches. Firstly, reframing the goal of mixture design to supporting ecological integrity, rather than delivering lists of desired outcomes, leads to flexible design approaches that support context-specific solutions that should operate within identifiable ecological limits. Secondly, embracing, rather than minimising uncertainty in performance leads to adaptive approaches that could enhance current and future benefits of diversifying pasture. These two fundamental shifts could therefore accelerate the successful redesign of intensive pastures. Managers of intensive pastoral systems face significant environmental and socioeconomic challenges, including a need to minimise adverse environmental impacts and maximise adaptation to climate change. Increasing plant biodiversity is often suggested as a mechanism to help meet these challenges, but it is unclear how best to design suitable mixtures. The most common current design approach relies on deterministic relationships of species to desired outcomes. This may limit capacity to cope with the high complexity and uncertainty associated with diverse mixtures on-farm, and therefore may not on its own fully realise the potential gains from diversifying pasture. Combining ecological theory with innovative design principles opens up complementary design approaches that could contribute to faster, more successful, transformation of pastoral systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the significant and potential fatal implications of glyphosate (GLY) residues on human health and the integrity of ecosystems, their presence has garnered substantial global concern and scrutiny. Herein, we introduced a pioneering colorimetric sensing platform, the first of its kind, based on ternary metal-organic frameworks (ZnCo-ZIFs@MIL-101(Fe)). This innovative platform enabled ultra-sensitive, affordable, portable and rapid on-site detection of GLY. This platform achieved a wider linear range for GLY of 0.02–40 μg/mL with an exhibiting remarkable detection limit of 1 ng/mL, which was attributed to the electronic hybridization of the Fe3+, Co2+, and Zn2+ metal centers of ZnCo-ZIFs@MIL-101(Fe), significantly enhancing the composite's catalytic performance. The assay was successfully employed to detect GLY in food and herb samples. Moreover, to meet the demand of in-field detection for GLY, a smartphone detection method based on ZnCo-ZIFs@MIL-101(Fe) with visual, intelligent, and portable features was fabricated. This detection concentration range of GLY was 0–1 μg/mL, and the limit of smartphone detection was 23 ng/mL. Furthermore, this sensor seamlessly integrated with smartphones and paper-based microfluidic chips (μPADs), which constructed a portable test strips-smartphone sensing platform for facilitating real-time and on-site visual quantitative detection of GLY. The detection concentration range was 0–1 μg/mL, and the limit was calculated as low as 75 ng/mL. The assay was highly adaptable in practical applications. In summary, our study paved a novel pathway for the design and utilization of multi-metal MOF nanozymes in on-site pesticide monitoring. • A pioneering colorimetric sensing platform of glyphosate is reported for the first time. • A new color recognition application (APP) "Pesticide Detection" installed on the smartphone is developed. • The color recognition application can correlate RGB with target concentrations. • The sensor integrated with smartphones and paper-based microfluidic chips (μPADs) for onsite detection. • Triple-model (colorimetric/smartphone/μPADs) detection of glyphosate in real samples has been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater ecosystems are subject to multiple human stressors, which can make them more susceptible to invasions. Even protected areas established to safeguard freshwater wetlands can be vulnerable to invasions, particularly when they include disturbed environments such as rice fields, which function as colonization pathways for invasive aquatic organisms. In this study, we compared the microcrustacean communities across three habitat types (rice fields, marshes and limnocrenes) in two protected Mediterranean wetlands during summer and winter seasons, using PERMANOVA, dbRDA and indicator value analyses. We studied the species diversity (alpha and gamma), composition and frequency of microcrustaceans, focusing on invasive taxa. We found 92 microcrustacean species, 16 of which were considered invasive. Although we expected higher microcrustacean diversity in marshes and limnocrenes than in rice fields due to human impact, the latter stood out as more diverse than less disturbed habitats. Invasive species played a significant role in accounting for microcrustacean diversity, and they were present across all habitats, in similar proportions. Species composition remained relatively stable between winter sampling campaigns but varied in summer and among habitats. Although more invasive species were selected as indicators of rice fields, their presence in less disturbed environments challenged expectations. Despite the absence of seasonal and habitat differences in the proportion of invasive species found, our study underscored the potential of rice fields as invasion pathways for protected wetlands and the capacity of invasive species to colonize less impacted environments. Addressing microcrustacean invasions is crucial for wetland conservation and ecosystem function, even if their ecological impacts are not fully understood. Integrated management strategies should focus on prevention and early detection to safeguard native species persistence and the ecosystem integrity of protected wetlands. [Display omitted] • Among marsh, limnocrene, and rice field, the latter had the highest microcrustacean species richness and gamma diversity. • Environmental variables varied between summer and winter in rice fields and marshes, whereas limnocrenes exhibited no distinct seasonality. • Microcrustacean species composition differed among seasons and habitats. • Invasive species were found in the three habitats, but were more often indicators for rice fields then for marshes, and never for limnocrenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thirty-three TPs of neonicotinoids were identified and detected in MWWTPs. • Over half of neonicotinoids and their TPs exhibited high persistence and mobility. • Two neonicotinoids exceeded their ecological quality reference values in effluents. • Twelve TPs had a higher regulatory priority than the corresponding neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) are frequently used for urban landscape management and vector control, and undergo various transformation processes when release into urban environments. The discharges of NEOs and their transformation products (TPs) from urban sewer networks may pose serious threats to freshwater ecosystem integrity. However, TPs of NEOs present in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) and their associated risks to aquatic organisms are largely unknown. Here, we investigate NEOs and their TPs in 28 MWWTPs of six Chinese cities. Eleven NEOs and 33 TPs were identified, and 17 TPs were firstly detected in environmental medium. Considerable concentrations of NEOs and their TPs (17.0–1543 ng/L) were measured in the effluents, and two NEOs exceeded the ecological quality reference values in 32.1 % (for clothianidin) and 78.6 % (for imidacloprid) of the effluents. Simultaneously, 12 TPs had a higher regulatory priority than the corresponding NEOs in at least one aquatic organism using a toxicological priority index. Furthermore, 79.5 % of NEOs and their TPs exhibited high persistence and mobility, and thus these compounds could readily spread over long distances in aquatic environment. This study highlights that the input of NEOs and their TPs from treated wastewater into aquatic ecosystem should be regulated to mitigate the ecological risks. