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Freezing-thawing procedures and semen manipulation for in vitro fertilization induce oxidative stress, which in turn leads to impaired sperm quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether incubation of frozen-thawed buffalo semen with olive fruit extracts (OFE), known to contain a high concentration of phenolic antioxidants, would improve semen quality by reducing oxidative stress. Frozen sperm (4 ejaculates/4 bulls/3 replicates) were thawed and diluted to 30 × 106/mL in IVF medium with 0, 72, 143, and 214 μL/mL of OFE, corresponding to 0 (D0-control), 50 (D50), 100 (D100), and 150 (D150) μM hydroxytyrosol. Sperm viability, acrosome integrity, membrane functionality, motility, and sperm kinetics were evaluated immediately after thawing (T0) and after 1 (T1) and 2 h (T2) of incubation at 38.7 °C. Based on the results, sperm biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and ROS levels (ROMs) were assessed in D0 and D100 groups at T1 and T2. To assess the effect of OFE on fertilizing ability, heterologous penetration rates were also evaluated, using bovine abattoir-derived oocytes. The treatment with OFE at all concentrations tested increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of acrosome intact spermatozoa compared to the D0-control at T1, but the effect was more evident (P < 0.01) with D100 (54.5 ± 3.0, 60.5 ± 1.5, 65.2 ± 3.3, and 62.5 ± 1.7, with D0, D50, D100, and D150 OFE, respectively). Total motility, progressive motility, rapid velocity, and progressive velocity decreased (P < 0.05) at T2 only in the D0-control group. The percentage of rapidly progressive sperm and the progressive motility tended to increase (P < 0.10) at T1 and T2, respectively, in D100 compared to D0 (24.7 ± 4.1 vs 16.4 ± 1.6 and 22.8 ± 2.7 vs 17.0 ± 1.2, respectively). The treatment with D100 OFE of frozen-thawed sperm increased (P < 0.05) some kinetic parameters (VAP and WOB). Spermatozoa incubated with D100 OFE exhibited higher (P < 0.01) total and normospermic oocyte penetration rates compared to D0 (86.5 ± 1.4 vs 78.5 ± 0.7, and 70.6 ± 1.5 vs 63.8 ± 1.1, respectively). Additionally, D100 OFE increased sperm BAP concentrations at both T1 and T2, while ROS levels were unaffected. These results suggest that incubating frozen-thawed buffalo semen with OFE is an effective strategy for preserving semen quality and in vitro fertilization ability by enhancing sperm antioxidant capacity. • Olive fruit extract supplementation enhanced in vitro fertilization ability of buffalo sperm. • The addition of olive fruit extract improves buffalo sperm biological antioxidant potential. • The treatment with olive fruit extract increased the percentage of acrosome intact spermatozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anthocyanins are major phytochemicals present in the aril extracts of Southern African P. granatum 'Wonderful' cultivar. • The methanolic extract induced the strongest cytotoxicity in breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. • By regulating the proteins involved in apoptotic pathway, the extract treatment of MCF-7 cells enhanced the cell death by inducing apoptosis. Due to its superior nutritional, health promoting and disease preventing qualities, the Punica granatum is referred to as a "Super Fruit" and has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties including cancer prevention. Although this plant is grown globally, phytochemical profile and their biological properties varies based on the pedoclimatic variables, fruit's phenogenotype, stage of ripeness, pre- and post-harvest circumstances, and extractive solvent, even among the same cultivars grown under various conditions. Here, we investigated the phytochemical composition and anticancer potency of three different aril solvent extracts (methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) of South African 'Wonderful' cultivar against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. The identification of major phytochemical constituents of three different extracts was performed by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS2. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content assays. The apoptotic effects were determined by morphological analysis (phase contrast and LIVE DEAD assay) and FITC-Annexin/ Propidium Iodide flow cytometry assay, Cytochrome-c release, caspase activation assay and ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS2 analysis of extracts revealed the presence phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, gallotannins, lignan, and phthalide. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined to be highest for methanol extract (91.78±1.55 mg GAE/g DM and 43.03±2.63 mg QE/g DM respectively). This correlated with its highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells compared to other two solvent extracts with IC 50 concentration ∼289 and ∼229 μg/mL at 24 and 48 h respectively. After 48 h, the apoptotic cell population were significantly increased with 400 μg/mL methanol extract treatment as observed via morphological changes and FITC-Annexin/ Propidium Iodide assay. The methanol extract significantly induced apoptosis via the release of cytochrome-c, increase in ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and caspase-8 and 9 activations. Based on the present findings, we conclude that South African P. granatum 'Wonderful' cultivar had the potential as cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing anticancer agent, which is worth investigating in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Psidium fruits showed antioxidant activities, with a protective effect on DNA. • It may be related to phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins. • Its fruits had no cytotoxicity, except for the P. myrtoides highest concentrations. • Aqueous extracts of Psidium fruits showed no genotoxic effects. • Psidium fruits are potential sources for functional foods, with benefits for health. Psidium cattleianum Sabine and P. myrtoides O. Berg (Myrtaceae) fruits, known as yellow and purple araçá, respectively, are widely consumed fresh and are used in several applications, such as juices, syrups, and ice cream products. Moreover, their extracts and essential oils have been recognized for their biological properties. Here, we evaluated the potential of P. cattleianum and P. myrtoides fruits through antioxidant, cytogenotoxic, and antigenotoxic tests using their aqueous fruit extracts (1.56 to 50.0 mg/mL). Phenolic compounds and flavonoids were present in both Psidium fruit extracts, while tannins and anthocyanins were found only in P. myrtoides. The latter species exhibited higher antioxidant activity when compared to P. cattleianum according to the DPPH and ABTS tests. Psidium cattleianum extracts showed no cytotoxicity (MTT assay), while P. myrtoides was considered cytotoxic only at the highest concentrations (25 and 50 mg/mL). No genotoxic effects were observed for both extracts (3.12, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/mL) using micronucleus test with the fibroblast cell line L929. Additionally, P. cattleianum and P. myrtoides extracts (12.5 mg/mL) reduced nuclear changes induced by MMS in the antigenotoxic assay. Overall, our findings suggest that the analyzed Psidium fruits, particularly the P. myrtoides species, are sources of natural antioxidants, with no genotoxicity (≤ 12.5 mg/mL) and exhibit a protective effect against DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artocapus heterophyllus (jackfruit) is available in abundance in tropical regions. The present study explored the effect of different extraction method i.e. maceration, ultrasonication and both of ultrasonication and maceration on its biological activity (antioxidant, antidiabetes and antibacterial activities) and phytochemical content of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) leaves extract. Jackfruit leaves were extracted using ethanol as solvent. The capability of jackfruit leaves extract to scavenge radicals was evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay, β-carotene bleaching assay and reducing power assay. The total phenolic content (TPC) was assessed using the Folin- Ciocalteau method. Its antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion and microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurim and Escherichia coli. The α-glucosidase inhibitor assay was conducted using α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results revealed that ulrasonication method give the highest antioxidant activity in three metode used, i.e. DPPH assay with IC 50 of 42.51 µg/mL, β-carotene bleaching assay of 57.64%, reducing power assay of 919 mg GAE/g. Meanwhile, for α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, ultrasonication method also had the highest value of 83.44% at concentration of 1000 µg/mL. Furthermore, antibacterial assay using disk diffusion method showed ultrasonication had the highest inhibition zone of 7.81 mm at 5 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa , while maceration method had the highest inhibition zone of 8.02 mm at 5 mg/mL against E. coli. These results in accordance with total phenolic content (TPC) of ultrasonication extract which was the highest of 125.06 mg GAE/g. The liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis suggested that several bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid and its derivatives was present in the jackfruit leaves extract. Further analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the extraction process affected the metabolite composition of the samples which was confirmed by significant separation of the score plots of extraction methods. The present study revealed that jackfruit leaves is a potent source of natural antibacterial, antioxidants and antidiabetic medicines in functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. [Display omitted] • Different extraction method of jackfruit leaves had been investigated. • Antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities of extracts were evaluated. • The ultrasonication method of jackfruit leaves was the most active extracts. • PCA analysis suggested the effect of extraction on the metabolits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phaleria macrocarpa is widely used as a remedy to reduce blood glucose levels. • GC–MS is a distinctive method dominating the metabolomics research area. • Chemometric analysis can be applied to resolve large data sets. Phaleria macrocarpa is a medicinal plant widely available in Malaysia. The plant parts have been traditionally used as an antidiabetic remedy. This study aimed to identify the putative inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme from P. macrocarpa using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based metabolomics approach and further subjected them to in silico molecular docking analysis to elucidate the possible mechanism of action. This study assessed the inhibitory potential of P. macrocarpa fruit extracts (aqueous, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 % ethanol) against the α-glucosidase enzyme using GC–MS and chemometric analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) combined with GC–MS analysis were applied to correlate the inhibition of enzyme activity to the metabolites profile of P. macrocarpa. All the potential inhibitors identified were further docked to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) protein crystal structure (PDB3A4A). The generated score scatter plot of OPLS showed a recognizable separation of all the extracts into six different clusters. GC–MS, incorporated with multivariate data analysis techniques, was used to identify significant chemical markers. Methyl α- d -glucopyranoside, squalene, palmitic acid, myo-inositol and isoquinoline metabolites were identified as putative inhibitors against α-glucosidase activity from P. macrocarpa. In conclusion, the GC–MS-based metabolomics approach identified potential chemical markers of P. macrocarpa that could be utilized in the development of herbal based medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) - green synthesized using Cassia fistula fruit pulp extract - was selected as the composite partner to cerium doped tin oxide (SnO 2 :Ce) to prepare SnO 2 :Ce/rGO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic ability was determined by degrading a cationic (Methylene Blue (MB)) and an anionic dye (Rose Bengal (RB)). Its biomedical application potential was analyzed through the antioxidant assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and superoxide, and anti-diabetic assay α-glucosidase. The nanocomposite exhibits superior dye degrading efficiency of 98% and 97% for MB and RB, respectively. The long hetero-junction formed between the composite partners as observed from the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images facilitates charge recombination delay and desirable carrier transport. The rGO partnering makes the nanocomposite material visible light responsive photocatalyst by reducing the band gap. In the DPPH and super oxide free radical scavenging assays, the percentage inhibition of the free radicals for the nanocomposite was 89.38±0.14% with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 79.68±1.39 μg/mL) and 86.93±0.11% with an IC 50 of 107.23±1.17 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the nanocomposite exhibited highest inhibition of 83.62 ± 0.73% (IC 50 of 186.40 ± 1.40 μg/mL) against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Thus the bio-friendly SnO 2 :Ce/rGO nanocomposite synthesized using Cassia fistula fruit pulp extract is promising for photocatalytic and many biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the activities of Piper longum fruit (PLF) standardized extract (PLF-SE) and its purified components piperine (1), pipernonaline (2), and guineesine (3) against human breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the concentrations of compounds 1–3 in PLF-SE were 25.04 %, 2.91 %, and 0.61 %, respectively. The breast CSC population, identified by flow cytometry using cell-surface markers, was markedly diminished by treatment with PLF-SE (20 µg/mL), piperine (2.5 µM), and guineesine (5 µM) for 48 h. Piperine and guineesine blocked spheroid formation by MDA-MB-231 cells and PLF-SE significantly decreased the number of spheres. Interestingly, the levels of the CSC-related proteins Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, EpCAM, and PARP were significantly reduced by PLF-SE and compounds 1 and 3. A molecular docking simulation of two active compounds was carried out to support the in vitro results. PL fruits and their components (such as piperine and guineesine) inhibited breast cancer stem cells. Further, in vivo investigations should examine the potential of P. longum fruits as a novel adjunctive treatment for breast cancer. [Display omitted] • Alkaloids, piperine (1), pipernonaline (2), and guineesine (3) are the major phytochemicals in Piper longum fruits. • P. longum fruit standardized extract (PLF-SE), piperine (1), and guineesine (3) have potential against breast cancer stem cells by examining the expression of molecular markers and molecular docking. • The Piper longum extract (PLF-SE), compounds (1) and (3) have potential to against breast cancer stem cells by downregulation of molecular signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Embelia ribes fruit extract inhibits QS-dependent virulence factors and biofilm. • Inhibition of QS enhances efficacy of antimicrobial drugs & attenuates pathogenicity. • Reduction in swarming motility and exopolysaccharide production in test pathogens. • In silico results provided insights into the mechanism underlying anti-QS activity. • Embelin was found to be the most prominent compound with potent anti-QS activity. