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• New hydroxylammonium - based ILs. • Structure confirmed by FTIR and 1D NMR spectroscopy. • Correlation between chemical structure and ion conductivity. In the research work, new protic ionic liquids (Pr - ILs) were synthesized by an acid - base neutralization reaction. The influence of IL chemical structure (i.e. anion and cation nature) on the thermal behavior, viscosity and ionic conductivity was evaluated. To confirm the chemical structure of synthesized Pr - ILs, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 19F) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were performed. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the influence of anion nature on the IL thermal stability was more pronounced than that of cation. The ionic liquids with trifluoromethanesulfonate anion showed the highest thermal stability (T deg ∼ 410–420 °C) as compared with other studied anions (i.e. phosphate and acetate anions). The trifluoromethanesulfonate - based Pr - ILs also demonstrated high ionic conductivity – between ∼58 and ∼64 mS·cm−1 at 150 °C and non - humid conditions. Despite the fact that phosphate - based Pr - ILs were more thermally stable (T deg ∼ 250–280 °C) than acetate - based ones (T deg ∼ 215 °C), acetate - based Pr - ILs revealed a higher ionic conductivity (∼15–19 mS·cm−1 at 80 °C) than phosphate - based Pr - ILs (∼0.2–1 and ∼0.4–2 mS·cm−1 at 80 and 120 °C, respectively). The obtained results confirm that the synthesized Pr - ILs are promising candidates for using them in electrochemical applications, namely, electrodialysis and fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This study proposes novel auxetic medical stents. • Two-dimensional metamaterials were fabricated through additive manufacturing technique. • Finite element analysis was employed to investigate the mechanical behaviour. • An excellent correlation was observed between the FEA and experimental results. • The modifications made to the rib-unit cells had a significant effect on the stent's recoil behaviour. Due to the significant mortality rate associated with atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular disease, the utilization of advanced intravascular stents with superior mechanical performance is imperative for the restoration of obstructed arteries. This study proposes novel auxetic medical stents that aim to enhance critical parameters of biomedical stents. This includes load-bearing capacity, expanded opening percentage, and reduced recoil percentage. On this matter, the missing rib auxetic unit cell has been considered and geometrically modified to achieve these objectives. Two-dimensional (2D) metamaterials were fabricated through additive manufacturing technique and subjected to experimental testing. Then, finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to gain comprehensive insights into the mechanical behaviour of the proposed medical stents. Remarkably, an excellent correlation was observed between the FEA and experimental results, validating the high precision of the analysis. The findings reveal that the stents classified as "E-category" exhibit the highest final opening percentage while concurrently demonstrating the lowest recoil percentage. The base stent exhibited a relatively high recoil percentage of 15.56%, indicating a significant amount of recoil or spring-back after deformation. In contrast, the modified "E-category" stent displayed a substantially lower recoil percentage of 1.62%. This notable reduction in recoil percentage indicates that the modifications made to the rib-unit cells had a significant and beneficial effect on the stent's recoil behaviour and minimizing potential damage to arterial tissue during stent deployment (angioplasty) and balloon pressure. The modified design likely enhances the stent's ability to maintain its shape and resist recoil, making it more effective and reliable in its intended application. Additionally, more aspects of biomedical stents such as foreshortening, and dog-boning of the modified missing rib stents were meticulously examined through FEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparse linear arrays (SLAs) provide a high number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and reduce the mutual coupling effect between sensors of the array. Many design methods for SLAs have been proposed in the last two decades but most of the existing SLA design methods fail to achieve minimum number of sensors for a desired DOF. In this paper, a design method is proposed which utilizes the branch and bound (B & B) optimization algorithm to give a SLA with the desired DOF and minimum number of physical sensors. The proposed SLA design method is obtained by generalizing the minimum sensor array (MSA) design method which is recently proposed in the literature. This generalized method provides the same DOF as the MSA method but with a smaller number of physical sensors. In addition, a version of this design method is proposed which provides more robustness against mutual coupling effect between the sensors of the array. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the performance of the SLAs obtained with the proposed method over the arrays obtained with the MSA method and also over the other existing SLAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel CNN model was developed for predicting soil texture based on fusing NIR and image data. • Data sizes, NIR pre-processing methods, and image types were optimized. • HSV images and NIR spectra preprocessed with derivation boost CNN performance. • Multi-dimensional CNN accurately predicts clay and silt fractions. • Fused model achieves high prediction accuracy with smaller dataset. Soil texture is very important information for various agricultural, environmental, and geological research areas, however, it has been difficult to obtain data through proximal sensing due to the lack of appropriate predictive models. In this study, sand, silt, and clay contents of soil samples were evaluated using fusion data with the near-infrared (NIR) and image based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) model. For the development of the applicable predictive model, the preprocessing methods such as standard normal variate (SNV) and derivative, image types and size were optimized, and the performance of the CNN model was enhanced using only a small amount of data (n = 250). As results, the SNV and derivative methods increased model performance (R2 > 0.91) for the NIR dataset, and the red–green–blue (RGB) and hue-saturation-value (HSV) image types showed high performance (R2 > 0.84). Meanwhile, the fusion dataset improved the model performance than the individual dataset. The model performance (R2) could be achieved over 0.93 using fusion data of size 30 × 30 regardless of soil fraction. Furthermore, this trained model showed better predictive performance (R2) than the previous models even on the test dataset: 0.69 and 0.80 for silt and clay, respectively. Therefore, these results demonstrated that the proposed CNN model using NIR and image fusion data showed the potential to accurately predict silt and clay fractions despite the small amount of training data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic properties of (n,0) zigzag tungsten disulfide WS 2 nanotubes and transport properties of (7,0) zigzag nanotube heterojunction are investigated by utilizing non-equilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF). The results reveal that inclusion of the spin-orbit (SO) coupling significantly reduces the value of the band gap about 15.52\%. Additionally, strong negative differential resistances take place in voltage regions between −0.2 and −0.4 V as well as between −0.5 and −0.6 V. Moreover, temperature dependent transport properties are elaborately investigated in this work. The results show that, as the temperature increases to 600 K the stronger negative differential resistance occurs in both positive and negative bias voltages. Finally, a reasonably large degree of rectification ratio can be established. Our analysis can provide a comprehensive perspective on the NDR effect and current rectification in WS 2 nanotubes and can be used as a beneficial guide for future designing of novel logical and nanoelectronic