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers have historically been simplified to facilitate navigation, transportation, and water flow management. A shift towards naturalizing river channels and incorporating principles of fluvial geomorphology and ecology have progressed with variations in restoration approaches but channel design remains largely driven by conventional stabilization methods, particularly in urbanized watersheds. These approaches simplify channel morphology to accommodate changes in flow and sediment regimes induced by catchment-scale urbanization and have led to calls for more process-based solutions to enhance the natural dynamics of geomorphic riverscape design and improve ecological integrity. To understand the effects of restoration design on channel morphological variety, we take advantage of high-resolution digital elevation models to evaluate 28 real-world river restoration design projects of various types by applying the Geomorphic Form Variation (GFV) approach to quantify surface-form complexity differences. Pre-existing and designed river channels were evaluated and changes in surface-form variety associated with restoration design methods and project types were measured. Project cases were categorized as 1) stabilization, 2) full channel realignment, and 3) habitat enhancement types and GFV values were illustrated with hotspot cluster maps for comparative assessment. Stabilization project cases showed decreased GFV values resulting from simplified morphological features, planform channel shape, and floodplain surface topographies. Full channel realignment cases largely showed greater complexity resulting from increased sinuosity and added floodplain topographic variation while habitat enhancement cases conclusively increased GFV values with irregular in-channel bed forms and floodplain connectivity components such as multi-thread channel patterns. We demonstrate how GFV can serve as a valuable tool in assessing restoration design and construction outcomes and guiding the planning process towards enhancing geomorphic variety and habitat heterogeneity. This approach can point to nature-based channel design solutions that improve geomorphic complexity as a measure of natural morphology conditions where conventional stability methods may fall short in addressing geomorphic and ecological concerns. • A new metric for evaluating channel design methods and geomorphic complexity • River design assessed by Geomorphic Form Variation (GFV) of 28 projects • Reduced (GFV) complexity common in stabilization design of channel simplification • Increased (GFV) complexity in habitat enhancement projects of irregular riverscapes • GFV can provide useful components of channel design assessment and planning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are crucial ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. L'Albufera Natural Park, the second-largest coastal wetland in Spain, faces significant pressures from surrounding agricultural lands, industrial activities, human settlements, and associated infrastructures, including treated wastewater inputs. This study aimed at (i) establishing pathways of emerging pollutants entering the natural wetland using both target and non-target screening (NTS) for management purposes, (ii) distinguishing specific contamination hotspots through Geographic Information System (GIS) and (iii) performing basic ecological risk assessment to evaluate ecosystem health. Two sampling campaigns were conducted in the spring and summer of 2019, coinciding with the start and end of the rice cultivation season, the region's primary agricultural activity. Each campaign involved the collection of 51 samples. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was employed, using a simultaneous NTS approach with optimized gradients for pesticides and moderately polar compounds, along with complementary NTS methods for polar compounds, to identify additional contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Quantitative analysis revealed that fungicides comprised a substantial portion of detected CECs, constituting approximately 50% of the total quantified pesticides. Tebuconazole emerged as the predominant fungicide, with the highest mean concentration (>16.9 μg L−1), followed by azoxystrobin and tricyclazole. NTS tentatively identified 16 pesticides, 43 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 24 industrial compounds, and 12 other CECs with high confidence levels. Spatial distribution analysis demonstrated significant contamination predominantly in the southwestern region of the park, gradually diminishing towards the north-eastern outlet. The composition of contaminants varied between water and sediment samples, with pharmaceuticals predominating in water and industrial compounds in sediments. Risk assessment, evaluated through risk quotient calculations based on parent compound concentrations, revealed a decreasing trend towards the outlet, suggesting wetland degradation capacity. However, significant risk levels persist throughout much of the Natural Park, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation measures to safeguard the integrity of this vital ecosystem. [Display omitted] • L'Albufera Natural Park is polluted by more than 159 synthetic organic substances. • Fungicides are the key pollutants in water and sediments both by target analysis and NTS. • Pharmaceuticals in water and industrial products in sediments are the other major pollutants by NTS. • Assessment only of target compounds showed important ecological risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spatial-temporal distribution and the drivers of water conservation in plateau lakeside city. • High response relationship between water conservation and drought events. • The development of plateau lakeside city can be balanced with water conservation. Urban progression influences water conservation by altering surface characteristics and local climate regimes, potentially posing significant risks to water sustainability and ecological integrity. Since 2015, the Chinese government has championed a new development philosophy aimed at promoting harmonious coexistence between human and nature. Based on the green connotation of the new development philosophy, this study simulated the spatial and temporal distribution of water conservation in five plateau lakeside cities (Plateau Lakeside City-PLC: Dianchi Lake Basin-DCB, Fuxian Lake Basin-FXB, Erhai Lake Basin-EHB, Qilu Lake Basin-QLB and Xingyun Lake Basin-XYB), established a comprehensive framework of indicators affecting water conservation, and quantified the changes in the drivers of water conservation. The results indicated that, except for DCB, the spatial distribution of water conservation in PLC exhibits similarity, but overall demonstrates a declining trend over time. The average importance of the factors in the PLC was weighed using Geodetector's q value. The most critical factors affecting water conservation in PLC included climate change (precipitation: q_ PRE =0.66; evaporation: q_ ET =0.57) and land cover (q_ LC =0.45). In addition, the topography (slope: q_ SLOPE =0.39; elevation: q_ DEM =0.43), vegetation coverage (q_ NDVI =0.30), and soil (plant available water content: q_ PAWC =0.38; root restricting layer depth: q_ ROOT =0.18) were influential factors followed climate change and land cover. Among the social factors, population density (q_ POP =0.37) has a small impact on water conservation, while economic activities and human-related land activities (q_ CROP ,q_ NTL, and q_ CITY are all less than 0.1) do not show a significant impact, due to the government's implementation of the new development philosophy, which balances development and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Functional traits determine the ecosystem's service delivery potential. • This study uses a trait-based approach for Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem services. • Key traits: plant height, specific leaf area, and root length. • Ecosystem service delivery potential is higher in low saline zone, stable