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell signaling method that allows bacteria to control gene expression and regulate a variety of physiological processes, particularly the synthesis of virulence factors and biofilm formation. Inhibition of QS has been proposed as a promising strategy in attenuating the pathogenicity and enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs targeting bacterial infections. This study investigated the potential utilization of Embelia ribes fruit extract (ERFE) as an inhibitor of QS-dependent virulence factors and biofilm development in Gram negative pathogens. Further, the results were correlated with the inhibition of biofilms. High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), followed by analysis of phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted. Analyzing ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) profiles, PAINS (Pan-assay interference compounds), and molecular docking analyses of selected potential phytochemicals were performed against proteins participating in QS and formation of biofilm. In-vitro analysis of anti-QS activity of ERFE against Chromobacterium violaceum (violacein production), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanin production) and Serratia marcescens (prodigiosin production) demonstrated significant dose-dependent interference in pigment formation at sub-MIC concentrations. The development of biofilm was significantly reduced by 84.10, 85.52 and 70.64% over control at the highest sub-MIC levels for C. violaceum, P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens , respectively. Furthermore, in the presence of ERFE, swarming motility and exopolysaccharide production (EPS) were also reduced. As a result, further insights have been gained into the mechanism underlying the anti-QS activity. Further investigations with in-vivo studies are warranted to fully explore the therapeutic applications of this natural compound in managing the bacterial pathogenicity and biofilm-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• VCphO has a very strong antibacterial against bacteria p.acnes. • VCphO has a high antioxidant. • VCphO has derivative coumarin. • VCphO has a potential to cosmetics. Nyamplung seed oil has active compounds that can be utilized as the foundation for medications or cosmetics. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of pressing temperature and drying duration on the production of VCphO, a cosmetic preparation, from nyamplung fruit. In this work, Virgin Callophyllum Oil (VCphO) was mechanically extracted at room temperature and heat using a screw press with drying fruit 3, 5, 7 days compare with oven drying. We looked at the pH and phytochemical composition of VCphO. Investigations also looked on antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The yield was unaffected greatly by hot or cold pressing. Pressing at room temperature results in a low acid number, making it the ideal treatment. The pH range of VCphO is 4 to 5.48, which is similar to skin pH. VCphO includes high levels of antioxidants (48–57 %) and total phenols (1–2.6 mg GAE/g sample). Terpenoids, quinon, flavonoids, and phenols are steroid chemicals that demonstrate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of VCphO. VCphO has a very strong antibacterial against bacteria p.acnes and is weak on s.epidermis bacteria. Based on this, VCphO has the potential to be used in pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combinations demonstrated a novel approach for enhanced antimicrobial activity. • Rosmarinus officinalis with Syzygium aromaticum (methanol extracts) demonstrated synergy (ΣFIC 0.25) against B. cereus. • Salvia officinalis with R. officinalis (methanol extract) was synergistic (ΣFIC 0.31) against B. cereus. • Design of experiments demonstrated a strong correlation (r -value 0.73) between the predicted and experimental MIC values. Herbs and spices are used globally by most population groups across the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, they have medicinal significance in addition to their culinary uses. Although herbs and spices are often used in combination, there are few studies that report on their interactive antimicrobial effect. This study screened 17 culinary herbs and spices (crude extracts and essential oils) for antimicrobial activity, individually, followed by 1:1 combinations of the active extracts, to determine the outcome of combining these for antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined against six common foodborne pathogens using the broth microdilution assay. The design of experiments (DOE) approach was subsequently employed in MODDE 9.1® software, to optimise the experimental runs so as to identify the best interaction that would produce the best possible antimicrobial effect. Phytochemical profiling of the most active extracts was achieved using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis. The results demonstrated that combining Rosmarinus officinalis with either Syzygium aromaticum , or Salvia officinalis methanol extracts produced synergistic antimicrobial effects towards B. cereus with ΣFIC = 0.25 mg/ml and 0.31 mg/ml, respectively. The DOE predicted that a combination of higher ratios of R. officinalis (59.5 %), higher ratios of S. officinalis (40 %), and lower ratios of S. aromaticum (0.5 %) would produce the best antimicrobial effect with MIC = 0.17 mg/ml. This was experimentally confirmed and there was a strong correlation (r-value 0.73) between the predicted and experimental MIC values, leading to the identification of an optimal antimicrobial combination. The combination of R. officinalis (56 %) and S. officinalis (44 %) produced the antimicrobial effect (MIC = 0.19 mg/ml) which can be recommended for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel, pulp, and seeds were evaluated for their chemical composition by UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE, antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS assays), cytotoxicity and in vitro antiproliferative effect (MTT assay), antinociceptive activity and in vivo toxicity (Zebrafish model). A total of 25 compounds were identified in the extracts, mostly betacyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and organic acids. The seeds extracts displayed both the highest radical scavenging activity and total phenol content. The pulp aqueous extract and ethanolic extracts exhibited some cytotoxicity against Vero cells, depending on the concentration and exposure time. These extracts were also able to inhibit S-180 cells proliferation, however only the peel ethanolic extract showed moderate to high selective indexes (SI: 4.06, 18.63), suggesting that its antiproliferative effect is not associated