and spintronic devices. • All electronic calculations were carried out using ab-initio DFT-NEGF method. • Transport characteristics were discussed with and without SO coupling. • Reduction of band gap and strong NDR were obtained in the percent of SO coupling. • Stronger NDR was occurred by temperature increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Day-ahead microgrid scheduling is modeled in this paper. • The uncertainties are modeled by robust optimization with recourse approach. • Test results of the proposed method on 69 bus distribution system are presented. • Superiority of the proposed method compared with deterministic method is shown. Abstract This paper proposes a framework to address day-ahead scheduling of a microgrid (MG) with wind, solar and micro-turbine distributed generators as well as batteries, considering the associated uncertainties and AC power flow constraints. The problem uncertainties are wind and solar generations, demand, and grid electricity price. The uncertainties are modelled using bounded intervals within adaptive robust optimization method. Unlike previous robust models presented for MG scheduling, our proposed adaptive robust model optimizes both wait-and-see and here-and-now decisions simultaneously which leads to obtaining a better operating point. In order to make wait-and-see and here-and-now decisions and immunize the model against worst case realizations, the proposed MG scheduling model has been formulated as a tri-level optimization framework. In the first level, here-and-now commitment decisions are made (these are decisions made before realization of uncertainties). In the second stage, the worst case realization of the uncertain parameters is determined. In the third level, the wait-and-see recourse decisions are made (these are decisions made after realization of uncertainties). Since there are before uncertainty-realization decisions, worst uncertainty-realization determination, and after uncertainty-realization decisions, the proposed model becomes a tri-level optimization framework. The proposed adaptive robust tri-level MG scheduling model, the proposed solution approach including AdptRob and ConvAC problems, and the proposed out-of-sample analysis are the main contributions of this paper. A convexified AC power flow model is used in the proposed framework for modeling the distribution network. The 69-bus distribution test system is used to test the proposed adaptive robust model as well as the proposed solution approach which converges very fast. Moreover, the results of the out-of-sample analysis shows that the proposed adaptive robust model results in lower expected cost and lower cost variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important dimensions of cooperative systems, which have existed in Iran since 1974, is cooperative rural production enterprises. In this study, the performance of rural production cooperatives in Iran is examined in relation to the social capital components of the members. This study's statistical population consisted of 16,870 members from 41 cooperatives. 217 samples of cooperative members and 98 samples of the cooperative's management and board of directors were selected using the Cochran formula, and questionnaires were filled out for each group. The results showed that from the viewpoint of the members of rural cooperatives, the most important factor in improving the performance of cooperatives was the use of effective extension training (model-extension sites). The results also showed that members' satisfaction and training members of cooperatives can play an important role in improving the performance of cooperatives. The results of this research, while emphasizing the role of education (especially extension activities), can help rural development planners in improving the performance of rural cooperatives in their regions. [Display omitted] • The study identified the impacts of social capitals on the performance of rural production cooperatives. • The most important factor in improving the performance was the use the extension trainings. • Members' satisfaction and training play an important role in improving the performance. • The level of education in production cooperatives has a direct relationship with trust and satisfaction. • Cooperatives do not perform well in the fields of sales, marketing and insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pterygium is the human eye lesion whose prevalence in the general population is estimated about 2%. The disease, in extreme phase, can lead to visual disturbance and eventually causes complete loss of vision due to the lesion growth over the papillary axis. Pterygium invasive tissue is a tumor-like tissue that is initially identified and then is attacked by cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), as a modulator molecule of the adaptive immune system, plays a critical role in maintaining peripheral T cell tolerance by diminishing its responsiveness and increasing its activation threshold. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between some epigenetic changes of the CTLA4 gene, such as promoter methylation and gene expression, and pathogenesis of pterygia. Materials and methods Genomic DNA was extracted from 75 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of pterygia and 70 specimens of normal conjunctiva from eyes without pterygium as the control group, collected from Sistan and Baluchestan population. CTLA4 gene promoter methylation was carried out by methylation-specific PCR technique. The gene expression analysis was done on extracted total RNA from 20 healthy and 23 pterygium tissue samples using Real-Time PCR technique. Results Promoter methylation changes of CTLA4 gene were not statistically different in patients with pterygium in comparison with healthy controls (OR = 1.614; 95% CI = 0.57–4.75; P value = 0.37). However, gene expression level of CTLA4 was remarkably different in patients and healthy controls (Mean ± SD: 1.343 ± 0.133 and 2.027 ± 0.219, respectively; P value = 0.009). Conclusion This is a credible evidence of CTLA4 gene expression in human eye tissue. This first hand attempt of investigating the association of epigenetic changes of the CTLA4 gene and pathogenesis of pterygia, indicated a significant intensification of the gene expression of CTLA4 in patients with pterygia. We suggest that increasing CTLA4 gene expression can be a trigger which promotes pterygium enlargement. However, further studies on more populations with larger sample sizes need to be done to verify this hypothesis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-ionic surfactants have the ability to alter the cell membrane's permeability for enhancing virus replication. The impact of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 (TW80) on the infectivity of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was studied in BCL1 cells. The toxicity of different concentrations of TW80 for BCL1 cells was determined for five-time passages. The confluent monolayer of BCL1 was infected by IBDV and subsequently passaged. The adaptation was confirmed by virus titration and RT-PCR assay. Replication kinetics of the cell-adapted IBDV was evaluated in pre-treatment and simultaneous treatment with TW80 at 0.01% concentration. The IBDV infectivity patterns were determined by virus titration, FRAP assay, and transmission electron microscopy. Sequence analysis, RNA secondary structure, and potential N-glycosylation site were conducted for IBDV VP2. Despite the similar cytopathic effects found in both TW80-treated cells and similar ROS levels, the IBDV titer was higher in TW80 pre-treated cells compared to the simultaneous treatment one. Such an increase in IBDV titer did not associate with changes in the VP2 sequence and RNA secondary structure. The possible antioxidant capacity of TW80 can attenuate the ROS damage and improve the cell viability, thereby improving IBDV infectivity. • Infectious bursal disease virus isolate adapts to BCL1 cells following five subsequent passages. • The low concentration of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 supports IBDV replication to high titers. • A high correlation estimates between the antioxidant activity and the replication of virus. • A synonymous substitution at 1019 