over time. • Findings aid in conservation strategies and sustainable mangrove management. An ecosystem's potential to deliver goods and services, primarily determined by the functional traits of the species, is crucial for assessing its health and conservation value. This study uses a trait-based approach to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation in the ecosystem services delivery potentials (ESDPs) of the Sundarbans mangrove. We analyzed abundance data from 81 permanent sample plots (PSPs), spread over different saline zones, collected between 1986 and 2014, paired with species-specific plant functional traits. Seventeen traits were examined, with species-level data sourced from secondary literature, linking traits to ecosystem services. Study revealed that plant height, specific leaf area, and root length are key traits for assessing ESDPs. The Sundarbans' ESDPs varied spatially across different saline zones but remained stable over time. Notably, ESDPs were significantly higher in low saline zones compared to ESDPs in high saline zones. This spatial variation is partly explained by differences in plant species composition among saline zones and the relatively stable species composition over time. Results from mixed effect models showed that PSP as a random factor for all four models is attributed to the nested effect. The study highlights the value of functional traits in ecosystem service assessments, providing a robust method to predict how changes in biodiversity and environmental conditions affect service delivery. The observed trend of decreasing ESDPs with increasing salinity offers insights into the potential impacts of sea-level rise on mangrove forest functions. These findings are essential for developing conservation strategies and policies to preserve the Sundarbans' ecological integrity and support local livelihoods. This research advocates for a trait-based framework as a critical tool for the sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We identify how changes in Canada's CEA policy landscape impact CEA research. • We analyzed and compared Canada's 2012 CEA and 2019 IAA policies and guidelines. • We systematically review CEA research in Canada's forest ecosystem. • We found few research considered indigenous and public engagement. • We recommend training to provide researchers with the tools for comprehensive CEA. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA), as a subset of environmental impact assessment, has been used over the past half-century to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic and natural processes on the integrity of forest ecosystems. In 2019, the Canadian federal government launched the Impact Assessment Act (IAA) and the Practitioner's Guide to Federal Impact Assessment to replace the 2012 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) and the Practitioner's Guide. The new act emphasizes, among other issues, the need for CEA research to actively engage Indigenous communities and the public and apply a gender-based analysis (GBA) plus framework in their assessment. This paper aims to identify how cumulative effects research in Canadian forestry has progressed over time and how it aligns with federal government guidelines under the Impact Assessment Act of 2019. Through a systematic review of CEA research in Canada since 1992 and a document analysis, we examine the conduct of CEA research and compare the 2012 CEAA and the 2019 IAA and their respective practitioners' guides to identify key similarities and differences and establish the influence of the 2019 IAA on CEA research. This accounts for how adaptive CEA research in Canada is to the changing landscape, specifically in measuring and addressing the impacts of disturbances on different interest groups. While much of CEA research followed the impact identification and reporting requirements of the 2012 CEAA and 2019 IAA, few research projects, particularly those written after 2019, paid much attention to Indigenous and public participation, while none considered GBA Plus in their analysis. This is despite the availability of GBA Plus, Indigenous, and public engagement guidelines and resources identified in the 2019 practitioners guide. We recommend active engagement between federal regulatory agencies and industry to ensure that industry and researchers have the proper training and resources to facilitate more meaningful consideration and integration of GBA Plus, including Indigenous and public engagement processes in their CEA research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Isotopic diversity metrics were useful in describing the structure of the food web. • Isotopic similarity metrics described resource use in spatial–temporal context. • Spatial patterns in food webs were more evident than seasonal patterns. • Seasonal patterns were only evident at site with the highest food web complexity. • Isotopic and diversity metrics allowed to assess integrity of estuarine ecosystems. Threatened benthic ecosystems need urgent tools for effective bioassessment and relevant management. EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) obligates member states to achieve GES (Good Environmental Status) for 11 descriptors of environmental state (MSFD; 2008/56/EC). From all of the descriptors, D4 that focuses on Food Webs is the most functional-oriented indicator, but also the most challenging to implement due to our limited knowledge on benthic interactions. Particularly, it is still unclear how spatially and temporally regulated abiotic variables determine the entire benthic food webs, and which benthic food web attributes best respond to these spatially and temporally derived environmental variations. To fill this gap, we measured the natural isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of macrobenthic organisms and their food sources and build twelve food web topologies across three distinct sites (Navigator, Gambia, Tróia) in summer and winter during two consecutive years. To assess these food web topologies, we applied isotopic metrics, further integrated with univariate and multivariate analysis to find food web-based indicators that best respond to these spatial and temporal variability. We found clear spatial patterns associated to an increase in primary production and quantity and quality of organic matter (OM). Sites with higher organic load and less quality OM (Navigator and Gambia) had simpler food webs, likely associated to high abundance of opportunistic meiobenthic species. Site located inside protected area (Tróia) with high quality OM had the most complex food web characterized by high diversity of specialist consumers that used more efficiently available resources. Similarity metrics were valuable complementary tool that helped to further disentangle the causes of spatial variability, in this case distinguishing between two food webs (Navigator and Gambia) that had similar structures but different resource utilization. The temporal patterns were not so evident than the spatial patterns, although significant differences were reported between sampling occasions for the same metrics (maximum trophic position and the percentage of carnivores and omnivores, p < 0.05). The most complex Tróiás food web demonstrated greater responsiveness in capturing temporal differences in resource use, suggesting that more complex food webs are better equipped to reflect temporal variability. The integration of isotopic metrics complemented with multivariate and univariate analyses proved to be an important tool for the analysis of different aspects of the benthic food web complexity in a spatial–temporal context providing a promising approach to assess the functional integrity of the estuarine ecosystems, especially in the context of the descriptor 4 within MSFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of fluoride ions (F−) in photovoltaic (PV) wastewater significantly affects the integrity of the ecological environment. In contrast to direct current electrocoagulation (DC-EC), positive single-pulse electrocoagulation (PSPC-EC) shows a significant reduction in both the formation of passivation films on electrodes and the consumption of electrical energy. Under the experimental conditions of an Al–Al–Al–Al electrode combination, an electrode spacing of 1.0 cm, a NaCl concentration of 0.05 mol L−1, an initial pH of 5.6, an initial F− concentration of 5 mg L−1, a current density of 5 A m−2, a pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and a 40 % duty cycle, the achieved equilibrium F− removal efficiencies were 84.0 % for DC-EC and 88.0 % for PSPC-EC, respectively, accompanied by power consumption of 0.0198 kWh·mg−1 and 0.0073 kWh·mg−1. The flocs produced in the PSPC-EC process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it is revealed that the F− removal mechanisms in the PSPC-EC process include co-precipitation, hydrogen bond complexation, and ion exchange. When the actual PV wastewater was finally subjected to treatment under the optimal PSPC-EC conditions, the F− concentration in the wastewater was reduced from 4.6 mg L−1 to 1.4 mg L−1. This paper provides both a theoretical framework and a technological basis for the application of PSPC-EC in the advanced treatment of PV wastewater. [Display omitted] • F− from photovoltaic wastewater were removed using PSPC-EC. • The energy consumption of PSPC-EC is significantly lower than that of DC-EC. • The mechanism of PSPC-EC to improve F− removal efficiency was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the vulnerability of natural heritage in the Northeast Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA), from the perspective of intrinsic vulnerability. Therefore, two proxy indicators of vulnerability were established: (i) the ecological integrity vulnerability index (EIVI), indicating the potential loss of ecological integrity, assessed by protection status (2018); (ii) the biological diversity vulnerability index (BVI), deriving the potential loss of biological diversity, using land cover/land use (2014). Biodiversity values were derived with land cover-related biodiversity data, and (iii) and compared with spatial congruence/correlation between (i) and (ii). The EIVI was directly derived using protection status, which defines vulnerability levels by ranking them according to corresponding levels of anthropic development allowance. A robust relationship between land use classes and species richness was found for both endemic vascular plants in neotropical regions and multi-taxa in tropical forests worldwide, validating the BVI. Furthermore, the moderate spatial correlation between protection status and land cover (r = 0.52) may be partially explained by 3,060 km2 of unprotected primary forest. Overall, 42 % of the NEA have a high degree of congruence between potential biodiversity and protection status. In conclusion, this study provides insights into nature conservation efforts in areas with sparse biodiversity data using readily available geographic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political boundaries often do not coincide with ecological boundaries, and it is common for the same physical geographical unit to span multiple countries. Exploring establishing transboundary protected areas and ecological networks can effectively protect the integrity of natural ecosystems separated by political boundaries. Based on the integrated evaluation of ecosystem services function, ecological vulnerability, and ecosystem integrity, this study explored a methodological system for evaluating ecological protection priority areas in transboundary areas and selected the Altai Mountains, which span four countries, contain China, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia, as a typical case to conduct empirical research. The study found that the extremely important areas of ecosystem services function, ecological vulnerability, and ecosystem integrity showed transboundary contiguous characteristics. Furthermore, weighted overlay analysis identified the spatial distribution pattern of ecological protection priority areas in the Altai Mountains. We suggested establishing transboundary protected areas in the four countries' transboundary areas, building the identified ecological protection priority areas and existing protected areas into a transboundary protected area network, and deepening a multi-party transboundary protection cooperation mechanism. This study can provide a theoretical and practical reference to achieve the 2030 biodiversity conservation goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of aquatic species results from the complex interplay of biotic and abiotic variables, anthropogenic impacts, and scale effects. Using the results of a large-scale fish monitoring survey, we fitted a spatially-explicit Bayesian model to compare a series of a priori models for predicting the occurrence of the Spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus), a small freshwater cyprinid fish of conservation concern. The best-fitting model identified an important effect of river basin, flow disruption, and the number of other fish taxa as predictors. Among major river basins, sampling locations in the Vistula Basin were the most likely to support Spirlin, a possible outcome of postglacial colonisation events and less anthropogenic habitat change. The negative association between flow disruption, comprising engineering schemes for flow regulation, river fragmentation caused by obstacles such as dams, and changes to flow due to water abstraction, reflected the Spirlin's requirements for relatively pristine ecological conditions, including flow heterogeneity and access to coarse substrates for spawning. Similarly, a positive association between the occurrence of Spirlin and fish species richness demonstrates the association of this species with aquatic habitats of high ecological integrity. These findings implicate river fragmentation and changes to flow regime as predictors of river habitat integrity and lend support to the proposition that the Spirlin can function as an indicator species for the monitoring and maintenance of the ecological health of river habitats across Europe. Model predictions also point towards the removal of measures that disrupt river flow, combined with restoration of a coarse benthic substrate, as approaches to mitigate declines in populations of Spirlin across Europe. • National monitoring programmes can shed light on species distributions. • Using a Bayesian approach, we modelled the occurrence of the endangered spirlin. • Spirlin proved to be a sensitive indicator of human-mediated disturbance to rivers. • Supporting heterogeneous river environments represents a key management goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological carbon sinks play a crucial role in global carbon cycling and climate mitigation, making their effective management essential. This study develops a novel risk zoning and multifactor analysis framework for ecological carbon sink management in Yunnan Province, China, a region recognized for its ecological diversity and carbon sequestration potential. Our results reveal that high-priority ecological carbon sink zones, mainly in the southwest and western regions, cover 20% of the total area and contain over 60% of the province's carbon stocks. In contrast, high-risk zones, primarily in urbanized regions, show a reduction in carbon sequestration, with emissions exceeding 25.7 million kg due to urban development and landscape degradation. The analysis delineated five distinct risk zones; urgent intervention zones, risk control zones, priority restoration zones, long-term conservation zones, and integrated management zones. Notably, urgent intervention and priority restoration zones, while representing just 9.6% of the area, are critical for protecting over 40% of the carbon sequestration potential. The comprehensive risk zoning framework, combining principal component and canonical correspondence analysis (PCA-CCA), effectively