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The phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Croton yunnanensis resulted in the isolation of eight new clerodane furanoditerpenoids, named croyunfuranoids A−H (1 − 8), along with three known analogs (9 − 11). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses, and their absolute configurations were determined through a combination of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Notably, Croyunfuranoid D (4) is identified as a rare 18,19- dinor -clerodane diterpenoid. Additionally, the structure of a previously reported diterpenoid, crotonyunnan B, was revised. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among them, compounds 5 and 6 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, with IC 50 values of 20.33 ± 2.31 and 22.80 ± 1.31 μmol·L−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Euphorbia schoenlandii has been heavily impacted by habitat loss and degradation. • There is a high degree of isolation between the three remaining populations. • Plants are negatively affected by the stem-boring larvae of nephopteryx divisella. • Extant populations are stable and recruiting overall, especially at coastal sites. Many threatened plant species in South Africa occur outside of protected areas and these include numerous succulent species that are traded internationally. Despite the potential impact that this may have on rare and endemic succulent species, limited population data exist to inform the non-detriment findings required by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to ensure that international trade is sustainable. A concerted effort is being made in South Africa to gather such data for threatened succulents in the Euphorbiaceae. As part of this effort, the study set out to locate the extant populations of Euphorbia schoenlandii , an endemic of the Succulent Karoo, and acquire a better understanding of the population biology and ecology of the species. We applied the point-centred quarter method to estimate population size and density at each locality. This first-ever comprehensive field survey allowed for the determination of the geographic distribution of the species, as well as the sizes and number of populations. Biotic and abiotic environmental variables were employed to generate a habitat profile and a species distribution model for conservation purposes. Population structure, regeneration potential, and stability of the three known populations were also assessed. According to this study, approximately 29 152 individuals remain in the wild. It was shown that the species is often associated with nurse plants. Various potential pollinators were identified, but of concern was the considerable infestation by an alien snout moth (Nephopteryx divisella) , a known pest of euphorbias. The first adult size class contained the highest proportion of individuals, which is indicative of pulse recruitment. Seedling numbers were low, most likely because the surveys were conducted during a drought period. Overall, this study provides the first data on various aspects of the population structure and ecology of E. schoenlandii. It provides valuable information regarding current threats, and also highlights the vulnerability of the species to further habitat loss and degradation or future illegal or unregulated harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant mediated green synthetic route for silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs & AuNPs) from four plant families: Phyllanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae and Euphorbiaceae and their therapeutic application of are summarized in the present review article. Silver and gold nanoparticles prepared from the mentioned plant families were visualized with various therapeutic applications viz., anti-microbial, ant-bacterial, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activities etc. Owing to size and shapes, NPs green synthesized from various plants like Ricinus communis (Ag), Tectona grandis (Ag), Plectranthus amboinicus (Ag, Au), Phyllanthus emblica (Ag, Au), Ricinu communis (Ag), Leucas aspera (Ag, Au), Acalypha indica Linn. (Ag, Au) were envisioned with innumerable curative applications such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, cytotoxicity, haemolytic and stimulating effect etc. In the current review, eco-friendly green synthetic itineraries for synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs are mainly focused. Phyto-components present in plants such as anti-oxidant molecules, terpenes, alkaloids, coumarins like quercetin, d -allose, 1-valine, ocosenamide molecules etc. are the responsible reducing agents for the capping reaction (Ag+ to Ag0 and Au3+ to Au0) of nanoparticle from metal precursors like AgNO 3 and HAuCl 4. [Display omitted] • Bio-synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs from four plant families: Phyllanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae and Euphorbiaceae are summarized. • AgNPs and AuNPs green synthesized from plants belonging to Phyllanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae and Euphorbiaceae families contain various medicinal applications like antimicrobial, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, cytotoxicity etc. • Phyto-compounds present in plants are responsible for capping reaction of nano-particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH (1:1, v/v) extract of Croton sylvaticus stem bark selectively exhibited good antiplasmodial activity during preliminary screening against the multidrug-resistant (Dd2) and chloroquine sensitive (3D7) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC 50 values of 10.57 and 18.47 μg/mL, respectively. After fractionation, the fractions exhibited moderate to good activity with IC 50 values ranging from 4.31 to 25.49 μg/mL. The purification of these fractions led to the isolation of six new labdane-type diterpenoids named sylvacrotonins A F (1 6), alongside seven known compounds (7 13). Their structures were determined based on the analysis of their NMR and MS data. The isolated compounds were assessed in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity against Pf 3D7 and Pf Dd2. The new labdane-type diterpenoids showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against the two P. falciparum strains, with compound 6 being the most active, with IC 50 values of 11.26 and 21.80 μg/mL against Pf Dd2 and Pf 3D7, respectively. Cytotoxic assays were performed on African green monkey kidney Vero cells to ensure that the obtained activity was specific to the parasites. Interestingly, all the tested extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds showed acceptable selectivity (SI > 10) against both Plasmodium strains, except fractions CSB-E (SI = 3.93) and CSB-C (SI = 9.22) against Pf 3D7. Globally, with resistance indexes (RIs) lower than 1, all the tested samples were found to be more active against multidrug-resistant (Pf Dd2) than sensitive (Pf 3D7) strains. Furthermore, all the isolated compounds exhibited cell cytotoxicity in the normal Vero cell line. The results from this study confirm the use of C. sylvaticus in malaria - endemic countries for its management and suggest that further lead-optimization studies on hit compounds could drive to the identification of potential lead molecules for antimalarial control and eradication. [Display omitted] ▪ An extract of Croton sylvaticus stem bark exhibited appreciable antiplasmodial activity. ▪ Bioguided investigation of fractions led to the isolation of twelve compounds. ▪ Six previously undescribed diterpenoids, sylvaticrotonins A-F, were isolated. ▪ Sylvaticrotonin F [6 β -hydroxynidorellol (6)] was the most active compound with IC 50 values of 11.26 and 21.80 μg/mL. ▪ Their structures were determined based on the analysis of their NMR and MS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new diterpenoids, including one trachylobane (1) and two labdanes (2–3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Croton laui. Their structures were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1–3 were assessed for cytotoxicity against A549, BEL-7402, SGC-7901, and Hela cell lines by the MTT assay. Compound 1 showed weak activity against the four human cancer cell lines with IC 50 values of 36.09–93.94 μ M. [Display omitted] • Three previously unreported diterpenoids were isolated from Croton laui. • The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. • Compound 1 showed weak activity against K562 with IC 50 value of 36.09 ± 0.43 μ M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new heptapeptides, [1–7-NαC]-crocaorbs A1 (1) and A2 (2), were isolated from the latex of Croton campanulatus. Their structures were determined using NMR spectroscopic techniques, ESI-HRMS data, Marfey's method, and further refined using molecular dynamics with simulated annealing (MD/SA). Molecular dynamics calculations of peptides 1 and 2 demonstrated greater stability in simulations using a biological solvent compared to those using DMSO. Compound 1 , the most abundant peptide in latex, was assessed for NO production, antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities. The peptide significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production at concentrations of 40, 20 or 10 μM (17.932 ± 1.1, 18.270 ± 0.9, 18.499 ± 0.7, respectively). Its antiplasmodial activity exhibited limited efficacy, with only 5% inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 growth at a concentration of 50 μM. Also, it exhibited no cytotoxic effects in the J774A.1 murine macrophages cell line. This study represents the first report of a phytochemical investigation of the species C. campanulatus , which showed orbitides with distinctive sequences in contrast to other peptides described for the genus Croton and contributes to the study of structural diversity within this particular class of compounds. [Display omitted] • [1–7-NαC]-Crocaorbs A1 and A2, first report of cyclic peptides in Croton campanulatus Caruzo & Cordeiro. • The structures were determined by NMR, ESI-HRMS, Marfey's method, and further refined using MD/SA. • [1–7-NαC]-Crocaorb A1 presented low cytotoxicity against murine macrophage J774A.1 cells. • Orbitides with distinctive sequences in contrast to other peptides described for the genus Croton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteen compounds including eleven previously undescribed diterpenes were isolated from the leaves of Croton mangelong. The structures were determined by HRESIMS, IR, NMR, X-ray diffraction and ECD spectroscopic analysis. All isolates were assayed for their anti-hyperglycemic activities in insulin resistance (IR) 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and compound 4 was tested for its anti-diabetic activity in vivo. Results suggested compound 4 could effectively reduce blood glucose level in diabetic SD rats in a dose of 30 mg/kg. Eleven undescribed diterpenes were isolated from the leaves of Croton mangelong. All isolates were assayed for their anti-hyperglycemic activities in insulin resistance (IR) 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Compound 4 was tested for its anti-diabetic activity in vivo. Results suggested 4 could effectively reduce blood glucose and blood lipids levels in diabetic SD rats with minimal liver damage in a dose of 30 mg/kg. [Display omitted] • Eleven undescribed diterpenes were isolated from the leaves of Croton mangelong. • The absolute configurations were ensured by X-ray crystallography or ECD calculation. • Compound 4 was evaluated in vivo for its hypoglycemic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten undescribed diterpenoids (1 – 10) and three undescribed phenanthrene derivatives (11 – 13), together with seven known compounds, were isolated from the roots of Baliospermum solanifolium. Their structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compounds 1 – 7 (baliosperoids A–G) represent the examples of 20-nor- ent -podocarpane class first discovered in nature. In particular, compound 7 possesses a unique 2,3-seco ring system incorporating γ -butanolide moiety. All isolates were assessed for their cytotoxic activities against HT-29, HCT-116, HCT-15, MCF-7, and A549 cell lines as well as their inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Compound 1 , a 20-nor- ent -podocarpane-type diterpenoid possessing a Δ1,2 double bond, not only exhibited considerable proliferation inhibition against five human cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values ranging from 4.13 to 23.45 μM, but also displayed the most potent inhibitory activity on NO production with IC 50 value at the nanomolar level (0.63 ± 0.21 μM). Ten previously undescribed diterpenoids and three previously undescribed phenanthrene derivatives were isolated from the roots of Baliospermum solanifolium. Compounds 1 – 7 , namely baliosperoids A–G, represent the examples of 20-nor- ent -podocarpane class first found in nature. [Display omitted] • 13 previously undescribed compounds were isolated from Baliospermum solanifolium. • Compounds 1 – 7 represent the examples of 20-nor- ent -podocarpane class first found in nature. • Compound 7 possesses a unique 2,3-seco ring system incorporating γ -butanolide moiety. • ECD calculation and X-ray diffraction were used for structure determination. • Compound 1 displayed inhibitory activity on NO production with IC 50 value at the nanomolar level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lathyrisone A (1), a diterpene with an undescribed tricyclic 6/6/6 fused carbon skeleton, along with spirolathyrisins B-D (3 – 5), three diterpenes with a rare [4.5.0] spirocyclic carbon skeleton, and one known compound (2) were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia lathyris. Their chemical structures were characterized by extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystallography, ECD and quantum chemistry calculation. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for compounds 1 – 5 was proposed, which suggested it is a competitive pathway for ingenol biosynthesis in the plant. The anti-fungal activities of these compounds were tested, especially, compound 2 showed stronger anti-fungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata than the positive control fungicide thiophanate-methyl. The preliminary structure–activity relationship of compounds 1 – 5 was also discussed. These results not only expanded the chemical diversities of E. lathyris , but also provided a lead compound for the control of plant pathogens. Lathyrisone A (1), a diterpene with an undescribed tricyclic 6/6/6 fused carbon skeleton; and gopherenediol (2), spirolathyrisins B-D (3 – 5), four diterpenes with a rare [4.5.0] spirocyclic carbon skeleton were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia lathyris. 2 showed promising anti-fungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata. [Display omitted] • LC−MS/MS guided isolation for undescribed diterpenes was proposed and validated. • Compound 1 is a diterpene with an unrecorded tricyclic 6/6/6 fused carbon skeleton. • Compounds 2 – 5 are diterpenes with a rare [4.5.0] spirocyclic carbon skeleton. • 2 showed strong anti-fungal activities against F. oxysporum and A. alternata. • Proposed biogenesis of 1 – 5 suggests competitive pathways for ingenane in the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Euphorbia granulata extract (EGE) is rich in phenolic compounds. • EGE can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation via apoptosis. • EGE can reduce cell viability of breast cancer cells. • EGE can be a potent anticancer agent. Euphorbia is one of the six largest genera of flowering plants. The Euphorbia species are widely distributed throughout the world. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic compounds profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction of Euphorbia. granulata extract (EGE) on breast cancer cells. In this experiment, we used HPLC analysis to attain the phenolic and flavonoid compound profile. The total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) were evaluated by classic procedures. Besides, the antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed. MTT assay was performed and caspase-3 activity was also measured to detect the effect of E. granulata on the MCF-7 cell line. Rutin with the amount of 6.40 µg/mg extract was identified as the main component in EGE. The extract was rich in TPC and showed high free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 22.96 ± 0.84 μg/mL). Based on MTT assay results, EGE exhibited anti-proliferative activity on MCF-7 cells with the IC 50 value of 25.17 ± 0.95 µg/mL. EGE also affected MCF-7 cells by reducing cell viability via the induction of apoptosis. So, the treatment of the cells by EGE exhibited an increase in caspase-3 activity. These findings indicated that EGE has a rich source of phenolic compounds and the extract can be a potent anticancer agent in inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells and probably other cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three undescribed jatrophane diterpenoids, named euphpepluones P-R (1–3), were isolated from the whole plant Euphorbia peplus. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of 1 was further assigned by X-ray crystallographic analysis. All compounds were evaluated for bioactivity towards autophagic flux by flow cytometry using HM mCherry-GFP-LC3 cells. Compounds 2 and 6 exhibited significant inhibition of autophagic flux. [Display omitted] • Three new jatrophane diterpenoids were isolated from Euphorbia peplus Linn. • Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including X-ray crystallographic analysis. • Compounds 2 and 6 exhibited significant inhibition of autophagic flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mallotus oppositifolius is an important medicinal herb in Africa. • It possesses valuable and diverse pharmacological activities. • More than 30 phytochemicals have been isolated and identified from this species. • Phloroglucinols and mallotoxin appear to be the most promising bioactive compounds. • Here the first comprehensive review of M. oppositifolius is presented. Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is an important and multipurpose medicinal herb found in different African countries. Its various parts possess several pharmacological activities. However, to date, there is no literature review collating the traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of M. oppositifolius. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a current, relevant and comprehensive summary of the botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of M. oppositifolius. To this end, a review of all published literature was conducted using various online scientific databases. Traditionally, M. oppositifolius is used to treat epilepsy, convulsions, haemorrhages, dysentery, stomach pain, waist pain, chest pain, eye infections, anemia, paralysis, ringworms, skin infections, spasms, kidney infection, inflammation, malaria, fever, headaches, " aseram ", swelling, and tumours. Phytochemical analysis revealed that M. oppositifolius contains several phytochemical classes consisting of sterols, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. The in vivo and in vitro studies conducted on isolated compounds or crude extracts reported several biological activities, viz. antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiperoxidative, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, cardioprotective and KCNQ1 activities. The leaves of M. oppositifolius are the most commonly used part of the plant and thus the most researched in pharmacological studies. This review reveals that M. oppositifolius has several traditional uses, of which some, such as treatment of epilepsy, convulsion, pain, dysentery, diarrhea, inflammation, malaria and infectious diseases have been tested in pharmacological studies. Its vulnerability to destructive harvesting and overexploitation supports the need to identify the therapeutic applications of the bioactive compounds in clinical trials in order to conserve the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new jatrophane polyesters, Euphopepluanones M-O (1–3), along with eight known ones (4 - 11), were isolated from the leaves of Euphorbia peplus Linn. Their chemical structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of compound 1 were assigned by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In addition, their anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated in vitro. Among them, 2 and 7 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. [Display omitted] • Three new jatrophane polyesters were isolated from Euphorbia peplus Linn. • The structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including X-ray crystallographic analysis. • Compounds 2 and 7 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphohelinodes D–I (1 – 6), six previously unreported ent- abietane lactones, along with two known analogues (7 and 8), were isolated from the anti-inflammatory fraction extracted from E. helioscopia by a bioactivity-guided isolation. Their structures were characterized using a combination of spectroscopic data interpretation, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds was evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The most active candidate, euphohelinode H (5), had better inhibitory activity against NO production with an IC 50 value of 30.23 ± 2.33 μ M. Further study revealed that 5 significantly suppressed the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 through the NF- κ B signaling pathway. [Display omitted] • Eight ent- abietane lactones were isolated from E. helioscopia. • Their structures were elucidated by NMR, MS, ECD, and X-Ray analysis. • Euphohelinode H (5) showed anti-inflammatory activity targeting the NF- κ B pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation of the leaves and the roots of Suregada procera afforded the new ent -abietane diterpenoid sureproceriolide A (1) along with the known secondary metabolites 8,14β:11,12α-diepoxy-13(15)-abietane-16,12-olid (2), jolkinolide A (3), jolkinolide E (4), ent -pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (5), sitosterol (6), oleana-9(11):12-dien-3β-ol (7), and oleic acid (8). Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, and the structure of jolkinolide A (3) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Sureproceriolide A (1) showed modest activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus lugdunensis (MIC = 31.44 μM), and sitosterol (6) against the Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis (IC 50 = 45.37 μM). Jolkinolide A (3) and E (4) as well as sitosterol (6) inhibited the release of NOS (IMR-90 cells), TNF-α (HaCaT cells) and NF-κB (HaCaT cells), with IC 50 values of 0.43, 3.21, and 10.32 μM, respectively. Compound 6 showed antitumoral activity against SK-MEL-28 (IC 50 = 20.66 μM) and CCD-13Lu (IC 50 = 24.70 μM) cell lines, with no cytotoxic effect against the prostate cells PrEC (CC 50 > 300 μM). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen undescribed diterpenoids, including eleven lathyrane diterpenoids wallathyanes A-K (1 – 11) and three ent -isopimarane diterpenoids wallisopiranes A-C (12 – 14), together with fourteen known analogues 15 – 28 , were obtained from the whole plant of Euphorbia wallichii. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, experimental electronic circular dichroism measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Bioactivity screening indicated that compound 2 exhibited an inhibitory effect on NO generation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells with an IC 50 value of 4.76 ± 1.08 μM. The network pharmacology and molecular docking studies also revealed that compound 2 can bind with the potential targets GRB, AKT1, MAPK1, MAPK14, HSP90AA1, PIK3R1, PIK3CB, PRKACA, SRC, CASP3, RXRA, PTPNA11, ZAP70, and PRKC of inflammation. Fourteen undescribed diterpenoids, including eleven lathyrane diterpenoids wallathyanes A-K (1 – 11) and three ent -isopimarane diterpenoids wallisopiranes A-C (12 – 14), together with fourteen known analogues 15 – 28 , were obtained from the whole plant of Euphorbia wallichii. Bioactivity screening indicated that compound 2 exhibited an inhibitory effect on NO generation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. [Display omitted] • Fourteen previously undescribed diterpenoids were isolated from E. wallichii. • The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by X-ray crystallography. • 2 showed marked anti-inflammatory activity with an IC 50 value of 4.76 ± 1.08 μM. • The anti-inflammatory targets of 2 were predicted and then docked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine previously unreported lathyrane diterpenoids named euphorantesters A−I, along with 16 known analogues, have been separated from the tubers of Euphorbia antiquorum. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analyses, time-dependent density functional theory based electronic circular dichroism calculation and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Their reversal ability against P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in MCF-7/ADR cell line was then evaluated, and 15 ones exhibited moderate MDR reversal activity with reversal fold falling in the range of 1.12–13.15. The most active euphorantester B could effectively increase the sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cell to adriamycin comparably to the reference drug verapamil. Nine undescribed lathyrane diterpenoids were isolated and characterized from the tubers of Euphorbia antiquorum , and euphorantester B could effectively increase the sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cell to adriamycin. [Display omitted] • Nine unreported lathyrane diterpenoids were isolated from Euphorbia antiquorum. • Their absolute configurations were elucidated by X-ray and ECD analyses. • Fifteen compounds exhibited P-gp-mediated MDR reversal activity in MCF-7/ADR cells. • Euphorantester B showed comparable activity to the reference drug verapamil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Jatropha gossypiifolia, popularly known as "pinhão-roxo", is distributed throughout Brazil, is commonly employed for topical or oral administration in treating wounds, inflammations, and snake bites. Given the significant impact of snakebites on public health and the limitations of antivenom, coupled with the diverse molecular composition of this plant species, investigating its healing and antidermonecrotic capacities is relevant. This study aimed to develop a topical nanoemulsion incorporating the hydroethanolic extract of J. gossypiifolia leaves, to evaluate its therapeutic potential, particularly in terms of its efficacy in wound healing and inhibition of dermonecrosis induced by B. erythromelas venom (BeV). The extract of J. gossypiifolia (JgE) leaves was obtained by maceration and remaceration. The phytochemical analysis was conducted and J. gossypiifolia nanoemulsion (JgNe) was obtained, characterized and assessed for stability. The cytotoxicity was determined in normal cells (erythrocytes and 3T3) using hemolytic assay and cell viability assay using crystal violet staining. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the reduction of ABTS and DPPH radicals. The evaluation of wound healing was conducted in vivo following treatment with JgNe, wherein the percentage of wound closure and inflammatory mediators. The skin irritation test was assessed in vivo by applying JgNe directly to the animal's skin. In vitro , the antivenom capacity was evaluated through enzymatic inhibition assays (phospholipase A 2 and hyaluronidase) of BeV. Additionally, the in vivo antidermonecrotic activity of JgNe was evaluated by measuring the reduction of the dermonecrotic halo. The HPLC-DAD analysis identified flavonoids, specifically vitexin, luteolin derivatives and apigenin derivatives. In addition, 95.08 ± 5.46 mg of gallic acid/g of extract and 137.92 ± 0.99 mg quercetin/g extract, was quantified. JgNe maintained stability over a 4-week period. Moreover, JgE and JgNe demonstrated no cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes and murine fibroblasts at tested concentrations (32.25–250 μg/mL). Additionally, exhibited significant antioxidant activity by reducing ABTS and DPPH radicals. The treatment with JgNe did not induce skin irritation and accelerated wound healing, with significant wound closure observed from 5th day and reduction in nitrite levels, myeloperoxidase activity, and cytokine. Both JgE and JgNe demonstrated in vitro inhibition of the phospholipase and hyaluronidase enzymes of BeV. Moreover, JgNe exhibited antidermonecrotic activity by reducing the dermonecrotic halo caused by BeV after 24 h. JgNe and JgE exhibited no cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that JgNe has the ability to accelerate wound closure and reduce dermonecrosis caused by BeV, indicating to be promising formulation for complementary therapy to antivenom treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a crucial global tuber crop, encounters significant economic losses attributed to postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). The PPD phenomenon in cassava is closely related to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and amino acids play a pivotal role in regulating signaling pathways and eliminating ROS. In this study, the storage performance of eight cassava varieties were conducted. Cassava cultivar SC5 showed the best storage performance among the eight cassava varieties, but the edible cassava cultivar SC9 performed much worse. Comparative analysis of free amino acids was conducted in eight cassava varieties, revealing changes in proline, aspartic acid, histidine, glutamic acid, threonine, and serine. Exogenous supplementation of these six amino acids was performed to inhibit PPD of SC9. Proline was confirmed as the key amino acid for inhibiting PPD. Treatment with optimal exogenous proline of 5 g/L resulted in a 17.9% decrease in the deterioration rate compared to untreated cassava. Accompanied by a decrease in H 2 O 2 content and an increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activity. Proline treatment proved to be an effective approach to alleviate cell oxidative damage, inhibit PPD in cassava, and prolong shelf life. Comparative analysis of the storage performance and amino acid content of eight cassava varieties was conducted. Proline was confirmed as the key amino acid for inhibiting postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). Proline inhibits the PPD of cassava by improving antioxidant capacity. [Display omitted] • Proline is the key amino acid during PPD process. • Proline treatment effectively inhibited PPD in cassava. • Proline maintained lower levels of ROS during PPD. • Proline upregulated the antioxidant level during PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croton laui (Euphorbiaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant used by the Li ethnic group in China to treat headaches, stomachaches, and diphtheria. To understand the pharmacological basis of its medicinal use, an extensive investigation of the ethanolic extract of the bark of C. laui was performed. After repeated chromatography, twenty-four undescribed labdane-type diterpenoids, lauinoids A–X (1 – 24), and five known analogs (25 – 29) were isolated. Their structures and absolute configurations were established using a combination of spectroscopic analyses, electronic circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Among them, compounds 1 – 3 exhibited an 11(12 → 13)- abeo -16- nor -labdane skeleton, which originated putatively from 9 through a plausible pathway that involves a semipinacol rearrangement process. Compounds 11 and 12 belong to the rare class of 14,15- dinor -labdane diterpenoids. Compounds 18 and 28 exhibited substantial inhibitory effects by suppressing lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC 50 values of 3.37 ± 0.23 and 5.82 ± 0.28 μM, respectively. This study has greatly expanded the chemical diversity of labdane diterpenoids from C. laui and will guide future research on this ethnomedicinal plant. Twenty-four undescribed labdane-type diterpenoids, including three unusual 11(12 → 13)- abeo -16- nor -labdanes, and five known analogs were isolated from the bark of Croton laui. Some of them exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing NO production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. [Display omitted] • Twenty-four undescribed labdane-type diterpenoids were determined in Croton laui. • Compounds 1 – 3 were confirmed with an 11(12. → 13)- abeo -16- nor -labdane skeleton. • Compounds 18 and 28 showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Description of four new species of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) from Madagascar: Acalypha ankaranensis, A. cardielii, A. magistri and A. levinii. • New endemism from Ankarana massif. • New endemism from Bemaraha tsingy. • Conservation assessment of each species. Four new species of Acalypha , subgen. Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar are described, illustrated, and mapped. Acalypha ankaranensis sp. nov. is found in the Anakarana massif, in a dry deciduous forest at 180 m elevation; A. cardielii sp. nov. in the Tsingy de Bemaraha, also associate to dry deciduous forest, at 360 m elevation; A. magistri sp. nov. in the Marojejy Natural Reserve, in evergreen moist forest at 1583 m elevation, and A. levinii sp. nov. in the southern sclerophyllous woodland between 140 to 990 m elevation. These new species are quite well characterized morphologically and ecologically and are easily differentiated from morphologically similar ones. A. ankaranensis and A. levinii are most similar to A. paxii Aug.DC., a common species in northern Magdagascar, A. cardielii is close to A. leptomyura Baill, and A. magistri is close to A. chibomboa Baill. According to our preliminary conservation assessments, A. ankaranensis and A. cardielii are Critically Endangered, A. levinii is Endangered, and A. magistri is Vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nineteen triterpenoids including two new ones were isolated from Euphorbia fischeriana. • Compound 6 exhibited weak inhibitory activity against A549 cell lines with IC 50 of 55.98 μM. • The NMR data of compound 19 were firstly reported. Nineteen triterpenoids including two new tirucallane ones, fisuphanins A and B, were isolated from the whole plant of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. The new structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopy techniques including infrared (IR), High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Some triterpenoids were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An enriched fraction of flavonoids from Croton blanchetianus Baill. leaves (Ethyl Acetate Fraction - EAF) was obtained. • EAF showed antioxidant potential without showing toxicity (acute and sub-acute) in mice. • At high concentrations of EAF it did not show genotoxicity in the micronucleus test and comet assay. • EAF has the potential to develop a new pharmacological target. Croton blanchetianus Baill, commonly known as "marmeleiro", is native to the Brazilian Caatinga is traditional used to treat joint pain and gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the study was identify the chemical constituents by HPLC-DAD and determine the antioxidant activity of the spray-dried extract (SDE) aqueous (AqF) and ethyl acetate (EAF) fractions obtained from the leaves of C. blanchetianus ; and to determine the acute (single dose, 2000 or 5000 mg/kg, p.o) and subacute (repeated dose, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o) toxicities, and genotoxicity (1000 and 2000 mg/kg, p.o) of the EAF in mice. In the acute oral toxicity assay the LD 50 was determined as > 5000 mg/kg. In the subacute toxicity, changes in weight gain, food and water intake, hematological, organ coefficients, oxidative stress parameters were not observed; however, changes in transaminases and leukocyte infiltration in the liver were observed at the highest dose. The genotoxicity test showed that high concentrations of EAF were not genotoxic in micronucleus and comet assays. The enrichment process was confirmed by HPLC and five flavonoids were identified. Our results provide evidence that the EAF was