nucleotide of VP2 detects as a silent mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing, predicting, and controlling injection-induced seismicity is a major challenge for developing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) due to the complexity of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes. This study aimed to develop a fully coupled numerical model to assess the complex behavior of a low permeable matrix-fracture during non-isothermal single-phase fluid injection process. A thermo-poroelastic displacement discontinuity (DD) method combining with different forms of finite element method are implemented to encapsulate the fractured medium response and transport processes, respectively. The nonlinear characteristics of normal (changing the joint to hydraulic fracture status) and shear (changing the stick to slip fracture status) fracture deformation are taken into account through fracture constitutive relations. Developed numerical approach was applied to simulate cool water injection into fracture/matrix systems, analyzing the role of coupled processes on spatiotemporal variation of matrix-fracture stresses, temperature and pore pressure and assessing induced seismicity (slippage) and permeability alteration. Numerical simulations demonstrate a fully coupled relation between matrix dilation, shrinkage, and non-linear fracture deformation. The redistribution of dynamic and kinematic parameters along with non-linear fracture deformation showed that although the poroelastic effects are dominant in the early stages, thermoelastic effects dominate in the long-term injection stages. • A fully-coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical approach was developed to model injection process in EGS. • Displacement discontinuity and finite element methods were combined to encapsulate fracture deformation and transport processes, respectively. • Fracture constitutive laws were implemented to model non-linear crack deformation. • Poroelastic effects are dominant in the early stages, and thermoelastic effects dominate in the long-term injection stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents a new predistortion linearization technique based on the memory polynomial model of the power amplifier (PA) and a multi-bit delta-sigma modulator (DSM), in order to avoid reverse modeling and the associated instability problems. In this topology, a multi-bit DSM is utilized as a digital predistorter by locating the forward model of the PA in its feedback path. The technique has two main advantages. First, it applies the forward model instead of the reverse model of the PA, which leads to less implementation complexity and, therefore, greater robustness against instability. Second, using a dynamic model instead of a static model makes it more applicable for the linearization of wideband signals, due to the compensation for memory effects. To justify its advantages, linearizers based on both static and dynamic models have been designed and tested. For a 4MHz WiMAX signal, the measurement results show an improvement of 17.2dB in the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) by using a dynamic polynomial model, compared to an improvement of 13dB for a static model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A numerical study of the crushing of thin-walled circular aluminum tubes has been carried out to investigate their behaviors under axial impact loading. These kinds of tubes are usually used in automobile and train structures to absorb the impact energy. A Multi-Objective Optimization of circular aluminum tubes undergoing axial compressive loading for vehicle crash energy absorption is performed for five crushing parameters using the weighted summation method. To improve the accuracy of the optimization process, artificial neural networks are used to reproduce the behavior of the crushing parameters in crush dynamics conditions. An explicit finite element method (FEM) is used to model and analyzed the behavior. A series of aluminum cylindrical tubes are simulated under axial impact condition for the experimental validation of the numerical solutions. A finite element code, capable of evaluating parameters crush, is prepared of which the outputs are used for training and testing the developed neural networks. In order to find the optimal solution, a genetic algorithm is implemented. With the purpose of illustrating optimum dimensional ratios, numerical results are presented for thin-walled circular aluminum AA6060-T5 and AA6060-T4 tubes. Multi-Objective Optimization of circular aluminum tubes has been performed in the basis of different priorities to create the ability for designer to select the optimum dimension ratio. Also, crush parameters of two aluminum alloys has been compared. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Effect of key parameters on LIDM hematite beneficiation was determined. • Evolving MLPs' architecture was successfully optimized by PSO. • DOE-RSM and PSO-MLP neural network, successfully modelled LIDM separation. • PSO-MLP model out-performed DOE model in predicting product Fe content and SE. • Optimization of the operating parameters led to the product Fe = 60.1% and SE = 36.1% The low intensity dry magnetic beneficiation of hematite was studied in this study, and the effect of field intensity (FI: 800–2000 G), drum speed (DS: 25–75 rpm), separating gate position (SG: 55–83°), and mean particle size (PS: 0.5–1.18 mm) on the products' Fe content and system separation efficiency were determined. A new hybrid particle swarm optimization enhanced multilayer perceptron (PSO-MLP) neural network and design of experiment have been employed to model and predict such a beneficiation result. Based on the CCD-RSM response surfaces, the effectiveness of variables on both evaluation criteria was determined to be DS > FI > SG. The mutual interaction between DS-SG was a common interaction for both responses, while FI-DS interaction was found to be significant only for separation efficiency. Compared to the desired levels of the statistical evaluators, the trained PSO-MLP outperformed the CCD-RSM model in predicting the hematite beneficiation results. Product Fe grade of 60.1% and corresponding SE of 36.1% was achieved for FI = 1200 G, DS = 75 rpm, SG = 83°, and PS = 0.5 mm, concluded from optimizing the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution in metropolises is one of the serious problems of human life. Tehran is one of the cities facing air pollution problem. Urban managers concern about choosing different management methods to control air pollution. In this study, a combination of fuzzy systems and neural networks has been used to select the most suitable scenario for controlling SO 2 pollution. According to the method presented in this paper, 8 input data categories such as wind speed, precipitation, temperature, pressure, humidity, gas oil consumption, gasoline consumption and urban green space levels have been used as independent parameters and SO 2 pollutant concentration has been considered as the dependent parameter. The contribution of each meteorological station to the meteorological data was determined by Thiessen Polygon Method. Then, using adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, modeling was done in Sugeno Method and the least root mean square error (3.19) was determined for the model. Then, by changing each of the independent parameters, the effect of each of these independent parameters on SO 2 pollutant was measured. The results showed that the parameters of pressure, urban green space, gasoline consumption, gas oil consumption, temperature, wind speed and humidity, respectively, had the greatest effect on reducing the SO 2 concentration. Since the parameters of gasoline and gas oil consumption as well as the area of green space are changeable by different policies and by human decisions, the concentration of SO 2 pollutant can be controlled by reducing the consumption of gasoline and gas oil and increasing the green space in Tehran. • Finding the lowest error rate in any of the models predicting sulfur dioxide concentration. • Determine the effect of each of the independent parameters on the concentration of SO 2. • Determination of the best predictive model for sulfur dioxide emissions based on ANFIS