integrates landscape indicators, socio-economic factors, and natural elements. Our innovative, data-driven approach offers strategic insights into managing carbon sinks while balancing ecological integrity and socioeconomic needs, providing a replicable model for ecosystem management. The framework presented in this paper. [Display omitted] • Created a zoning framework combining carbon sink priorities with landscape risks for precise ecological risk management. • Established a zoning matrix for differentiated strategies to enhance carbon sink conservation and mitigate ecological risks. • Integrated PCA and CCA for assessing ecological carbon sinks, revealing impacts from landscape and socio-economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algal blooms represent a pivotal ecological phenomenon in marine ecosystems, exerting significant influence on energy transfer, material cycling, and ecological structure and function. The frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) directly jeopardizes ecosystem integrity, compromises food safety, and challenges the sustainability of food supply, thereby affecting socio-economic development and human well-being. In recent decades, technological advancements in in-situ monitoring and remote sensing have greatly improved our capacity to monitor the oceans, providing unparalleled opportunities for not only the detection of algal blooms but also their dynamic processes and mechanisms. However, monitoring programmes are not always capable of covering the temporal and spatial scale of algal blooms, especially in open water ecosystems. Therefore, it remains essential to utilize models for interpreting observational results. In this review, we evaluated recent studies on models of algal blooms, which can be categorized into three main types: conceptual models, empirical-statistical models (from simple machine learning models to state-of-the-art deep learning models), and mechanistic models (process-based models). We reviewed the development and refinement of representative cases for each model type and compared their applicability, strengths, and limitations. Subsequently, we summarized the applications of these models in exploring algal bloom dynamics, short-term forecasting (a few days to seasonal), and long-term predictions (interannual or longer). We also proposed several recommendations for how algal bloom modeling can move forward: 1) Integrate various automated monitoring platforms and remote sensing techniques to obtain more comprehensive data for model validation; 2) Develop more powerful deep learning models to fully exploit their immense potential in algal bloom prediction; and 3) Incorporate molecular ecology and omics technologies to enhance parameterization schemes for numerical models. [Display omitted] • This review assesses the progress and application of conceptual, empirical, and mechanistic models in algal blooms. • Conceptual models serve as simplified frameworks for understanding the formation and dynamics of algal blooms. • Machine learning and deep learning models significantly improve the accuracy and timeliness of algal bloom prediction. • Mechanistic models reveal a wide range of physical and ecological dynamics of algal blooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of considering ecological connectivity in the design of marine protected areas (MPAs) and ecologically coherent networks of protected areas across coasts and oceans has risen in prominence with the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. This short communication highlights key messages emerging from a specialist conference session on marine connectivity by members of the IUCN-WCPA Marine Connectivity Working Group at the Fifth International Marine Protected Areas Congress (IMPAC5) in Vancouver in 2023. We consider the importance of spatial and temporal scale, knowledge and data gaps and some of the technological and scientific advances that are generating insights into species movements that can inform the ecologically meaningful design of protected areas for effective conservation of ecosystem integrity, biodiversity and the flow of ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global increase in electronic waste (e-waste) has led to a rise in informal recycling, emitting hazardous heavy metals (HMs) that threaten human health and ecosystems. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of HM levels in dry deposition and soils at proximity of forty (40) informal e-waste recycling sites across Pakistan, between September 2020 to December 2021. Findings reveal that Zn (1410), Pb (410) and Mn (231) exhibited the higher mean deposition fluxes (μg/m2.day), derived from air samples, particularly in Karachi. Similarly, soils showed higher mean concentrations (μg/g dw) of Mn (477), Cu (514) and Pb (172) in Faisalabad, Lahore, and Karachi, respectively. HMs concentrations were found higher in winter or autumn and lower in summer. In addition, HM levels were significantly (p = 0.05) higher at recycling sites compared to background sites year-round, highlighting the e-waste recycling operations as the major source of their emissions. The I geo index indicated moderate to extremely contaminated levels of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni in Karachi, Lahore and Gujranwala. Ingestion was found as a leading human exposure route, followed by dermal and inhalation exposure, with Pb posing the greatest health risk. The Cumulative Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model suggested moderate to low cancer risks for workers. Strategic interventions recommend mitigating health and environmental risks, prioritizing human health and ecosystem integrity in Pakistan's e-waste management. [Display omitted] • Informal e-waste recycling in Pakistan emits Zn, Mn, Pb, harming health/ecosystems. • Heavy metal concentration in air and soil for Karachi were the highest and warrant further attention. • Heavy metals in air exhibited seasonality and peaked in autumn/winter. • High human exposure estimates for Pb highlight the need for improved e-waste management in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical gap in understanding emerging pollutants in mangrove ecosystems should be addressed. Despite their ecological importance, the state of environmental quality in fragmented mangrove patches, especially emerging contaminants, remains largely uncharted. Our research presented an in-depth analysis of the distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) across porewater, suspended particles, and sediment in these small, fragmented mangroves, revealing the mechanisms behind their distribution. The findings indicated that PFAA concentrations in sediments were generally lower than in suspended particles, except for C12–C14 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and C4–C6 perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). A comparison of contamination levels in different mangrove patches concurred with conventional water quality assessments and crab burrow surveys, showing that large artificially planted patches were less contaminated, while areas with intense human activity were more polluted. Notably, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of long-chain PFAAs and PFCAs between patches (p > 0.1). Elevated crab burrowing activity and higher concentrations of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in suspended particles in low intertidal zones suggested that seafood, particularly crabs and shellfish, might be at risk of PFAA pollution. Rainfall-runoff was identified as the primary source of PFAA pollution in porewater and suspended particle systems in these areas. The transport of PFAAs and organic carbon in mangroves was influenced by the concentrations and properties of suspended particles. These insights were critical for developing targeted environmental management strategies to mitigate the impact of PFAAs and preserve the ecological integrity of mangrove ecosystems. [Display