with the cytotoxic effect towards non-cancer cells, such as Vero cells. Regarding the antinociceptive activity, after adjusting the dose to exclude the sedation effect, the seeds ethanolic extract displayed antinociceptive activity at the inflammatory phase, similar to morphine. The extracts (1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/mL) showed to be safe for zebrafish. In summary, these findings highlight the red pitaya as a promising natural source of bioactive, both in its edible and inedible parts, which can be better probed, for instance as anticancer and antinociceptive agents. In addition, the regular consumption of red pitaya can contribute to the health promotion, and the prevention of chronic diseases. [Display omitted] • Twenty-five compounds were identified in aqueous and ethanolic extracts from red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS system. • The peel ethanolic extract showed moderate to high selectivity for cancer cells (S-180), while the pulp, and seeds ethanolic extracts possibly acted as cytotoxic or cytostatic, or even both, as they showed low selectivity over the Vero cells and S-180 cells. • The seeds ethanolic extract attenuated the inflammatory response in zebrafish, which correspond the second phase of formalin-induced nociceptive behavior. • Red pitaya pulp, peel, and seeds showed no toxicity against zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cr (VI) toxicity cause lipid peroxidation, and membrane damage in plants Zea mays. • Heavy metal in Zea mays , causes serious metabolic, physiological, and morphological alteration. • Bi Biocontrol- plant extract are used to control the toxicity level of heavy metal. • Orange and Banana peel as a biosorbent material presents strong potential due to its high content of cellulose, pectin.. (galacturonic acid), hemicellulose and lignin. In the present research work, the impact of plant extracts (orange and banana peels extract) on the growth of maize plant grown under the stress of Cr (VI) was studied in pot experiment. Different growth parameters such as plant height root and shoot length and biomass were studied after 45 days of seed germination. Moreover, various physiological attributes such as total chlorophyll content (CHL) and reducing sugar (SUG) were studied. While, biochemical traits i.e., total protein content (TPC), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were also studied after 45th days. The results revealed that the soil amendments with orange peels extract at different concentration (2, 4, 6 and 8%) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the growth of the maize plant as compared to the respective positive control (300 and 500 mg kg-1). While, application of banana peels extract exhibited negative impact on the growth of maize plant over negative (no treatment) and positive control (300 and 500 mg kg1). Furthermore, physiological attributes was significantly enhanced by adding orange peels extract in Cr(VI) rich soil as compared to positive control. Whereas, biochemical activities were increased by hexavalent chromium stress, it was reduced significantly with the application of orange peels extract. Thus, orange peels extract could be used as soil amendments to control Cr(VI) stress in cultivating areas of maize. However, further studies were required in field to study the impact of orange peels extract on the growth and physiology of maize plant grown in Cr(VI) rich soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia madruno is rich in antioxidant biflavonoids that could be used to treat oxidative-related diseases. Up to now, its commercial application is challenging due to the poor water solubility of biflavonoids. This work aimed to develop a green and sustainable process to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of G. madruno biflavonoids by the development of 100% natural nanodispersions using peel extracts of this neotropical fruit. Three hydroalcoholic extracts were elaborated with different concentrations of biflavonoids and epicarp proportions. The biflavonoid natural suspensions were obtained by evaporating the ethanol of the different extracts. As a control, suspensions stabilized with commercial surfactants were compared to each other. Two natural nanosuspensions with different concentrations of biflavonoids and one nanosuspension stabilized with commercial surfactants were obtained. All dispersions had submicrometric particle distribution. M3-S nanosuspension (stabilized by commercial stabilizer) was the smallest dispersion with an average particle size of 256.6 nm, whereas natural suspension (NS-1 and NS 2) had better performance in the short-term stability and improved the solubility and dissolution rate until 400% in comparison of M3-S and isolate morelloflavone. Our results demonstrated that it was possible to formulate a biflavonoid suspension using their own plant compounds as natural stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic and triterpenoid compounds are essential components in stone fruit skin and flesh tissues. They are thought to possess general antimicrobial activity. However, regarding brown rot disease, investigations were only confined to a limited number of phenolics, especially chlorogenic acid. The activity of triterpenoids against Monilinia spp. , as an essential part of the peach cuticular wax, has not been studied before. In this work, the anti-fungal effect of some phenolics, triterpenoids, and fruit surface compound (FSC) extracts of peach fruit at two developmental stages were investigated on Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa characteristics during in vitro growth. A new procedure for assaying anti-fungal activity of triterpenoids, which are notoriously difficult to assess in vitro because of their hydrophobicity, has been developed. Measurements of colony diameter, sporulation, and germination of second-generation conidia were recorded. Furthermore, the expression of twelve genes of M. fructicola associated with germination and/or appressorium formation and virulence-related genes was studied relative to the presence of the compounds. The study revealed that certain phenolics and triterpenoids showed modest anti-fungal activity while dramatically modulating gene expression in mycelium of M. fructicola on culture medium. MfRGAE1 gene was overexpressed by chlorogenic and ferulic acids and MfCUT1 by betulinic acid, at 4- and 7- days of mycelium incubation. The stage II FSC extract, corresponding to the period when the fruit is resistant to Monilinia spp., considerably up-regulated the MfLAE1 gene. These findings effectively contribute to the knowledge of biochemical compounds effects on fungi on in vitro conditions. • Peach surface compounds may have antifungal activity. • A protocol to assay hydrophobic compounds has been developed. • Few compounds have demonstrated limited antifungal capacity against Monilinia spp. • Many compounds dramatically modulated M. fructicola gene expression on culture medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus cunia is used by many tribes in India to combat several disease conditions such as liver disease, ulcer, dysentery, gynecological disorders and has been reported for the existence of various phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are highly spread and broadly dispersed in medicinal plants and are known for several health maintenance abilities. Medicinal plants comprising phenolic compounds display antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities which may play a vital role in controlling hypercholesterolemia. Free radicals are responsible for the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Hypercholesterolemia is supposed to arise from oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-HMG-CoA reductase potential along with the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in hydroalcoholic extract of Ficus cunia fruits. In the current study estimation of total phenol and flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-HMG-CoA reductase screening and a simple and consistent high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were established for simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, ellagic acid and quercetin) in the hydroalcoholic extract of Ficus cunia fruits (HAFC). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the HAFC were found 58.12±3.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 23.01±1.35 mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. HAFC showed good antioxidant activity (IC 50 =34.93±2.34 μg/ml for DPPH; IC 50 =49.25±2.3 μg/ml for ABTS). The FRAP and ORAC values of HFAC were found as 87.41±2.98 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents/g and 105±3.82 μM trolox/g extract. Anti-inflammatory activity was significant and increased gradually with concentration. HAFC showed promising inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (IC 50 =37.50±1.80 μg/ml). The optimized HPLC method was performed for 65 min with detection wavelengths of 254, 278 and 300 nm, gradient elution system on a ZorbaxSB-C 18 Reversed phase column. The developed system was assessed by validation as per ICH guidelines. The results showed that ellagic acid was found in the highest amount (11.34±.01 mg/g) followed by catechin (5.18±.02) and gallic acid (4.23±.05) among the examined phenolic compounds while caffeic acid was not detected. The results of the present study suggest that the Ficus cunia extract has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory potential and is capable of lowering cholesterol levels. The developed RP-HPLC method may be useful for the quality control of plant extracts/herbal products. [Display omitted] • TPC and TFC of hydroalcoholic extract of F. cunia fruits were studied. • Anti-HMG-CoA reductase potential of the extract was evaluated. • Simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in extracts by RP-HPLC. • Extract showed the great potential of HMG-COA reductase inhibitory activities. • Ellagic acid was found in the highest amount in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antioxidant and antibacterial activity against the various bacterial and fungal strains. • In silico study of major bioactive constituents of M. zapota docked with crystal structure of the skin cancer. • Micro-tetrazollium (MTT) assay was employed on the skin cancer cell lines (A431) for the anticancer activity. Manilakar zapota Linn. (MZ; Sapotaceae) is commonly known as Chikoo, Sapota and Sapodilla. It is highly potential for the various types of pharmacological activity viz. wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antibacterial and anticancer. The purpose of the study was to evaluate antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity of the fruits and leaves extracts of the MZ against A431 skin cancer cell line. Fruits and leaves extracts of the MZ were prepared by using different solvents on the basis of polarity i.e. petroleum ether, hydro alcohol and distilled water. Antioxidant assay was carried out using hydrogen peroxide scavenging test, ferric thiocyanate assay and xanthine oxidase assay. Antibacterial activity was performed through turbid metric and agar disk diffusion method against the various bacterial strains viz. Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia , and Staphylococcus aureus. In silico study of major bioactive constituents of MZ docked with crystal structure of the skin cancer (PDB ID: 6WQX). Anticancer activity was performed on the skin cancer cell lines (A431) by micro-tetrazollum (MTT) assay. In the hydrogen peroxide scavenging experiment, hydro-alcoholic extracts of MZ leaves (IC 50 –54.98±0.005 µg/ml) and fruits (IC 50 –42.66±0.005 µg/ml) shown considerable scavenging action in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ferric thiocyanate (IC 50 –76.30±0.05 µg/ml and IC 50 –89.30±0.05 µg/ml) and xanthine oxidase (IC 50 –70±0.011 µg/ml and IC 50 –41±0.05 µg/ml) scavenging assay in the hydro alcoholic extract of the fruits and leaves of MZ was found significant, respectively. In addition, antibacterial action of the hydro-alcoholic leaves and fruits extract of MZ showed highest efficacy against the four bacterial strains. Among all of these, quercetin was best docked to 6WQX with -8.042 kJ/mol and makes hydrophobic interaction with VAL 120, VAL 122, MET 168, LEU 169, VAL, 39, ALA 40, VAL 47, PHE 40, VAL 58, ALA 57, LEU 11 and MET 113. Percentage inhibition (IC 50) of hydro-alcoholic extract of MZ was found 346.5 µg/ml and effect on the skin cancer (A431) cell line significantly. The leaves and fruits of MZ are rich source of main bioactive compounds (quercitol, zapotin, quercitrin, catechin, polyphenol oxidase, catechin and β-carotene) and thus offers highest antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer potential and may be used in future for the management of cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are an attractive platform for drug delivery to the skin. Current cellulose hydrogel developments commonly focus on readily available bleached woody cellulose. Considering the detrimental environmental impacts of bleaching reagents, unbleached non-woody biomass was proposed as an alternative. Herein, this study aims to develop hydrogel from native cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches for dermal drug delivery with an emphasis on evaluating the effect of alkali solvent compositions on hydrogel formation. Unbleached dissolving pulps were solubilized in alkali solvents containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (6–8%w/v) and urea (4–6%w/v) before crosslinking. Hydrogels were loaded with ibuprofen for skin permeation studies. Light brownish hydrogels formed are aesthetically acceptable and biodegradable with low cytotoxicity. NaOH content has a dominant role over urea where thinner and deformable crosslinked network walls in a porous hydrogel structure are associated with high NaOH content. Synergistic effects (cellulose solubility: 94 %; swelling ratio: ~2800 %) were observed at 7%w/v NaOH and 4%w/v urea with low toxicity. Most hydrogels showed >80 % of ibuprofen permeated into the skin and this increased with the swelling ratio of hydrogels. Unbleached cellulose pulps have excellent potential for hydrogel fabrication with outstanding physicomechanical properties for dermal drug delivery. [Display omitted] • The potential of cellulose hydrogel from non-woody biomass for dermal drug delivery. • Unbleached pulps are suitable for developing aesthetically acceptable hydrogels. • Alkali and urea solvent compositions affect synergistically the hydrogel properties. • Cellulose dissolution influences hydrogel crosslinking, porosity and wall thickness. • Highly swollen hydrogels with more drug loading showed higher skin permeation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since antibiotics are used in various sciences, the occurrence of antibiotics in the water environments has drawn significant concerns in recent years. In this study, novel NiFe 12 O 19 coupled ZnO and TiO 2 (NiFe 12 O 19 -X; X = ZnO and TiO 2) were synthesized via a green route, and their photocatalytic properties were assessed. Crataegus microphylla fruit extract was used as a natural capping agent to obtain regular and homogeneous products. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by various analyzes, including TEM, EDS, DRS, FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, and VSM. The analysis confirmed that the biosynthesized nanocomposites had spherical and oval-like morphologies, with a crystallite size of about 50–70 nm, narrow bandgap, and super paramagnetic properties. Band-gap calculated using UV-DRS (2.95 eV and 3.03 eV) shows that NiFe 12 O 19 –ZnO and NiFe 12 O19–TiO 2 are good candidate for photocatalytic degradation. Ceftriaxone sodium (CFX) as the model contaminant was tested to assess the photocatalytic performance of the biosynthesized magnetic nanocomposite under UV and sunlight irradiations. The effect of critical parameters including nanocatalyst dose (0.08, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/L), pH (5, 7, and 10), CFX initial concentration (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L), and light source (UV and sunlight) were studied to achieve the optimum degradation of ceftriaxone sodium. Under optimum conditions, the biosynthesized NiFe 12 O 19 –ZnO and NiFe 12 O 19 –TiO 2 photocatalyst revealed excellent performance in the degradation of the CFX compound with an evaluated efficiency of 98.47% and 95.45% under UV irradiation, respectively. Also, the percentage of antibiotic degradation for these materials was 79.15% and 76.62%, respectively, under sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, the antibacterial characteristic features of the prepared nanocomposite against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were satisfactory. After careful examination of the results and diagrams, the suggested NiFe 12 O 19 -X (X = ZnO and TiO 2) nanocomposites might be applied in a water treatment plant to eliminate the danger of pharmaceutical waste in the aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sixteen compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract of C. excavata fruits. • Nine compounds (1, 3, 5, 6, 8 – 10, 15 , and 16) were isolated from C. excavata for the first time. • The absolute configuration of the bioactive limonoids 15 and 16 were confirmed by the X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation. • Compounds 7 (auraptene) and 14 (safrole) showed a moderate glucose uptake with ratios of 1.38-fold and 1.41-fold, respectively. • The cytotoxicity of auraptene 7, 8 , and 10 against lung cancer A549, RAW 264.7 cells, and colorectal cancer SW480 are reported for the first time in this study. Phytochemical investigation of the fruit extract of Clausena excavata Burm. f. resulted in the isolation and identification of 16 compounds, including seven coumarins (1 – 7), four phenylpropanoids (8 – 10 and 14), two benzaldehyde derivatives (11 and 12), one carbazole alkaloid (13), and two limonoids (15 and 16). Of these, nine compounds (1, 3, 5, 6, 8 – 10, 15 , and 16) were isolated from C. excavata for the first time. The absolute configuration of limonoids 15 and 16 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu Kα radiation. Some isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, namely lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, leukemic K562 cells as well as glucose uptake, glucose consumption, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Compounds 7 (auraptene) and 14 (safrole) showed moderate glucose uptake with ratios of 1.38-fold and 1.41-fold compared to the positive control (metformin, 2.25-fold). Compound 7 (auraptene) also exhibited weak cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells with IC 50 values of 77.2, 157.3, and 105.3 µM, respectively, while compounds 8 ((E)-piperonylprop-2-enal) and 10 (ethyl p -coumarate) exhibited weak cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells and colorectal cancer SW480 cells with IC 50 values of 234.9 and 219.5 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 3, 7 , and 14 – 16 showed a MIC of >512 µg/mL revealing them to be inactive. : [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple polyphenols are abundantly present in apple pomace, and their applications are limited by the low efficiency of traditional extraction methods and the tendency to pollute the environment. Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) have received much attention due to their renewable, low cost and biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to prepare SNPs of different sizes from corn starch using ultrasonic-assisted chemical precipitation with adsorption of apple polyphenols, investigate the relationship between particle size and adsorption, while experiments were performed to assess antioxidant activity, simulate in vivo digestion and polyphenol release. The results showed that the smaller the particle size of SNPs the higher the adsorption of polyphenols, and the combination of characterization and adsorption kinetics showed that this adsorption was a physicochemical binding process. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed that polyphenols bound to SNPs were more stable than free polyphenols. In vitro simulation of digestion and release processes, SNPs loaded with polyphenols showed better anti-digestive properties, polyphenols are released in small amounts in gastric juices and continuously in intestinal juices. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the direct separation of polyphenols from fruit pomace polyphenol extracts using nanomaterials and the industrial utilization of polyphenol products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Spectral analyses identified the compound embelin in the hexane and chloroform fruit and seed extracts. • Chloroform fruit, methanolic stem bark and seed extracts displayed higher antibacterial activity than the antibiotic controls in some assays. • Methanolic seed extracts showed the most potent anti-quorum sensing (QS) activity. • Chloroform leaf, hexane and methanolic seed extracts displayed QS inhibition of both biosensor strains. • This may indicate that these extracts of E. ruminata possess broad-spectrum QS inhibitory activity. The rise of antibiotic resistance has resulted in an intense drive to screen plants and their secondary metabolites for their antibacterial activity as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, research has focused on plant sources that can curtail the development of drug resistance and the expression of bacterial virulence factors by attenuation of quorum sensing (QS). Thus, the present study investigated the phytochemical profile together with the antibacterial potential of a southern African plant species, Embelia ruminata (E.Mey. ex A.DC.) Mez. against a panel of Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. Additionally, the study evaluated the QS inhibitory potential of E. ruminata using Chromobacterium subtsugae CV017 (short chain autoinducer) and Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 (long chain autoinducer). The results of the preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of benzoquinone, alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, quinones anthraquinones and resin compounds in the different solvent extracts. In the gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer analyses, thirty bioactive compounds were identified including the benzoquinone compound, embelin in the hexane and chloroform fruit and