model. • Providing solutions to improve air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiovascular dysfunctions in postmenopausal diabetic women increase relative to premenopausal women. In this study we evaluated protective effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), alone and in combination with estrogen (E2) in diabetic rats with menopausal model. Female rats groups are included: Sham-Control (CTL), Diabetes (DM), and ovariectomized rats divided to DM, DM + Vehicle (Veh), DM + Tamoxifen (TAM), DM + Raloxifene (RLX), DM + Veh + Oil, DM + Oil, DM + E2, DM + E2 + Veh, DM + TAM + E2, DM + RLX + E2. DM was induced by high fat diet and followed by a light dose of streptozotocin. SERMs and E2 were administrated for four weeks after establishment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our results depicts that, T2DM increased triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose. Also it decreased high-density lipoprotein, which had exacerbated by ovariectomy. These changes were reversed by using SERMs, E2 and SERMs+E2, although combinatory treatment is more effective than individual treatment. Additionally the cardiovascular indices were also significantly disrupted in ovariectomized diabetic rats, but all therapeutic groups equally improved these disturbances, whereas in TAM + E2 group, the atherogenic index was more decreased than TAM group. We concluded that SERMs treatment, individual or in combination with E2 in menopausal model can be efficient substitute for E2 replacement therapy. This study suggests cellular mechanisms of SERMs in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we prepared chitosan (Cs)/Alginate (Alg) hydrogel containing Berberine (Ber)-loaded Cs nanoparticles (NPs) and Naringin (Nar)-loaded Cs NPs as the promising biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration. The Ber- and Ner-loaded NPs were synthesized via the ion gelation method and incorporated into Cs/Alg hydrogel. The characterizations of NPs showed that Ber-loaded NPs have an average size of 594 nm with the encapsulation efficacy (EE) of 51.6 ± 7.4%, and Nar-loaded NPs have an average size of 636 nm with EE of 47.1 ± 5.8%. The pore size of Cs/Alg hydrogel and Cs/Alg/Ber/Nar hydrogel were 22 ± 11 and 32 ± 13 μm, respectively. It was observed that the swelling and weight loss value of the prepared hydrogels were suitable for nerve regeneration. The compression strength of Cs/Alg hydrogel and Cs/Alg/Ber/Nar hydrogel were 39.7 ± 4.7 kPa and 32.08 ± 6.8 kPa. The releasing measurement showed a burst release at the first days following a sustained release of up to about 90% for 24 days. The in vitro studies illustrated that the hydrogels were hemo- and biocompatible with the significant proliferative effect on PC12 cells. The animal studies showed that the treatment using the hydrogels significantly promoted nerve regeneration. Treatment of the damaged nerve using Cs/Alg/Ber/Nar hydrogel resulted in the sensory function recovery (hot plate latency of 4.66 ± 0.57 s), the motor function recovery (sciatic index function of −14.6 ± 3.7) and anatomical healing (the gastrocnemius muscle cross-sectional area of 2509 ± 142 μm2). In conclusion, the results indicate that the prepared hydrogels possess promising characteristics and significantly enhanced sensory and motor functional recovery, as well as anatomical healing. • Chitosan/Alginate hydrogel composited with Berberine and Naringin nanoparticles • The prepared hydrogels exhibited proper physicochemical properties. • The prepared hydrogels were hemo- and biocompatible. • The prepared hydrogel composite significantly promoted nerve regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Commercial embryo tested mineral oils may have a deleterious or sub lethal effects on sheep embryo viability. • Toxic mineral oil has a time and dose dependent effect on membrane integrity, cleavage and blastocyst rate. • Well plate is a good option for reducing the effects of mineral oil toxicity on cleavage and blastocyst rate. Mineral oil (MO) as a barrier can minimize temperature, osmolality and pH fluctuation in the oocyte/embryo culture medium. Regardless of these advantages, MO acts as a potential source of embryo-toxic compounds which can affect embryo viability. This study was conducted to assess the signs and effects of the four-well culture dish (FW) and microdrop culture systems (MD) on reducing the harmful effects of mineral oil during the in-vitro production of sheep embryos. Oocytes retrieved from abattoir-derived ovary were in-vitro matured, fertilized and cultured in MD and FW, overlaid with two different lots of mouse embryo tested mineral oils (SMO1; nMD = 133, nFW = 103, and SMO2; nMD = 137, nFW = 144) and a clinically tested mineral oil (OMO; n = 107) as a control group. The results showed that using SMO1 and SMO2 in the MD can dramatically decrease cleavage and blastocyst rates. Although they did not show any membrane damage after IVM and 24 h after IVF, the sign of damage was appeared at 48 h after fertilization and completely destroyed the blastomere membrane at 72 h after fertilization, while the FW did not affect membrane integrity. In conclusion, FW compares to the MD, can reduce the deleterious effects of mineral oil on sheep embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcineurin-B-like proteins (CBLs) are essential components of the calcium signaling network and act during plant's response to stress and normal conditions. A combined research strategy of in-silico analysis and gene silencing experiment was employed to investigate the role of different classes of CBLs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during the response to drought stress. Two different classes of CBL genes, including SlCBL3-1 , and SlCBL3-2 , with the minimum and a maximum number of drought-responsive cis-elements, were selected and were targeted for transient gene silencing in tomato followed by the drought treatment. The effect of silencing events was evaluated by determining of further growth and physiological traits in plants under both control and drought stress conditions. The results showed that silencing of SlCBL3-1 significantly reduced shoot and root growth, relative water content (RWC), and the concentration of pigments while increased free radical accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and leakage from the cells. On the other hand, no antioxidant enzyme activity or proline induction was triggered in plants after SlCBL3-1 silencing. Some of these adverse events were more significantly enhanced when the silenced plants were exposed to drought stress. Overall, a significant role for SlCBL3-1 in the life cycle of plant suggested under both normal and stress conditions. The SlCBL3-2 silencing showed more efficient plants recovery from silencing or drought stress conditions. Therefore, SlCBL3-2 gene may act as a negative regulator under stress conditions. The results might provide new theoretical insight and genetic resources for developing resistant crops against environmental stresses. • Different classes of Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins regulate the plant responses during normal or stress conditions. • SlCBL3-1 plays a critical role in maintaining hemostasis in life cycle of plants under both normal and stress conditions. • SlCBL3-2 that is another class of CBL may act as a negative regulator under stress conditions. • A low copy number of cis-element in the promoter of CBL gene is sufficient to trigger a proper stress-induced response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an acute and highly contagious immunosuppressive response in young chickens by targeting B lymphocytes in immune organs. Changes in regulatory T-cell ratio and apoptosis have been demonstrated during IBDV infection in these cells. The possible change in CD19 expression as the precursor of B cells after IBDV replication was detected in this study. Raji cells were infected with an IBDV isolate at MOIs of 1.0 and 3.0. The viral kinetics were determined using the characteristic virus-induced CPE, cell viability, and infectious titer. Induction of apoptosis and also changes in the CD19 expression within the virus infection were assessed by flow cytometry. The Raji cells were found to be susceptible to IBDV infection