omitted] • PFAAs in porewater-particle-sediment system of scattered mangroves was studied. • Only short-chain PFAAs and PFSAs show spatial heterogeneity in mangrove patches. • PFAA pollution status aligned with water quality index and crab burrow activities. • Transport of PFAAs and OC in mangroves is influenced by particle properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Higher altitudes influence soil acidity, affecting nutrient availability andsoil fertility. • Maintenance of temporary settlements and animal resting places correlates with enriched soil nutrients, as observed in Gya. • Soil WHC, OC, and TN content show variation across the sites, indicating influence of altitude and pastoral practices. • Integrating traditional pastoral knowledge with science for sustainable land management in high-altitude systems is suggested. This investigation delineates the interplay of altitudinal gradients and traditional pastoral practices on the physico-chemical properties of soils within high-altitude pastoral ecosystems in Ladakh, India. Focused on three distinct villages—Gya, Shang, and Igoo—in the Leh valley, the research comprehensively analysed soil characteristics under varying grazing regimes: intact, dwindling, and abandoned. A pivotal observation is the enhancement of soil nutrient profiles in Gya, where enduring traditional practices, including the establishment of temporary settlements and animal resting places, are evident. This contrasts with the sites of Shang and Igoo, which exhibit a decline in such practices. Critical to the findings is the elucidation of a robust altitude-dependent variation in soil pH, which in turn markedly influences nutrient bioavailability and overall soil fertility. Spatial variances in soil attributes, specifically in water-holding capacity, organic carbon content, and total nitrogen levels, were conspicuous, reflecting the distinctive pastoral attributes intrinsic to each surveyed locale. This research elucidates the complex and dynamic relationships between environmental variables and anthropogenic practices in defining soil physico-chemical dynamics in high-altitude pastoral systems. The study accentuates the imperative of integrating environmental dynamics with indigenous pastoral knowledge for effective and sustainable land management, crucial for preserving ecological integrity and supporting high-altitude communities' sustenance. By offering in-depth insights into soil health and its determinants in high-altitude ecosystems, the study advocates for an integrative approach to conserving natural resources and traditional knowledge systems in agropastoral management. It posits that safeguarding these delicate ecosystems while fortifying the livelihoods of local communities, necessitates comprehensive, knowledge-informed management strategies. This research thus contributes significantly to the discourse on conservation efforts, underlining the necessity of holistic approaches in managing and preserving the delicate balance of high-altitude ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Priority setting is key to improving the efficiency of regional ecosystem management. • Multi-scenario to ensure hierarchical protection of ecological corridors. • 158 arterial corridors form the backbone of the ecological network. • Complexity science theory is instructive for ecological corridors conservation. Ecological corridors, as a key component of ecological networks (EN), can strengthen linkages between ecological sources and effectively prevent further fragmentation and loss of regional habitats. Understanding the structure of ecological corridors and exploring their resilience in different scenarios can facilitate the understanding on the flows of energy and materials between ecological sources that can contribute to landscape conservation and restoration. In this study, the agro-pastoral ecotone of the North Yinshan Mountain was used as an example to conduct the landscape EN analysis with corridors as the focus. Random attack, overgrazing and urban sprawl, incremental optimization, and arterial corridors conservation scenarios were constructed. Network cascade failure simulations are introduced to explore the stability of EN under four scenarios. Among them, 12 new ecological corridors were optimized at 9 nodes, and 158 arterial corridors connected the 159 ecological sources to form the backbone of the EN. Both the arterial corridors conservation scheme and the optimization scheme of additional edges play important roles in maintaining the resilience of the EN. This provides scientific decisions for the categorization and conservation of ecological corridors to ensure the ecological integrity of functional landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the clearance of native forests and native vegetation for plantation establishment, otherwise known as forest conversion, in the state-owned plantations of New South Wales, Australia. It begins by describing Australia's forests, plantations, and forest conversion, continues with an outline of the history of public hardwood plantations in New South Wales, and explores the regulatory frameworks that allow this practice to happen, and the responses adopted by non-state environmental governance systems, notably forest certification, to address this problem. The paper presents a case study analysis of conversion in the hardwood plantations of northern NSW, and concludes that the current regulatory environment facilitates deforestation, with cumulative impacts at the landscape level, and that without government intervention, efforts to prevent this by non-state action will only be partially successful, leading to ongoing habitat and species loss. The failure of existing legislative and regulatory frameworks to adequately acknowledge, define, and prohibit conversion will remain an impediment to sustainable forest management, as the entry of such timber into the market contaminates supply chains, resulting in considerable reputation risk. Reform is needed in both public and private governance systems to ensure strong governance, effective planning, and ecosystem integrity at the landscape level. Recommendations are provided for policymakers. • A new methodology to identify original forest inside plantation areas via historical aerial imagery. • A detailed evaluation of a range of spatial datasets demonstrating the increase of plantation cover, potentially at the expense of native forest. • A case study identifying that forest conversion has occurred in public hardwood plantations managed by the Forestry Corporation of New South Wales. • There is an urgent need to undertake reform to ensure New South Wales does not fall foul of the EUDR, or the Glasgow Declaration. • More research is needed to determine how significant these conversion events are , and the impacts on flora and fauna, notably the koala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep-pelagic ecosystem is characterized by significant environmental gradients, particularly in food resources. The absence of primary production below the epipelagic zone leads to a decrease in food resources with depth. Two opposite feeding strategies have been described for this community in response to this decline in food resources: stochasticity, with species adopting opportunistic feeding strategies with a generalist diet, and determinism, with species segregating and specializing to mitigate strong interspecific competition through niche partitioning. To test these aspects, we analyzed the isotopic niches of 16 fish species using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen carried out on muscle samples. The data were collected in canyons of the Bay of Biscay between 25 and 1335 m. Our primary objective was to identify isotopic niche segregation or overlap and determine whether species sharing similar isotopic niches show depth-based segregation by grouping them into trophic guilds and comparing their depth distribution with trawl data. We then used null model comparisons