safe to use, although a long-term dose of 1000 mg/kg in should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia heterophylla L. is a herb native of South America and used in traditional African medicine. Although Brazil is considered a center of E. heterophylla dispersion, studies on the medicinal properties of specimens collected in Brazil are lacking. Besides, knowledge about the chemical constituents responsible for the bioactivities of E. heterophylla is limited. Here, we provide the first report on the medicinal properties and chemical composition of bioactive extracts from E. heterophylla naturally grown in Brazil. For this, extracts were obtained by maceration, and hexane extract from leaves was fractionated by gas chromatography. Methanol extracts were partitioned to produce an acid-rich fraction. Extracts and fractions were subjected to spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis, and their antibacterial, radical scavenging, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were evaluated. The acid-rich fraction from leaves inhibited Enterococus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus at 70 and 80 mg mL−1, respectively, and presented high radical scavenging activity (higher than at all the tested concentrations of BHT). The acid-rich fraction from roots (400 μg mL−1) reduced 32.5% of the acetylcholinesterase activity, a key enzyme for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Pentacyclic triterpenes were identified as major constituents of the hexane extracts. The acid-rich fraction contained a series of phenolics and fatty acids. These findings corroborate the popular use of extracts from E. heterophylla in traditional medicine and contribute to the understanding of the chemical constituents underlying the therapeutic activities of E. heterophylla. [Display omitted] • Extracts from leaves and roots of Euphorbia heterophylla naturally grown in Brazil > • Lupeol, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin acetates were identified in hexane extracts > Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were evaluated > Activities related to the presence of bioactive phenolic and fatty acids > Understanding of the chemistry behind the therapeutic activities of E. heterophylla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Three unprecedent megastigmanes were isolated. • Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. • The assigned absolute configuration of 1 was based on NOESY and ECD spectra. • Some isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. Three unprecedented megastigmanes together with twelve known compounds were isolated from the aerial part of Euphorbia heterophylla. The structural elucidation was based on extensive uses of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration assignment of 1 was based on NOESY correlations and comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Selected isolates obtained in sufficient quantity were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen compounds, including coumarins (1 − 4), phenols (5 − 10) and others (11 − 13), were isolated from the stems of Ostodes paniculata Bl. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, MS analyses and comparison with literature data. Compounds (1 − 2 , 4 − 13) were isolated from the Ostodes genus for the first time. The chemotaxonomical significance of the isolated compounds was also discussed, based on the chemical constituents from some plants of Trib. Cluytieae Pax (Euphorbiaceae). • Twelve compounds were first isolated from the genus Ostodes (Euphorbiaceae). • The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated compounds was described. • Chemical taxonomy can prove morphology classification scientific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Hymenocardia acida (Euphorbiaceae) resulted in the isolation of twelve known secondary metabolites including flavonolignan (1), coumarin (2), chromone (3), C -glucosylated flavonoid (4), bisphenylpropanoid (5), triterpenoids (6 – 9) and steroids (10 – 12), respectively. Their structures were elucidated by comparison of their physical and spectroscopic data with those reported in literature. This is the first report on isolation of compounds 1 – 5 and 10 from the family Euphorbiaceae. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds has been discussed. Hydnocarpin (1), 7-hydroxycoumarin (2), 5,7-dihydroxy-2- n -pentacosanylchrom-4-one (3), luteolin 6- C - β -D-glucopyranoside (4), katsumadin (5) and friedelanone (6), were evaluated in vitro for their anti - free radical scavenging activity as well as inhibitory potential against the enzyme urease. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited potent anti-free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 20.20 ± 0.19 μM and 15.60 ± 0.22 μM, respectively), while compounds 1 – 4 showed significant urease inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 25.60 ± 0.59 μM, 33.20 ± 0.73 μM, 27.60 ± 0.69 μM and 26.60 ± 0.13 μM, respectively). • Twelve known secondary metabolites were isolated from the leaves of H. acida. • Their structures were identified using NMR and MS analyses. • First report of compounds 1 - 5 and 10 from the family Euphorbiaceae. • Luteolin 6-C- β -D-glucopyranoside and katsumadin exhibited potent antioxidant activity. • Compounds 1 - 4 , showed significant urease inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study entailed the investigation of the roots of Euphorbia wallichii , which resulted in the isolation of 29 ent -atisane diterpenoids (1 – 29), 14 of which were previously unknown. These previously undescribed ones were named euphorwanoids A–N (3 – 5 , 7 , 9 , and 10 – 18). Various techniques, including comprehensive spectroscopic methods and calculated electronic circular dichroism, were employed to determine their molecular structures. Additionally, the absolute configurations of ten ent -atisane diterpenoids (1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 and 16) were established through X-ray crystallographic analyses. All isolated compounds' potential to inhibit the influenza A virus in vitro were evaluated. Compounds 18 , 20 , and 24 exhibited notable antiviral activity against the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 strain. Their effective concentrations for reducing viral activity (EC 50 values) were found to be 8.56, 1.22, and 4.97 μM, respectively. An intriguing aspect of this research is that it marks the first instance of ent -atisane diterpenes displaying anti-H1N1 activity. Empirical NMR rules were established with Δ δ to distinguish the R / S configurations of C-13 and C-16 in ent -atisanes. [Display omitted] • Twenty-nine ent -atisane diterpenoids including 14 previously undescribed ones were isolated. • The absolute configurations of 10 diterpenoids were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. • Ent -atisane diterpenoids exhibit anti-H1N1 activity for the first time. • Empirical NMR rules were established with Δδ to distinguish the R / S configurations of C-13 and C-16 in ent -atisanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A phytochemical study of Euphorbia gaditana was carried out. • Two previous unreported compounds type acetophenone and α-pyrone, along with 29 known compounds were identified. • An antioxidant activity-guided isolation was performed using DPPH and CUPRAC assays. • All extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity. • The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was estimated for the two previous unreported molecules. Two previously unreported compounds, 4- O -(2′′- O -galloyl- β - d -glucopyranosyl)-3,5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1) and 5-isopropyl-2-oxo-3,6-dihydropyran-4-carboxylic acid (2), along with twenty-nine known compounds (3−31) were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia gaditana Coss. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis 1D and 2D-NMR, mass spectrometry HR-ESI-MS, optical rotation [α] D , acid hydrolysis and the comparison of NMR data with those described in literature. The antioxidant activity-guided study was conducted using DPPH and CUPRAC methods started from the extracts to bioactive isolated molecules. Most of the isolates (1-31) showed a good to excellent antioxidant activity compared to the standards BHT and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, 1 and 2 exhibited a moderate tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC 50 89.78 ± 0.93 and 52.39 ± 0.69 μg/mL, respectively) compared to the standard kojic acid (IC 50 25.23 ± 0.78 μg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ent-clerodane with a rare bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane skeleton was isolated from stembark of C. megalocarpoides Friis & Gilbert. • The ent-clerodane with a rare bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane skeleton was determined using logic for structural determination. • Four unreported ent- clerodanes were isolated from the stem bark of Croton megalocarpoides Friis & Gilbert. • A 1- trans-p -hydroxycoumaroyl–geranylgerani-1-ol was isolated from the stem bark of Croton megalocarpoides Friis & Gilbert. • Three ent-clerodanes were evaluated against the NCI60 panel of human tumour cell lines at 10μM but found to be inactive. Five previously undescribed compounds, megalocarpoidolide I (1), megalocarpoidolide J (3), 12- epi- crotonzambefuran A (4), megalocarpoidolide K (5), 1- trans-p -hydroxycoumaroyl–geranylgerani-1-ol (6) were isolated from the stem bark of Croton megalocarpoides Friis & M. G. Gilbert. The known ent -trachyloban-18-ol, megalocarpoidolide B, megalocarpoidolide C (2), megalocarpoidolide H, crotocorylifuran, 7,8-dehydrocrotocorylifuran, 1,2-dehydrocrotocorylifuran-2-one, acetyl aleuritolic acid, lupeol, N - trans - p -coumaroyl-3′,4′-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, dodecyl trans -ferulate and lignoceryl trans -ferulate were also isolated. The structures of the compounds were determined using NMR, IR spectroscopy and HRMS. The structure of compound 1 was determined using Logic for Structural Determination (LSD). Compounds 1 , 2 and 3 that were selected for screening based on their ability to add diversity to the NCI small molecule compound collection, were evaluated against the NCI60 panel of human tumour cell lines at 10μM level but found to be inactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) is widely distributed in tropical areas. In the Northeast of Brazil, the species C. quercifolius is endemic and has been used in traditional medicine. In this study, a novel protein was isolated from C. quercifolius seeds and characterized by its molecular weight, primary structure, isoelectric point (pI), and carbohydrate content. The hypoglycemic activity of this protein was investigated by in vitro assay with the RIN-5F glucose-responsive cell line and in vivo test using alloxan-induced diabetic mice models. In addition, safe use of the protein was also investigated by cytotoxicity, hemagglutinating, and immunogenicity assays. The protein which was named Cq -IMP (Cnidoscolus quercifolius – Insulin Mimetic Protein) showed a single 11.18 KDa glycopolypeptide chain (16.4% of carbohydrates, m/m), pI of 8.0 and N-terminal sequence (TKDPELKQcKKQQKKqQQYDDDDKK) with similarity around 46–62% to sucrose binding protein-like and vicilin-like protein that was confirmed by mass spectrometry tryptic peptides analysis. Besides that, Cq -IMP presented anti-insulin antibody cross-reactivity as hypoglycemic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, it did not present any toxicity by methods tested. In conclusion, Cq -IMP is an insulin-mimetic protein, with a potent hypoglycemic activity and no toxicity showing great potential for therapeutic applications and drug development. Unlabelled Image • Isolation and characterization of an 11.18 kDa glycoprotein from Cnidoscolus quercifolius • In vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic activity and positive anti-insulin IgG cross-reactivity • No Vero cell cytotoxicity effect, allergenicity or hemolytic activity was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Toxicity and antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract of Croton blanchetianus leaves were investigated. • No death was observed after administration of a single dose of 2000 or 5000 mg/kg (per os or i.p.). • Intraperitoneal administration led to changes in biochemical, hematological and histological parameters. • Oral administration did not result in genotoxicity • The extract showed antinociceptive effect in three models of pain. In this study, the toxicity and antinociceptive effects of the ethanolic extract of Croton blanchetianus leaves were investigated in mice. Phytochemical analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high–performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, cinnamic derivatives, flavonoids, saponins, condensed tannins, terpenes, and steroids. Acute toxicity was evaluated by administration of a single dose of 2000 or 5000 mg/kg b.w. (per os or i.p.). The extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per os) was evaluated for genotoxicity through micronucleus and comet assays, and antinociceptive effects using different tests. No death was observed but increased serum levels of hepatic and renal markers, hematological changes, and histological alterations in the lung and kidney were observed exclusively with intraperitoneal administration. Oral administration did not result in genotoxicity in bone marrow or peripheral blood cells. The extract reduced the number of abdominal writhings by 47.16–88.81%, increased the latency time (up to 2.13 times) in the tail–immersion test, and decreased the paw licking time by as much as 74.07% and 97.76% in the first and second phases of the formalin test, respectively. This work contributes to the determination of safety and pharmacological potential for C. blanchetianus leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 13 compounds including 2 new ones, were isolated from the leaves of Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour. • Compound 1 was the first rhamnofolane-type diterpenoid isolated from Excoecaria genus. • Compound 9 showed strong NO production inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 6.17 ± 0.25 µM. A new rhamnofolane-type diterpenoid (1) and a new phenolic derivative (2), together with eleven known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of E. cochinchinensis Lour. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HR-QTOF-MS and NMR, and comparison with reported data. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1 – 13 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells were evaluated. As the obtained results, compound 9 showed a moderate inhibitory effects on NO production activity with an IC50 of 6.17 ± 0.25 µM, relative to that of the positive control cardamonin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three new cycloartane triterpenoids, neriifolins A–C (1 - 3) were isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. leaves. • Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and MS data. • Compounds 1 - 3 showed cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells MCF-7 with IC 50 values of 13.14, 7.12 and 9.50 μM, respectively. Three new cycloartane terpenoids, neriifolins A–C (1 - 3), together with one known compound, 24-methylenecycloartane (4), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn (Euphorbiaceae). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, particularly 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 1 - 3 showed cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells MCF-7 with IC 50 values of 13.14, 7.12 and 9.50 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new isoflavone together with 5,7-dimethoxy-3,4′-dihydroxy-3′,8-di-C-prenylflavanonol and 5,3′-dihydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone has been isolated from the arial parts of Phylanthus niruri. Based on spectral methods, the structure of the new compound was elucidated as 6-hydroxy-7,8,2′,3′,4′-pentamethoxyisoflavone. The isolated isoflavone was quantified by gas chromatography couple with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Suitable methods for quantification and extraction have been developed. The quantifying limit of this method was less than 5 ng/ml in 10 g (fresh weight) of sample. Recovery of isoflavone in spiked samples exceeded 62–72% while R.S.D. ranged from 1.0% to 6.1%. The results showed significant variation in the amount of this marker in methanol extract of Phylanthus niruri from Kushtia, Bangladesh and Java Island, Indonesia, even though the values were almost identical for most of the cases. Isoflavone was detected in all the samples ranging from 0.12% to 0.29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical study of the stem bark extract of Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax led to the isolation of a total of fourteen compounds including one new diterpenoid, sapiumic acid (1) together with thirteen known derivatives (2–14). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and, by comparison of their spectral data with those of related compounds in the literature. Extracts and fractions were assessed in vitro against some resistant bacterial strains. Fraction C of the ethyl acetate was the most active one among all of the tested samples against Pseudomonas agarici DSMZ 11810 with a MIC value of 58.6 μg mL−1. The chemotaxonomic significance of the obtained compounds was also discussed. • New devadarene type-diterpenoid. • X-ray single crystal analysis of sapiumic acid. • 7-keto- β -sitosterol isolated for the first time from Euphorbiaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz led to the isolation of nineteen compounds, including four lignans (1–3, 18), three flavonoids (4–6), four kaurane diterpenes (7–10), two sesquiterpenes (11–12), four phenols (13 – 16), one fatty acid (17), and one triterpene (19). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and published data to determine the chemical constituents of the Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz, which are reported here for the first time. The compounds 3, 7–9, 11–14, 16–18 were reported from the family Euphorbiaceae, and the compounds 3, 4, 5, 7–9, 11–14, 16–18 were the reported from the genus Mallotus for the first time. Meanwhile, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed. • This is the first report on the chemical constituents of Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz. • Nineteen compounds were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz. • Thirteen compounds (3, 4, 5, 7–9, 11–14, 16–18) have been firstly reported from the genus Mallotus. • Eleven compounds (3, 7, 8, 9, 11–14, 16–18) have been firstly reported from the family Euphorbiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a macromolecular substance, sucrose contributes to the plant growth and development. SWEET genes, a group of sugar transporters, are a recently found plant gene family and play important roles in sugar efflux, pollen nutrition, nectar secretion, phloem transport, and seed development. The SWEET genes have been identified and characterized in some plants, but the systematic study in tung tree (Vernicia fordii) was limited. Here, we identified 121 SWEETs in five Euphorbiaceae, and could be divided into four classes with 20 different motifs. Multiple sequence alignment revealed seven transmembrane helixes (TMHs) in the SWEET proteins which were created by an internal duplication of an ancestral three-TMHs unit, connected by TMH4. This study provides direct evidence for the first time for internal duplication in Euphorbiaceae. The large-scale duplication events represented the main driving force for SWEET family expansion in Euphorbiaceae. In addition, we determined the key VfSWEETs for sucrose transport from source to sink tissues in V. fordii and proposed a possible sucrose transport model, which would be helpful for understanding the mechanism of sucrose transport in V. fordii. This study provided a new insight into the evolution, expression and structural variations of SWEETs in V. fordii and four other Euphorbiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic studies toward the daphnane and tigliane diterpenes, a large family of natural products from the plant families Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae , are reported. Retrosynthetic analysis traced these molecules back to an aromatic precursor and several routes were explored in the forward direction to access such motifs. Two strategies ultimately proved capable of forging complex 5,7,6 -fused tricyclic ring systems, one of which proceeded in only seven steps. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The MeOH extract of the Euphorbia schimperi aerial parts was investigated. • Two new cycloartanes and two known compounds were isolated. • Their structures were established by various spectroscopic analyses. • Cytotoxicity of all metabolites was evaluated. Two new cycloartane-type triterpenoids, cycloschimperols A [cycloart-20,24-dien-3β-ol] (3) and B [26,27-dinor-3β-hydroxy cycloartan-25-al] (4) and two known compounds, 24-methylenecycloartane (1) and cycloart-25-en-3-one (2) were separated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia schimperi C. Presl (Euphorbia ceae). The structural characterization of these metabolites was achieved by various spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS as well as comparison with the published data. The cytotoxic activities of these metabolites were assessed towards breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) cancer cell lines using sulphorhodamine B assay (SRB). Compounds 2 and 4 had the most potent cytotoxic profile against the tested cells lines with IC 50 s ranging from 1.4 to 4.7 μM, in comparison to doxorubicin (IC 50 0.18, 0.60, and 0.20 μM, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) yielded four new compounds, including a rare cadalene-type sesquiterpene (tirucadalenone), two tirucallane triterpenoids, euphorol L and euphorol M, with the latter being described as an epimeric mixture, and a euphane triterpene, namely, euphorol N, together with 7 known compounds. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated from analysis of 1D (1H, J-modulated 13C) and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC and NOESY), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), optical rotation, and GIAO NMR shift calculation followed by CP3 analysis, along with comparison with literature reports. All these compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against K562, MCF-7 and/or and HepG2 tumor cell lines. Only tirucadalenone displayed a mild cytotoxic activity. Four previously undescribed terpenoids: a cadalene (1), two tirucallanes (2 and 3a / 3b), and a euphane (4) were isolated from Euphorbia tirucalli L. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaves of Macaranga barteri collected from Nigeria led to the isolation of three previously undescribed cytotoxic stilbenes, macabartebenes A–C (1–3), together with six known compounds including prenylated stilbenes: vedelianin (4) , schweinfurthin G (5), and mappain (7), prenylated flavonols: 8-prenylkaempferol (6), and broussoflavonol F (8), and the geranylated flavonol, isomacarangin (9). The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, with vinblastine as the positive control and DMSO vehicle as the negative control. Vedelianin (IC 50 = 0.32–0.54 μM) displayed the greatest antiproliferative activity across the panel of cancer cell lines amongst the compounds, while macabartebene A (IC 50 = 0.60–0.79 μM) was the most potent of the previously unreported compounds. The compounds displayed varying selectivity towards the cancer cell lines compared to the normal human prostate cell line. The findings of this study revealed that M. barteri leaves contain several cytotoxic compounds. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Seven compounds (1–7) were isolated from the leaves of Macaranga heynei I. M. Johnson. Four (1–4) of them are new. The compounds were evaluated on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Highlights • Seven prenylated dihydrostilbenes were isolated from Macaranga heynei I.M. Johnson. • Four of the isolated compounds are new. • Three compounds exhibited good acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. • All the isolated compounds showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity. • Structure-activity relationship was studied. Abstract Four new dihydrostilbenes, malayheyneiins A–D (1–4) along with three known analogues, laevifolins A–B (5–6) and macarubiginosin C (7) were isolated from the leaves of Macaranga heynei. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, MS as well as comparison with literature data. Compounds 2 , 3 and 7 exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity with IC 50 of <10 u M, while compounds 1 , 5 and 6 are amongst DPPH scavengers with IC 50 of <5 u M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatrogricaine A (1), a new diterpenoid possessing a 5/6/6/4 carbon ring system, together with eight known diterpenoids (2–9) were isolated from the stems of Jatropha podagrica. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro , and compound 3 showed significant inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells with an IC 50 of 13.44 ± 0.28 μmol·L−1, being comparable to the positive control, quercetin (IC 50 17.00 ± 2.10 μmol·L−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Eleven undescribed ent -kauranes, named agallochanins A–K, were isolated from the stems and twigs of the Chinese semi-mangrove plant, Excoecaria agallocha L.. The absolute configurations of these diterpenoid compounds, except for the chirality of C-4 in agallochanin H, were unequivocally determined by HR-ESIMS, extensive NMR investigations, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses with Cu Kα radiation, quantum-chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, the comparison of experimental ECD spectra, and the modified Mosher's α -methoxy- α -(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl (MTPA) ester method. Agallochanins A–I are 3,4- seco - ent -kauranes. Agallochanin D represents the first example of 3,4- seco -17-nor- ent -kaurane. Agallochanin K exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity with the inhibition rate of 79.6% at the concentration of 100.0 μM. Graphical abstract Eleven undescribed ent -kauranes, named agallochanins A–K, were isolated and identified. Agallochanin K exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) has traditionally been used in medicine for treating immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Aim of study This work aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of a methanolic extract of leaves from A. glandulosa (MEAG), as well as the ethyl acetate fraction (EAFAG) and isolated compound guanidine alkaloid N -1, N- 2, N- 3-triisopentenylguanidine (AG-1), in experimental in vivo models of inflammation in mice. We also investigated this extract's phenols, flavonoids and flavonol compounds. Materials and methods MEAG (extracted by maceration with methanol), EAFAG (fraction resulting from the partition of the methanolic extract with