by producing marked CPEs dependent on MOI. The infectivity titers were determined in intra- and extracellular samples at the defined hours. The kinetics of early IBDV replication in Raji cells were nearly identical for both MOIs, but a significant difference in the infectivity titer was observed at 48 hpi. The quick apoptotic events were observed to be significantly higher in MOI 3.0, which was correlated with the lower virus titer. A significant CD19 expression change in the IBDV-infected Raji cells was revealed. The results suggested that Raji cells mimic the IBDV replication in lymphoid organs and the virus replication is related to CD19 expression frequencies in the lymphoid cells. • IBDV targets the medullary bursa in the avian host with a preference for B cells. • Raji cell line has the potential for IBDV replication and support higher viral growth titers. • Changes in Bregs expression be suitable in monitoring IBDV replication in a B cell-originated cell line. • The change in the level of CD19 marker is closely associated with IBDV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and physiological parameters of fourteen tomato cultivars were measured during both mild and severe drought. The tomato cultivars showed decrease in growth traits, relative water content and pigments content under both drought treatments compared with the control. By contrast, proline accumulation, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased in the cultivars. The activity of superoxide dismutase was more correlated to drought stress than those of ascorbate peroxidase or catalase. The combined approach of principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis and calculating mean tolerance value showed relative differences in drought tolerance among the cultivars. The studied cultivars were clustered into four groups. Four cultivars were placed in cluster I as the drought-tolerant group. Moderately tolerant cultivars were grouped into Cluster II. The clusters III and IV represented the sensitive and highly sensitive cultivars, respectively. Early orbana, Roma and Cal-j cultivars were indicated as the highly sensitive tomato cultivars. It was concluded that such an approach could be used as a useful tool to screen the other abiotic or even biotic stress tolerance in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The femoral head in subjects with leg calve perthes disease (LCPD) is generally considerably deformed. It is debatable whether this deformation is due to an increase in applied loads, a decrease in bone mineral density or a change in containment of articular surfaces. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of these factors on deformation of the femoral head. Two subjects with LCPD participated in this study. Subject motion and the forces applied on the affected leg were recorded using a motion analysis system ( Qualsis TM ) and a Kistler force plate. OpenSim software was used to determine joint contact force of the hip joint whilst walking with and without a Scottish Rite orthosis. 3D Models of hip joints of both subjects were produced by Mimics software . The deformation of femoral bone was determined by Abaqus . Mean values of the force applied on the leg increased while walking with the orthosis. There was no difference between bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral bone of normal and LCPD sides ( p -value>0.05) and no difference between hip joint contact force of normal and LCPD sides. Hip joint containment appeared to decrease follow the use of the orthosis. It can be concluded that the deformation of femoral head in LCPD may not be due to change in BMD or applied load. Although the Scottish Rite orthosis is used mostly to increase hip joint containment, it appears to reduce hip joint contact area. It is recommended that a similar study is conducted using a higher number of subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study is to assess the application of high-order compact finite-difference schemes for the solution of the Euler equations in conjunction with the compressible vorticity confinement method on both uniform Cartesian and curvilinear grids. Here, the spatial discretization of the governing equations is performed by the fourth-order compact finite-difference scheme and the temporal term is discretized by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. To stabilize the numerical solution, appropriate dissipation terms are applied and a detail assessment is performed to study the effects of the values of confinement and dissipation coefficients on the solution to reasonably preserve the structure of vortical flows. The accuracy and performance of the proposed solution procedure by applying the fourth-order compact finite-difference scheme are also examined by comparison with the solution obtained by the second-order central finite-difference scheme. Low-pass high-order filters are also applied to the fourth-order compact finite-difference scheme to investigate the performance of the vorticity confinement with the filtering scheme. The advection of a 2D isentropic vortex and a shock–vortex interaction problem are two test cases simulated for the assessment of the present solution methodology. The study shows that the high-order compact finite-difference schemes in conjunction with the vorticity confinement method can reasonably preserve the structure of vortical flows in coarse uniform Cartesian and curvilinear grids. Indications are that the present solution methodology is accurate and effective for solving compressible flow problems with vortical structures when coarse grids are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasensitive novel electrochemical nano-biosensor for rapid detection of insulin antibodies against diabetes antigens was developed in this research. The presence of insulin antibodies has been demonstrated to be a strong predictor for the development of type 1 diabetes in individuals who do not have diabetes but are genetically predisposed. The proposed nano-biosensor fabrication process was based on the optimized sequential electropolymerization of polyaniline and electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on the surface of the functionalized gold electrode. The morphological and chemical characterization of the modified electrode was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and micro Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the role of each component in the modification of the electrode was studied by electrochemical methods systematically. After immobilizing insulin antigen and blocking with bovine serum albumin, the nano-biosensor was used for determining different concentrations of insulin antibody under the optimal conditions. This nano-biosensor could respond to insulin antibody with a linear calibration range from 0.001 ng ml−1 to 1000 ng ml−1 with the detection limit of 0.017 pg ml−1 and 0.034 pg ml−1 and selectivity of 18.544 μA ng−1 ml.cm−2 and 31.808 μA ng−1 ml.cm−2 via differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry, respectively. This novel nano-biosensor exhibited a short response time, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. It was successfully used in determining the insulin antibody in human samples with a standard error of less than 0.178. Therefore, the nano-biosensor has the potential for the application of early detection of type 1 diabetes. To our best knowledge, label-free electrochemical detection of insulin antibody based on immunosensor is developed for the first time. [Display omitted] • The label-free electrochemical immunosensor for rapid detection of insulin antibody related to type 1 diabetes. • The controllable electrochemical procedure for fabrication of nano-biosensor substrate to improve accuracy, and stability. • The parameters optimization: electrodeposition cycles, immobilization concentration and time of antigen, and response time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known as a main neural MAP (microtubule associated protein), tau protein contributes to stabilizing microtubules involved in cellular transmission. Tau dysfunction is mainly associated with neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). In these patients, all the six tau isoforms, which are in hyperphosphorylated form, are first aggregated and then polymerized into neurofibrillary tangles inside the brain. Tau protein detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is significantly correlated with AD and is well recognized as a hallmark of the disease. Served for detection of analytes of interest, biosensor device comprises a physical transducer and a keen biological recognition component. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations may be performed through analyzation of the data, which is gathered by measurable signals converted from biological reaction. Antibodies, receptors, microorganisms, nucleic acids, enzymes, cells and tissues, as well as some biomimetic structures, normally constitute the biosensor biological recognition part. Production of nanobiosensor, which was made possible through several accomplishments in nano- and fabrication technology, opens up new biotechnological horizons in diagnosis of multiple diseases. In recent years, many researches have been focused on developing novel and effective tau protein biosensors for rapid and accurate detection of AD. In this review, tau protein function and correlation with AD as well as the eminent research on developing nanobiosensor based on optical, electrochemical and piezoelectric approaches will be highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel strategy for optimization of hybrid system of dynamic adsorption/depth filtration. • Fixed bed column/dead-end filtration hybrid separation system was employed for MB removal. • Performance of the hybrid system was optimized using central composite design algorithm. • Feed flowrate was the most affecting variable based on the Pareto sensitivity analysis. • Superiority of the hybrid system performance compared to individual systems at optimum conditions was approved. This work investigates the performance and optimization of a hybrid process consisting of a fixed-bed adsorption (FBA) column and a dead-end filtration (DEF) cell for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from water. Granular activated carbon and cellulose acetate depth filter sheets were used as adsorbent and filter medium, respectively. Effects of four operation parameters (initial concentration, feed flowrate, bed length, and filter type) on the MB removal rate (RR) were investigated using breakthrough data analysis and response surface methodology. This RR (mass of MB removed per second) captures the removal capacity and separation rate, simultaneously. The maximum RR was found theoretically equal to 3.875 s−1 at the optimized conditions of initial concentration =39.86 mg/L, flowrate = 1.15 L/min, bed length =29.95 cm, and filter type = OS100, and validated with the experimental data with 99% agreement. The performance of the hybrid process operating at the optimal operation conditions was found to be superior to those of the individual FBA column and DEF cell. After 100 s from the process commencement, the RR obtained with the hybrid process was about 64% higher than that obtained with the FBA column and 30% higher than that obtained with the DEF cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Variation analysis of Prunus scoparia by molecular marker. Abstract Evaluation of spatial and non-spatial distribution is of great importance for protection of plant's genetic resources. Prunus scoparia , a wild almond species, is an important economically and ecologically food resource plant in Iran with specific characteristics such as self-compatibility, resistant to drought and fungus, bitterness as well as small nuts. This wild species can provide an enlarged gene pool and may be considered as a valuable germplasm source for breeding the cultivated almond. In this study, the conservation planning and genetic variation of 158 Prunus scoparia accessions was investigated with the aid of 36 SSR markers to reveal genetic distinctness and structure. The molecular markers studied showed quite high level of genetic diversity on the basis of N a = 6.47, H o = 0.603 and H e = 0.737. The result of Neighbor net analysis was not in parallel with STRUCTURE data as classified samples into two and 12 main groups, respectively. On the other hand, the results of GENELAND analysis ensured the population classification and the genetic relatedness between populations from STRUCTURE analysis due to use of geographical data. All samples were grouped based on their geographical location. Moreover, utilization of GIS data accompanied by appropriate number of SSR markers could provide the possibility of prioritizing of distribution regions in natural and unnatural environments. The species distribution modeling would also help gain comprehensive information on conservation strategies of this wild almond species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A fully-coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical approach was developed to study injection-induced seismicity and permeability enhancement in low permeable reservoirs. • Fracture deformation and transport processes were modeled using thermo-poroelastic displacement discontinuity method combined with Galerkin and Petrov Galerkin finite element methods. • Constitutive behavior of fault friction was captured using rate-and-state friction model incorporating aging law for history of sliding. • Traffic Light System-based injection protocols yield higher potential in enhancing the fault permeability. • Volume-Controlled fluid injection are far more effective in reducing the seismic risk. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the induced seismicity associated with geothermal systems. However, understanding and modeling of injection-induced seismicity have still remained as a challenge. This paper presents a two-dimensional fully thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled boundary element approach to characterize the fault response to forced fluid injection and assess the effect of different injection protocols on seismic risk mitigation as well as permeability enhancement. The laboratory-derived rate-and-state friction law was used to capture the frictional paradigm observed in mature faults produced in granite rocks. All phases of stick-slip cycles, including aseismic slip, propagation of dynamic rupture, and interseismic periods, were simulated. The modeling results showed that the residual values of effective normal stress and static shear stress after a particular event completely dominate the constitutive behavior of fault friction during the next seismic event. The seismic energy analyses indicated that there is a negative correlation between the seismic magnitude and the total injected volume, such that a prolonged monotonic injection eventually results in the steady slip, rather than the seismic slip. Several fluid injection protocols were designed based on a volume-controlled (VC) approach and traffic light systems (TLS) to explore their effectiveness on the seismic risk mitigation and permeability enhancement. The results showed that cyclic injection based on TLS is the most effective approach for irreversible permeability enhancement of faults through promoting slow and steady slips. Our numerical simulations also revealed that fluid extraction (backflow-fixing bottom hole pressure at atmospheric pressure), regardless of the injection style, can considerably reduce the seismicity-related risks by preventing the fast-accelerated fracture slip during the post-injection stage. This study presents novel insights into modeling the rate-and-state governed faults exposed to forced fluid injection, and provides useful approaches for shear stimulation of faults with reduced seismic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Administration of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in combination with estrogen (E2), could be an effective in the treatment of menopausal diabetes. • Combined treatments of SERMs and E2 were more effective than the effects of E2 or SERMs alone. • E2 or SERMs have beneficial effects on cardiovascular system by improving inflammatory balance and reducing Ang II levels. The beneficial effects of the administration of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and estrogen (E2), alone or in combination with each other, have been reported in postmenopausal diabetic cardiovascular