to test whether competition resulted in smaller values of isotopic niche size and overlap within each depth assemblage compared to those obtained by chance. We found that several species with similar isotopic niches were segregated based on depth. The comparison with null models showed that competition drove species to reduce niche size and specialize to avoid strong interspecific competition in the epi- to bathypelagic layers. Utilizing isotopic diversity indices weighted by biomass, our calculation showed significant divergence within the community, indicating that species with the highest biomass had extreme isotopic values. The high degree of specialization of species raises concerns about their vulnerability to various pressures, including climate change and exploitation. At the community level, this vulnerability is also a concern in maintaining the integrity of ecological processes. • Species showed a broad range of isotopic niches. • Species with overlapping niches use depth to achieve segregation. • The niche sizes and overlaps of species were smaller than predicted by a null model. • Competition has driven high trophic specialization in deep-pelagic species. • High specialization of deep pelagic fish may make them more vulnerable to changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected natural forests are critical for biodiversity conservation, but they are threatened by pervasive drivers of change that may not be mitigated by legal protection. Selective herbivory by non-native or hyper-abundant browsing mammals can affect forest composition and structure by suppressing palatable species and facilitating avoided species. Impacts can be severe, especially on islands, like Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), which historically lacked herbivorous mammals. We used a national network of permanent plots with a 12-year record of stem census data to determine how species-level dietary preference and site-level abundance of non-native herbivorous mammals (possums and ungulates) were associated with mortality rates and recruitment rates into a 2.5 cm diameter class among common tree species in forests with different levels of legal protection. National parks (NPs) had higher legal protection and lower herbivorous mammal indices than non-national parks (NNPs) but across both there were 1702 live stems of species palatable to possums and ungulates recorded when plots were first measured but 1502 in the latest measurements. Mortality of these species exceeded their recruitment in both NPs and NNPs. The total tree population was stable, but while most species palatable to ungulates and possums were in decline, some species avoided by the herbivores had growing populations, with recruitment rates exceeding mortality. At current levels of abundance, non-native herbivorous mammals are driving significant compositional shifts in tree populations of both NPs and NNPs. Long-term (decadal) suppression of their abundance is needed to preserve the ecological integrity of NZ's protected forests. • Forests in national parks (NPs) had fewer herbivorous mammals than other parks (NNPs), but both were affected by herbivory. • Demographic rates of tree species palatable to mammals showed net population decline and avoided species showed net growth. • Mammal abundance and stem demography were weakly related, which may explain the lack of difference between NPs and NNPs. • Stem life stages are vulnerable to different mammal guilds: ungulates affected recruitment and possums affected mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is the first time to quantify ecosystem services of National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest for seven different regions in 2000, 2010 and 2019. • The establishment of the national park effectively improved ecosystem services. • National park had the main ecosystem services of water conservation, carbon storage and oxygen release, while showed considerable spatial heterogeneity. • Conservation priorities were assigned to natural forests in high-altitude areas, mostly in central parts of the national park. Hainan island in south China harbours vast areas of virgin forests, with rich biodiversity and is included in the globally important Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. In 2018, a national park covering an area of 4269 km2 of the island was proposed to conserve its rainforest ecosystem integrity and authenticity. In this study, using an integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model, a revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), a net primary productivity transformation formula, and the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, we quantified five ecosystem services, i.e. water conservation, soil retention, carbon storage, oxygen release and biodiversity maintenance. The data of five ecosystem services was recorded in the year 2000, 2010 and 2019, for seven regions of the national park including Mt. Jianfeng (JFL), Mt. Bawang (BWL), Mt. Diaoluo (DLS), Mt. Limu (LMS), Mt. Yingge (YGL), Mt. Wuzhi (WZS), and Maorui Forest Farm (MR). Then, we determined the importance of each of the ecosystem services for each region. Finally, we determined conservation priority sites of every regions respectively for each ecosystem service by comparing conservation efficiencies with the help of ordered weighted averaging. We found that total and mean amounts of five ecosystem services in the national park had declined in 2010 but increased in 2019, indicating the establishment of the national park effectively improved ecosystem services. Over 65 % areas of the national park exhibited dominant ecosystem services of water conservation, carbon storage and oxygen release. Soil retention was relatively uniform in seven regions, whereas the water conservation was concentrated in the eastern part of the national park, i.e. YGL, LMS, WZS and DLS. Carbon storage and oxygen release were highest at the central part of the national park including WZS, DLS, YGL, BWL, and MR, while biodiversity maintenance was the top ecosystem service for WZS, DLS, BWL and MR. Conservation priorities were assigned to natural forests in high-altitude areas in WZS, DLS, YGL, BWL, and MR, mostly in central parts of the national park. These results revealed the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem services and conservation priorities. It is helpful to facilitate precise management of this newly established national park. The innovative approach identifies key ecosystem services and their trade-offs to pinpoint conservation areas, offering valuable insights for the management of other national parks and protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Studies generally focused on terrestrial systems (89%) compared to aquatic systems (11%). • Trees were the most frequently reported vegetation type studied followed by generic vegetation, grassland, forest, and aquatic vegetation. There was a lack of detail on plant species with gaps in aquatic species data. • Few studies reported on the use of nature-based solutions and of these 80% only focused on a single nature-based solution. • There is a need for well-structured longitudinal experimental data to assess the functioning and ecosystem service provisioning of urban green infrastructure and vegetation. • There are still many research and geographical discrepancies that need to be addressed, these include a lack of good evidence for native species at local scales. The use of plants in cities and the ecosystem services they provide has attracted increased attention both publicly and within the research literature. Increasingly, the value of urban green and blue space is being recognised for its multiple benefits to human wellness and ecological integrity. A quantitative assessment of studies considering nature-based solutions and ecosystem services can identify the current evidence‐base for improving the provisioning of plant ecosystem services management and understanding barriers