ethyl acetate) and AG-1 (alkaloid isolated by chromatographic methods) were analysed. MEAG and EAFAG were analysed by HPLC/DAD. The effects of MEAG (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg), EAFAG (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) and AG-1 (5 and 30 mg/kg) were studied in the following experimental mouse models: paw oedema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, croton-oil-induced ear oedema, leukocyte migration in a pleurisy model induced by carrageenan and zymosan induction of joint inflammation. Results MEAG and EAFAG were analysed by LC/DAD, and phenolic acids (gallic acid and caffeic acid) and flavonoids (myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside and quercetin) were detected. MEAG, EAFAG and AG-1 were used in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model and showed maximum inhibitions of 60.10% (MEAG, 2 h, 300 mg/kg) and 66.21% (EAFAG, 2 h, 300 mg/kg). AG-1 at 5 mg/kg showed significant inhibition, ranging from 60.92% to 63.13%, at all evaluated times, and the 30 mg/kg dose showed inhibition of 42.12% (1 h) and 40.36% (2 h). MEAG (37%, 46.1% and 68.11%) and EAFAG (31%, 42.21% and 48.93%), at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, significantly reduced the increase in MPO activity, and AG-1 (5 and 30 mg/kg) showed inhibition of 64.62% and 65.12%, respectively. In the pleurisy model, MEAG (300 mg/kg), EAFAG (300 mg/kg) and AG-1 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the migration of total leukocytes with maximal inhibition of 80.90%, 83.17% and 89.39%, respectively. In the croton oil model, pretreatment with MEAG (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/ear) increased the diameter of the right ear (30.32%, 48.87% and 53.09%, respectively). Finally, MEAG (100 and 300 mg/kg; 33.11% and 56.03%) and EAFAG (100 and 300 mg/kg; 36.89% and 50.53%) reduced zymosan-induced oedema formation. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first to demonstrate that A. glandulosa exhibits oral and topical anti-inflammatory activity. This study detected alkaloid and phenol/polyphenolic compounds in A. glandulosa , which may help to explain the ethnobotanical use of this plant in traditional medicine in Brazil to treat immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dof proteins comprise a plant-specific transcription factor family involved in regulation of many plant processes. Despite their diverse roles, little information is available in cassava (Manihot esculenta , Euphorbiaceae), the sixth major staple crop in the world. This study presents the first genome-wide identification of Dof family genes in cassava, resulting in 45 family members that are unevenly distributed across 17 out of the 18 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis assigned these genes into eight groups representing four subfamilies. Synteny analysis and BRH (Best Reciprocal Hit) method were also adopted to study evolutionary relationships. Among 21 MeDof duplicates identified, the majority of them were derived from the recent whole-genome duplication (WGD), whereas only one from local duplication. Transcriptional profiling revealed diverse expression patterns among various tissues, and further comparison of conserved motifs and expression profiles revealed divergence of MeDof duplicates. These findings provide valuable information for functional analysis of Dof genes in cassava. Highlights • The first genome-wide identification of Dof family genes was performed in cassava, resulting in a relatively high number of 45 members. • These MeDof genes are unevenly distributed across 17 out of the 18 chromosomes. • A high number of MeDof duplicates (21) were identified. • The majority of MeDof paralogs were derived from the recent whole-genome duplication and only one from local duplication. • Comparison of conserved motifs and expression profiles revealed divergence of MeDof duplicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Cnidoscolus spp. is a novel plant source of medicinal purposes. • The main content of bioactive compounds were observed in the extracts from the whole plant. • Cnidoscolus spp. as pivotal sources of separation and identification of bioactive molecules with biotechnological applications Abstract The application of medicinal plants are the most important biotechnological alternative in the treatment of numerous diseases, especially in developing countries, such as Brazil. Among them, we specified some specimens of the genus Cnidoscolus used as phytotherapies, with healing properties, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and diuretic, anticancer, among others. Such effects are possibly associated with the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids phenolic compounds, among others. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate in the literature the studies on the phytochemical, ethnopharmacological and biotechnological applications of this genus, from 1998 to 2017. Among the sixty-one studies reported in this review, ten species are popularly utilized to pharmacological and/or biotechnological applications. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Cnidoscolus chayamansa are the most cited species, which were also supported by either animal or cellular investigations indicating some beneficial pharmacological actions like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential cytotoxic activity. The plant parts of this genus under study are important as sources for the isolation and identification of bioactive molecules with biotechnological applications, among the many diseases treated with this phytotherapy. Given these verdicts, ethnopharmacological approaches are significant systematic tools in the determination of plant species that exhibit medicinal and nutritional purposes. The results presented here should further stimulate the development of validation studies to ensure the safe and effective use of these plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The in-situ or direct transesterification from non-edible Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) seeds is a suitable alternative to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in one-step. The FAME production was investigated in presence of homogeneous (NaOH) or heterogeneous (Na 2 ZrO 3) catalysts. Parameters, such as catalyst concentration (between 1 and 10 wt%), reaction time, temperature and methanol/oil molar ratio were analysed. The maximum heterogeneous direct transesterification of FAME yield was 99.9% using 5 wt% of Na 2 ZrO 3 at 65 °C and 8 h. Results showed that no solvent for oil extraction is required. The resulting FAME shows good purity and composition. Moreover, no water is required to purify the FAME. Compositional analysis of FAME indicated that linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1) and palmitic (C16:0) methyl esters were the major components. In addition, the reusability of the catalyst was also investigated. The basic heterogeneous catalyst exhibited stability in the direct transesterification reactions with yields of >72.5% during five cycles. Finally, Green Metrics values were proposed as parameters to evaluate the FAME obtained in one-pot from seeds directly. The heterogeneous direct transesterification process resulted 55% greener as compared to conventional transesterification and 39.4% greener than homogenous direct transesterification. Heterogeneous direct transesterification is a promising alternative for more clean, efficient, scalable and cost-effective FAME production that has the potential to developing new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oil from Jatropha pelargoniifolia roots was determined via GC-FID. There were 80 compounds, representing 99.99% of the total oil constituents. Among these, 77.31% were sesquiterpenes, 14.62% were fatty acids, 7.21% were other components (i.e., phenolics, hydrocarbons, etc.), and 0.85% were monoterpenes. The major compounds in the oil were γ-eudesmol (35.31%), 5-guaien-11-ol (14.43%), epi -cedrol (8.19%), oleic acid (5.23%), bulnesol (4.45%), α-linoleic acid (4.20%), 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (3.83%), palmitic acid (2.69%), isolongifolanone (2.68%), eicosane (1.41%), and cedrol (1.14%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found to represent more than 50% percent of the total oil content. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, and antinociceptive activities using in vivo and in vitro models. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of the oil was evaluated using various in vitro antioxidant tests, including DPPH, ABTS + and FRAP. At a dose of 240 µl/kg, the oil showed anti-inflammatory (59.12%), antipyretic (37.00 ± 0.11), and antinociceptive (47.58%) activities and showed significant (p < 0.001) effect as compared to a standard drug (phenylbutazone and indomethacin). These findings demonstrated that the essential oil of Jatropha pelargoniifolia root could be used as a natural source for their anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic, and antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]