dysfunction. In the present study, we determined the mechanism of action of SERMs and E2 on inflammatory balance, angiotensin II (Ang II) serum levels, and glycemic profile in a postmenopausal diabetic rat model. Ovariectomized rats with type 2 diabetes received daily SERMs (tamoxifen and raloxifene) and E2 for one month. After treatment, cardiovascular risk indices, glycemic profile, and serum Ang II, TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured. Type 2 diabetes caused an abnormal glycemic profile, which was exacerbated by ovariectomy. All treatments inhibited the effects of diabetes and ovariectomy on the glycemic profile, with combined treatments (SERMs + E2) showing stronger effects. Cardiovascular risk indices that became abnormal by diabetes and worsened by ovariectomy were improved in all treatment modalities. Also, combined treatment reduced serum Ang II, TNF-α, and the ratio of TNF-α to IL-10, indicating an improvement in inflammatory balance. Our study showed the administration of SERMs and E2, alone or in combination, could be an effective alternative in the treatment of menopausal diabetes, and generally, the beneficial effects of combined treatments were more effective than the effects of E2 or SERMs alone. It appears that E2 or SERMs benefit the cardiovascular system by improving inflammatory balance and reducing Ang II levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effect of flagellin as adjuvant in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine on the cellular and humoral immunity in chickens. Fifty-six specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to seven groups of eight chickens and immunized twice with a two-week interval, intramuscularly. Group 1, received phosphate buffered saline as control (C), groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were immunized with inactivated NDV [Ag], Ag + full FliC protein [AgF], Ag + truncated Flic protein [AgT], Ag + native Flic protein [AgN], commercial NDV vaccine [Vac] and Vac + N [VacN], respectively. After 45 days, spleen and bursa of Fabricius samples were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry and responses in control/vaccinated chickens were studied by immunophenotyping. Humoral response was also, evaluated by ELISA during the experiment. Results showed that immunized chickens with Ag + flagellin proteins had significantly higher frequency of circulating CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in bursa of Fabricius in AgF, AgT and AgN, respectively, compared with other groups. Similar results were observed for spleen; however, the highest frequency of circulating CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells belonged to AgT and AgF, respectively. ELISA results showed that all flagellin-adjuvanted groups had higher antibody titers than other groups with the highest antibody response in VacN. It can be concluded that flagellin may induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against ND and is suggested for use as an efficient adjuvant. • Flagellin-adjuvanted groups had higher frequency of CD4 and CD8 T cells. • All flagellin-adjuvanted groups had higher antibody titers than other groups. • Native flagellin enhanced antibody response in commercial vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A set of twelve simple sequence repeat markers was used to evaluate the genetic background of 738 pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) accessions, which belonged to the Iranian National Pomegranate Collection, from 23 provinces of Iran. Genetic diversity among the accessions was analysed using several variability parameters. Forty-three alleles were detected with a mean of 3.59 alleles per locus. The highest levels of polymorphism were found for the locus ABRII-MP26. The mean values of expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were 0.521 and 0.458, respectively. Neighbour-Net analysis based on uncorrected P distances and a model-based method separated the accessions into 8 main groups and several subgroups, with a tendency to cluster by geographical origin. From the simple sequence repeat analysis, it can be concluded that the genetic base of the Iranian National Pomegranate Collection is broad enough to ensure future progress in breeding programmes and these markers are effective tools for conducting genetic diversity studies in pomegranate and developing strategies for germplasm management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The full length hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 287 H9N2 AI strains isolated from chickens in Asia during the period 1994–2009 were genetically analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that G1-like viruses circulated in the Middle East and Indian sub-continent countries, whereas other sublineages existed in Far East countries. It also revealed G1-like viruses with an average 96.7% identity clustered into two subgroups largely based on their time of isolation. The Ka/Ks ratio was calculated 0.34 for subgroup 1 and 0.57 for subgroup 2 indicates purifying/stabilizing selection, but despite this there is evidence of localized positive selection when comparing the subgroups 1 and 2 protein sequences. Five sites in HA H9N2 viruses had a posterior probability >0.5 using the Bayesian method, indicating these sites were under positive selection. These sites were found to be associated with the globular head region of HA. To identify sites under positive selection; amino acid substitution classified depends on their radicalism and neutrality. The results indicate that, although most positions in HAs were under purifying selection and can be eliminated, a few positions located in the antigenic regions and receptor binding sites were subject to positive selection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A recombinant antigen-based single serum dilution ELISA was developed for simultaneous detection and subtyping of influenza viruses. Recombinant baculovirus encoding the hemagglutinin (HA1 subunit) of H9N2 virus was generated. To evaluate the rHA1-ELISA, microplates were coated with purified HA1 protein and tested with reference control sera. Subsequently, 92 field sera collected from chickens suspected to be infected with H9N2 AIV were employed to test the efficacy of the rHA1-ELISA. The sera were tested simultaneously by HI and a commercial AIV ELISA kit. The rHA1-ELISA appeared to be highly specific and sensitive for direct detection of H9N2 antibodies in serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) assisted chitosan (Cs) was utilized to surface modification of poly(ether sulphone) (PES) nanofiltration membranes. The effect of CNFs-co-Cs nanocomposite layer on physical/chemical properties and separation performance of prepared membranes was investigated. The ability of membranes in heavy metal ions removal from water was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning optical microscopy (SOM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 3D surface images were employed for the membranes characterization. Moreover membrane porosity, mean pore size, water content, water contact angle, flux, salt rejection and tensile strength of fabricated membranes measured. The FTIR analysis verified formation of CNFs-co-Cs layer on the membrane surface. SOM images revealed relatively uniform surface for the prepared membrane. Introducing of CNFs-co-Cs on the PES substrate led to decline of water contact angle from 62.66° to 43.86° sharply. Modified membranes showed higher porosity and water content than virgin PES membrane. The Na 2 SO 4 rejection was measured >66% for PES membrane while it was >82% for PES/CNFs-co-Cs membrane containing of 0.5 wt% CNFs. Pure water flux also enhanced from 4.25 (L/m2.h) for virgin PES membrane up to 13.58 (L/m2.h) for the surface modified membranes. Mechanical tensile strength was also increased considerably for the PES/CNFs-co-Cs membrane containing of 0.5 wt% CNFs that were 3.5 times more than the tensile strength for PES membrane. The Cu, Cr and Pb rejections measured 97.86%, 98.40% and 96.54% for the PES/CNFs-co-Cs membrane with 0.5 wt % CNFs while they were 45.3%, 48.46% and 38.02 for PES substrate respectively. [Display omitted] • PES/CNFs-co-Cs nanofiltration membrane fabricated through intra-networking. • PWF