to adoption of nature-based solutions. Here, we provide a systematic review of the literature to characterise the current state of research on ecosystem service provision by urban blue and green space. We identified 684 relevant studies on urban plant literature and extracted key research themes. Studies were generally focused on terrestrial systems (89%) compared to aquatic systems such as blue space (11%). Geographically most studies were focused on Europe (39%), Asia (23%), and N. America (22%). Trees were the most frequently reported vegetation type studies (29%) followed by generic vegetation (20%), grassland (11%), forest (7%), and aquatic vegetation (5%). Many studies were short (41%), collecting data only over a single year or single field season. Many of the long-term studies are concerning land use/land cover change. Most studies (64%) were conducted for less than five years. The most-reported methodology was remote sensing technology (15%), followed by field surveys (8%), stakeholder surveys (6%), and ecosystem service models (5%). The most-reported ecosystem service types were regulation and maintenance (54%), cultural (28%), and provisioning (16%). Only a small number of studies looked solely at disservice (1%) or discussed ecosystem services in generic terms. Disservices were reported in only 16% of studies with the greatest single category of a disservice being biogenic volatile organic compounds and allergenic potential. Few studies (13%) reported on the use of nature-based solutions and these 80% only focused on a single nature-based solution. There was a lack of detail on plant species, 68% (n = 468) did not list the species studied. We conclude that there is a broad spectrum of research on urban vegetation services, overall, the focus of the literature is uneven. Research should seek to examine the species-specific responses to urbanisation and counter geographic disparities. There is also a need for longitudinal experimental data to identify the functioning and ecosystem service provision of green infrastructure in both urban green and blue space and factors that influence performance over policy- and management-relevant timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive alien species such as Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) pose immense threats to global food security, biodiversity, ecosystem integrity and provision of ecosystem services. The Bellyache bush has generally been naturalised in Africa but poses vast management challenges in the African Savannah, yet there is little knowledge of its spatial distribution and future potential invasion risk. In this study, we modelled the spatial distribution of Bellyache bush in South Africa as a function of key biophysical factors using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and estimated its potential invasion risk into native environments because of climate change. Results show that temperature seasonality, mean annual temperature range and mean temperature of the coldest month are the key factors explaining Bellyache bush distribution in South Africa. The response of the occurrence of Bellyache bush to the temperature variables demonstrated that the suitable habitat for Bellyache bush ranged between 10° and 30 °C while the tolerance to precipitation range is very wide (400 mm – > 2500 mm/year−1). The total area suitable for Bellyache bush propagation in South Africa is ∼129 034 km2 (10% of the total land area of South Africa) in the current and will increase because of climate change to ∼510 914 km2 (40% of the total land area of South Africa). Our results suggest that we can estimate the spatial distribution and Bellyache bush invasion risk areas in South Africa. This implies that policies and management strategies for further Bellyache bush invasions in South Africa can now informatively be targeted to high priority areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global environmental changes, including landscape fragmentation, are threatening the integrity of ecosystems and reducing their capacity to deliver ecosystem services. Spatial configuration of a green network supports ecological functions and services, that depend on living organisms and material movements across the landscape. It is important to study the structure of green infrastructure networks and to develop robust methodologies that can inform future planning. In this paper we describe a framework for connectivity analysis and enhancement within the green infrastructure networks. We review and combine methods to map and analyse the current spatial network configuration of green elements, in order to identify the key nodes and links that can maintain connectivity and consequently support the benefits provided across the landscape. The study explores the creation of network scenarios and the improvement or reduction of connectivity by adding, preserving, or removing corridors and core areas. Methods include morphological spatial pattern analysis, landscape connectivity metrics and graph theory elements. The analysis has been applied in the Northern Italian Plain, considering green riparian zones and the protected areas as elements of the network. The results show that this method can be used to analyse the status of green infrastructure networks and to identify the main needs for maintaining and improving network connectivity. This is important in the current context of change, as it may support decision-makers in developing tailored adaptation strategies that exploit nature-based solutions to reduce the risks caused by the major drivers of change. [Display omitted] • Green infrastructure network tackle ecosystems fragmentation and services provision. • Spatial configuration and connectivity influence ecosystem services and functions. • We review and combine methods to analyse green infrastructure network connectivity. • The framework allows to identify key nodes and links to maintain ecological connectivity. • Landscape planning and management should consider green infrastructure connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the proximity of ecosystems to tipping points is a critical yet complex task, heightened by the growing severity of climate change and local anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem integrity. Spatial Early Warning Signals (EWS) have been recognized for their potential in preemptively signaling regime shifts to degraded states, but their performance in natural systems remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the performance of 'recovery length' — the spatial extent of recovery from a perturbation — and spatial EWS as early warnings of regime shifts in Posidonia oceanica meadows. Our experimental approach involved progressively thinning the P. oceanica canopy, from 0 to 100%, at the edge of a dead- matte area — a structure formed by dead P. oceanica rhizomes and colonized by algal turfs — to promote the propagation of algal turfs. We calculated recovery length as the distance from the dead- matte edge to the point where algal turfs colonized the canopy-thinned region. Our results showed a linear increase in recovery length with canopy thinning, successfully anticipated the degradation of P. oceanica. While spatial skewness decline with increased canopy degradation, other spatial EWS, such as Moran correlation at lag-1, low-frequency spatial spectra, and spatial variance, were ineffective in signaling this degradation. These findings underscore the potential of recovery length as a reliable early warning indicator of regime shifts in marine coastal ecosystems. • Testing the performance of recovery length and spatial early warnings in detecting regime shifts in P. oceanica meadows. • Recovery length provided an early signal of the impending degradation of P. oceanica. • Unlike other spatial EWS, spatial skewness preemptively signaled canopy degradation. • Recovery length a versatile tool for signaling regime shifts across various coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]