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Abstract Acrylamide is a chemical, often present in bread, legally classified as carcinogen, mutagen and reproductive toxicant. Since bread is consumed both world-wide and in Iran, determination of acrylamide in different types of breads is of high interest. In the present study, acrylamide was monitored in 56 Sangak and 30 industrial bread samples collected from Tehran and Shiraz, using LC-MS/MS (LOQ = 1 ng/g). In addition, the noncarcinogenic risk (target hazard quotient–THQ) and carcinogenic risk (incremental lifetime cancer risk–ILCR) due to ingestion of acrylamide through bread consumption in children and adults were assessed. Acrylamide was detected in more than 90% of the samples tested. The average daily intake of acrylamide in Iran based on exclusive consumption of Sangak bread, was estimated at 145 ng/kg bw/day. Based on the THQ for bread acrylamide in adults and children, the decreasing risk order was: Shiraz semi-industrial Sangak, Shiraz traditional Sangak, Tehran traditional Sangak, Tehran industrial bread. The ILCR of bread acrylamide calculated for adults and children was higher than the permissible lifetime carcinogenic risk value established by USEPA (1.00E-5). Results show that bread is a major source of acrylamide intake by people in Iran and all consumers regardless of age could be at elevated carcinogenic risk. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Monitoring of acrylamide in different bread types using effective method is necessary. • Bread is a major source for acrylamide intake by people in Tehran and Shiraz. • The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk of acrylamide for adults and children consuming wheat flour bread was higher than the permissible lifetime carcinogenic risk. • All consumers regardless of age are at elevated carcinogenic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bread constitutes a popular and even daily component of human diet world-wide, Iran included. However, there are concerns that various processing methods such as frying and baking could result in the production of potentially a source of known carcinogens such as acrylamide (AA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). The present study tried to perform a risk assessment on seven categories of bread consumers, based on age and gender, calculating the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), and Margin of Exposure (MOE) related to the dietary intake of AA and BaP. AA and BaP were analyzed in 87 bread samples using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, respectively. The results indicated that more than 94% (mean concentration: 25.9 ng/g) and about 20% (mean concentration: 1.98 ng/g) of the samples were contaminated with AA and BaP, respectively. The THQ of AA intake through bread consumption for seven categories was in the following decreasing order: semi-industrial Sangak bread of Shiraz (SIS-Sh)> traditional Sangak bread of Shiraz (TS-Sh)> traditional Sangak bread of Tehran (TS-Th)> commercial bread of Tehran (C–Th). The non-neoplastic and neoplastic MOE for AA (˂10,000) indicates a high risk of exposure for all people in Tehran and Shiraz through the consumption of all tested bread. Due to the consumption of TS, SIS, and C bread, the BaP MOE for all people in Tehran and Shiraz was >10 000, which shows a low health risk for consumers. Our findings showed that ILCR for AA in seven classes of people who had TS-Sh and TS-Th was remarkably higher than ILCR for all categories that consumed the C–Th. BaP ILCR for the people who ingested TS-Th, TS-Sh, SIS–Th, and SIS-Sh was about 2–4 times higher than people who had C–Th. This study indicates that bread is the main source of AA and BaP intake in Iran, which might elevate the cancer risk. [Display omitted] • Acrylamide and BaP were analyzed in 87 different types of bread samples using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, respectively. • Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) and Margin of Exposure (MOE) related to the dietary intake of acrylamide and BaP through consumption of bread were assessed. • More than 94% and about 20% of the tested bread samples were contaminated with acrylamide and BaP, respectively. • Bread is a major source of acrylamide and BaP intake by people in Iran and all consumers regardless of age could be at elevated carcinogenic risk. • Further health risk assessments for acrylamide and BaP in different food products and also mitigation of them were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two accurate, precise, selective and sensitive methods were developed for determining aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formula milk using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The validated methods were used for determination of AFM1 in 29 samples of 6 different infant formula milk brands and the risk of AFM1 in infants aged zero to 6 months old was assessed using cancer risk, Margin of Exposure (MOE) and Hazard Index (HI). Only one sample (3.4%) was contaminated with AFM1. Although the results showed that MOE values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 was <10,000 in infants, the additional cancer risk due to mean and median exposure to AFM1 in infant <6 months were 0.00010 and 0.00012 additional cases per year per 105 individuals, respectively, which indicates no health concern. In addition, HI values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 for infants were quite below one which indicates no health concern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on risk assessment of AFM1 in infant formula milk consumed by Iranian infants <6 months old, presenting a low risk for the evaluated groups. Image 1 • Developing two accurate, precise, selective and sensitive methods for determining aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formula milk. • Application of the methods on real infant formula milk samples. • Additional cancer risk due to mean and median exposure to AFM1 in infant <6 months were 0.00010 and 0.00012 additional cases per year per 105 individuals, respectively. • HI values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 for infants were quite below one which indicates no health concern. • Necessity of cumulative risk assessment of AFM1in infants from different provinces in IR Iran consuming infant formula milk along with milks from other sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]