measured 4.25 and 13.58 (L/m 2 h) for PES and [PES/CNFs-co-Cs] membranes. • Na 2 SO4 rejection was >66% and >88% for virgin and surface modified membranes. • [PES/CNFs-co-Cs] membrane showed high ability in Cu, Cr, Pb removal from water. • Outstanding tensile strength obtained for CNFs-co-Cs coated PES based NF membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In spite of reports on cytokines induction by the Brucella DNA in murine model, there is no comparison between pathogenic and appropriate vaccine strains in human. We investigated the cytokines profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by DNA extracted from pathogenic isolates of Brucella melitensis and B. abortus as well as Rev1 and S19; the appropriate vaccine strains. It was observed that despite differential induction of Interleukin(IL)-12 and IL-10 production, identical IL-12/IL-10 concentration ratio was obtained by all Brucella strains DNAs that was 2 after 24h and 4 after 5 days of incubation. In addition, IL-2 and Interferon(IFN)-γ production were profoundly increased compared to the medium at day 3 and 5 respectively but IFN-α was not induced. Therefore, Brucella strains DNAs are Th1 inducing component with similar pattern in human PBMCs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The most IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression was observed in full flagellin adjuvanted group. • The recombinant full flagellin adjuvanted group showed the highest cellular activity. • The highest HI titer was observed in commercial vaccine and recombinant flagellin adjuvanted groups. The present study was designed to investigate the potential application of native (N) and recombinant (truncated modified [tmFliC] and full-length [flFliC]) flagellin proteins along with inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Fifty six SPF chickens were immunized twice with PBS (control), inactivated NDV (Ag), inactivated NDV/flFliC (AgF), inactivated NDV/tmFliC (AgT), inactivated NDV/N (AgN), commercial vaccine containing Montanide (Vac) and Vac/N (VacN), with a two-week interval. Blood was collected weekly and spleens were harvested after chickens were sacrificed. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. Antibody response was assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Cellular activity was quantified by MTT assay. Results showed that the most IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression was observed in AgF group (P < 0.01). The lowest gene expression among vaccinated groups was observed in Ag group for IL-6 and Ag and Vac group for TNF-α. The highest HI titer was observed in Vac, VacN, AgF and AgT groups. The AgF group showed the highest cellular activity (P < 0.01). In conclusion, flagellin-adjuvanted groups showed a pro-inflammatory effect and acted similarly to or better than the Vac group. Hence, flagellin can be proposed as a potential adjuvant for ND vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bacterial infections in serious burns have been a constant threat to human health throughout history. • Chitosan has significant antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria. • Chitosan nanoparticles could be used as drug carriers and gene carrier to enhance their transfer efficiency in the cells. • Chitosan-based nanomaterials could be used against bacterial infections. Chitosan nanomaterials have become a hot topic in biomedicine due to exerting antimicrobial effects with interestingly high levels of biodegradability and biocompatibility without causing toxicity. Regarded as a potential means of wound dressing with antimicrobial activity, chitosan exhibits higher efficiency when it is functionally modified with other natural compounds, metallic antimicrobial particles and antibiotics. Mechanistically, the antibacterial effect of chitosan is mostly, associated with the death-proceeding leakage of intracellular content, induced by malfunction and altered permeability of the negatively charged cell membrane, on which chitosan is adsorbed. Moreover, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) are endowed with favorable features of NPs (i.e., large surface-to-volume ratio, high functionalization possibilities and a greater capacity for drug loading), as well as that of their chitosan base, thereby possessing strengthened antibacterial potential. In addition, polycations target negatively charged bacterial membranes, so bacteria cells are more strongly affected by polycationic chitosan NPs than pure chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sleep deprivation impaired Learning and memory in Barnes and Novel location tasks. • Sleep deprivation disrupted Synaptic plasticity. • Prior voluntary exercise modulated impairments resulting from subsequent SD. Previous studies have indicated that forced exercise plays a preventive role in synaptic plasticity deficits in the hippocampus and behavioral impairments in sleep-deprived male and female rats. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of voluntary exercise on early long-term potentiation (E-LTP) at the Cornu Ammonis (CA1) area of the hippocampus and behavioral functions by barnes maze and novel location tests in sleep-deprived female rats. Intact female Wistar rats were used in the present study. The exercise protocol was four weeks wheel running and the multiple platform method was applied to induce 72 h Sleep deprivation (SD). We examine the effect of exercise and/or SD on synaptic plasticity using in vivo extracellular recording in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Spatial learning and memory examined by Barnes maze and recognition memory assessed by novel location test. Field potential recording indicated that the induction and maintenance phase of E-LTP impaired in the sleep deprived animals compared to the other groups. After 72 h SD, LTP impairments were reduced by 4 weeks of voluntary exercise but do not go back to control values. SD impairs learning and memory and exercise could improve these deficits. In conclusion, the synaptic plasticity deficit in sleep-deprived female rats was improved by voluntary exercise. Further studies are suggested to evaluate the possible underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chronic pain is highly comorbid with PTSD symptoms in war veterans. • Attentional bias in pain is suggested to be relevant to anxiety in chronic pain. • Veterans showed a greater attentional bias away from pain-related cues. • Avoidance from pain may indicate suppression of emotion in stressful situations. • Veterans showed significantly elevated attentional bias variability for both happy and pain faces compared to controls. Cognitive models propose that attentional dysregulation, including an attentional bias towards threat, is one of the factors through which chronic pain and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) maintain and exacerbate one another. The current investigation assessed the attentional bias for painful facial expressions and its relationship with PTSS, using both traditional and variability-based attentional bias measures, among veterans with chronic pain and PTSS and controls. Fifty-four veterans with chronic pain and 30 age/education-matched controls participated in this investigation. Participants completed a self-report measure of PTSS and a modified version of the dot-probe task with painful, happy, and neutral facial expressions. Attention was assessed using both traditional and variability-based reaction time measures of attentional bias. Veterans directed attention away from painful facial expressions (i.e., avoidance) relative to both the control group (between-subject effect) and relative to neutral faces (within-subject effect). Veterans also showed significantly elevated attentional bias variability for both happy and painful facial expressions compared to controls. Attentional bias variability for happy and painful facial expressions was correlated with PTSS among all participants. Veterans with chronic pain and PTSS avoided pain-related stimuli and displayed an overall attentional dysregulation for emotional facial expressions. Avoidance of pain cues may be a coping strategy that these individuals develop under stressful conditions. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]