seed extracts. In the antibacterial assays, extracts tested at 400 and 800 µg produced limited antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, with the fruit extracts demonstrating greatest activity against selected bacterial strains. The methanolic stem bark extracts showed promising activity against selected Gram-positive strains, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In the anti-QS violacein inhibition assay, the chloroform leaf, hexane and methanolic seed extracts displayed inhibition of both biosensor strains suggesting that these extracts possess broad-spectrum QS inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the methanolic seed extracts demonstrated the most potent violacein inhibitory activity against both biosensor strains compared to the other plant organ extracts. This study provides insight into the bioactivity of E. ruminata extracts as possible anti-virulence agents targeting resistant bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuraminidase (NA) has been well-studied as a therapeutic target for Influenza. However, resistance to the influenza virus has been observed recently. Out of special interest in the utilization of dietary antivirals from citrus, in vitro inhibition activity against NA and in silico studies including molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and a predictive ADMET study, were performed on five citrus-derived flavanones. Encouragingly, citrus-derived flavanones displayed comparable or even more potent in vitro inhibitory activity than oseltamivir carboxylate against NA. Orange peel extract exhibited higher activity than hesperidin. Among the tested compounds, neohesperidin, forming strong hydrogen-bonding interactions with key arginine residues, exhibited the most effective inhibitory activity against NAs from C. perfringens , consistent with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. Although the molecular docking results were inconsistent with the in vitro activity, the binding energy was identical against the wild-type and mutant, suggesting a lower likelihood of developing drug resistance. Moreover, predictive ADMET studies showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties for the tested compounds. Overall, citrus fruit peel emerges as a promising dietary supplement for prevention and treatment of influenza. These findings elucidate the impact of flavanones on NA activity, and the analysis of their binding modes provides valuable insights into the mechanism of NA inhibition. [Display omitted] • Citrus-derived flavanones exhibited similar or greater activity than OSC in NA inhibitory activity. • Five flavanones may exhibit a lower likelihood of developing drug resistance by molecular docking. • This study provides a partial theoretical basis for the application of citrus-derived extracts on dietary therapy in influenza patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Use of orange peel extract for the synthesis of calcium carbonate. • There is no consumption of solvent throughout the synthesis process. • Responsible species paving the formation of calcium carbonate are identified from GCMS technique. The present work reports the mechanism and synthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) formation from orange peel, which is one of the most common agriculture waste generated throughout the globe. The zest of oranges was co-distilled with distilled water to separate the essential oil content. Further, the residue was washed twice with distilled water to get the desired extract. For the green synthesis of CaCO 3 , a saturated solution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO 3) 2 ·4H 2 O) was mixed thoroughly with orange peel extract in the 1:3 proportion. This solution was kept on magnetic stirrer while maintaining temperature at 85˚C, heated at 100˚C for 13 h which was further annealed at 300˚C, 500˚C and 700˚C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the presence of calcite phase corresponding to CaCO 3. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) exhibits the bands corresponding to Ca-O, C-O and vibrations of CO 3 -2 bonds whereas UV–Visible spectroscopy shows the optical behavior of CaCO 3. The qualitative analysis of orange peel extract as well as the black-brown gel formed as a result of sol–gel synthesis method was examined using Gas Chromatography & Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). It revealed the presence of acidic groups (2,3-butanediol & 1,4-benzenediol) which led to the development of a mechanism, governing the formation of CaCO 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • ZnO-ZnAl 2 O 4 nanocomposites were synthesized using a green process with orange peel extract. • Structural, optical and morphological studies were fully performed on the synthesized samples. • The sample with 70 at% Al showed the best response for H 2 S gas sensing. • Underlying sensing mechanism was explain in detail. In this study, we synthesized ZnO-ZnAl 2 O 4 composites from orange peel extract by using an environmentally friendly approach. ZnO-ZnAl 2 O 4 composites with different Al content, namely 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 at%, were successfully synthesized, and they were characterized in detail using advanced techniques to study their structures, phases, morphologies, and electrical and optical properties. Gas sensing measurements for H 2 S gas showed that the sensor with 70 at% Al had the best response at 350 °C along with long-term stability. We attribute this high response to the high specific surface area (48.8 m2·g−1), the formation of ZnO-ZnO homojunctions and ZnO-ZnAl 2 O 4 heterojunctions, and the high intrinsic sensing properties of the ZnO phase. This study is expected to contribute to the development of green approaches for the synthesis of environmentally friendly gas sensing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis alkekengi L.var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PAF) is an important edible and medicinal plant resource in China. Historically, phytochemical studies have primarily examined the calyx and fruit due to their long-standing use in traditional Chinese medicine for their ability to clear heat and detoxify. Metabolites and bioactivities of other parts such as the leaves, stems and roots, are rarely studied. The study involved conducting metabolic profiling of five plant parts of PAF using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis, in conjunction with two bioactivity assays. A total of 95 compounds were identified, including physalins, flavonoids, sucrose esters, phenylpropanoids, nitrogenous compounds and fatty acids. Notably, 14 aliphatic sucrose esters, which are potentially novel compounds, were initially identified. Furthermore, one new aliphatic sucrose ester was purified and its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis. The hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis showed the close clustering of the root and stem, suggesting similarities in their chemical composition, whereas the leaf, calyx and fruit clustered more distantly. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis results showed that 41 compounds potentially serve as marker compounds for distinguishing among plant parts. Variations in activity were observed among the plant parts during the comparative evaluation with biological assays. The calyx, leaf and fruit extracts showed stronger antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities than the stem and root extracts, and 19 potential biomarkers were identified by S-plot analysis for the observed activities, including chlorogenic acid, luteolin, cynaroside, physalin A, physalin F, physalin J, apigetrin, quercetin-3 β -D-glucoside and five ASEs, which likely explain the observed potent bioactivity. [Display omitted] • 95 compounds were identified from five different parts of PAF through UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and chemometric analysis was employed to selected the marker compounds. • 14 novel aliphatic sucrose esters (ASEs) were initially identified from PAF and one new ASE was subsequently purified. • The non-medicinal part leaf showed comparable antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities to traditional medicinal parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grilled foods are an important source of acrylamide, which has neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. The current study aims to evaluate the level of acrylamide in beef, chicken, and fish products, especially those requiring high cooking temperatures, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Reduction of acrylamide by organic acids i.e., (citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and lactic acid) and fruit extracts of lemon, apple, and grape has also been investigated. The results revealed that the highest mean acrylamide concentration was found in chicken products (grilled chicken) which recorded 8.32 μg/100 g, followed by beef products (beef grilled) with a concentration of 7.91 μg/100 g, and fish products (pan-fried fish burgers) which recorded 6.77 μg/100 g). Furthermore, the mixture of organic acid has the highest effect on reducing the level of acrylamide in a chemical model system. Moreover, the fruit extract mixture was more effective in reducing the percentage of acrylamide in the grilled chicken than organic acids mixture. Finally, the addition of fruit extract improved the sensory properties of grilled chickens. In sum, this study offers novel and promising natural strategies to decrease acrylamide in meat products toward further future application in meat industry to deliver safe food to consumers. [Display omitted] • Acrylamide is formed in many foods, including meat products with toxicity attributes. • Formation of acrylamide in meat products was eliminated. • Organic acids and probiotics reduced acrylamide in meat products. • Natural extracts are more effective due its antioxidant potential and organic acids profile. • Fruit extracts improved the sensory properties of meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant and shelf life protective potentials of infusion, decoction, and room temperature samples of sumac fruits prepared as used by the local people against three foodborne pathogens including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 , and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food samples. The room temperature samples of sumac showed a remarkable antibacterial activity (81.25%) against S. aureus. Infusion and decoction samples of sumac fruit showed an effective antibacterial activity (∼70%) against E. coli O157:H7. Moderate efficacy against B. cereus was observed in all treatment groups. Antibiofilm effects of sumac were observed against B. cereus and S. aureus , but not against E. coli O157:H7. The total antioxidant activity was found to be close to the reference compounds. The twenty-two phenolic and flavonoid chemical compounds (gallic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, 4-OH-benzoic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, cafeic acid, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, sinapic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, rutin, resveratrol, myricetin, naringenin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin, and chrysin) were identified by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) and these molecules were analyzed by computational analyses using SwissADME, admetSAR 3.0 and the AntiBac-Pred web tool. In addition, the antibacterial efficacy of sumac fruit extracts was tested on mixed Mediterranean salad samples to evaluate the shelf-life enhancing effect. The efficacy of sumac fruit against common foodborne pathogens suggests that the ethnobotanical use of sumac may provide protection against bacterial diseases and can be utilized as an additive and/or ingredient in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to recover bio-compounds from by-products offers a significant chance for their use as bio-additives in the food industry. Carotenoids are known for their properties as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and food colorants. In the present study, the potential of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic systems (HDES) for the revalorization of orange peels was explored. Extracts were obtained, and their biological properties were evaluated in vitro , such as cytotoxicity, antiproliferative capacity, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. To support the potential application of orange peel – HDES extract as a functional ingredient or food additive, INFOGEST in vitro static digestion was performed. The results showed that Octanoic acid: Proline (C8:Pro) extract and Menthol: Eucalypthol (Me:Eu) had higher selective index meaning that these HDES have a higher selectivity towards human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Also, C8:Pro showed a higher carotenoid extraction yield extracting 168 μg/100 g of lutein with ORAC value of 34.8 mM TE. In general, just C8:Pro extract showed inhibition against both bacteria. Bioaccessibility of β-cryptoxanthin was enhanced in C8:Pro extract in 10.1%, indicating high stability during gastrointestinal digestion. These results reveal that orange peel – HDES are promising to be of use in industrial food applications. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and orange by-products were used. • The extracts showed high antioxidant, antiproliferative and antibacterial activity. • For the first time the bioaccessibility of hydrophobic DES extracts was evaluated. • DES improved β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin bioaccessibility from OP extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol is a well-known hepatotoxic agent and date fruits have been associated with their biological actions. In current study, we have investigated the hepatoprotective potential of DFE on ethanol-induced cellular damages in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The hepatoprotective potential was assessed by exposing the HepG2 cells to non-toxic concentrations (15, 30, and 60 μg/mL) of DFE for 24 h; then toxic concentration (500 μM) of ethanol. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with DFE significantly prohibited ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. We observed that DFE treatment increased cell viability, reduced LDH leakage, restored cellular morphology, and inhibited caspase-3 enzyme activity in a dose dependent way, induced by ethanol. Further DFE was also effective in restoring the LPO, GSH, and catalase levels towards normal altered by ethanol. Our results also revealed that ethanol-induced ROS generation was significantly inhibited by DFE. The ethanol-induced mRNA expression of apoptotic related genes (p53, caspase-3, caspase-7, Bax, and Bcl-2) were also normalized by pretreatment with DFE. The findings from this study indicated that DFE can significantly protect HepG2 cells against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study also provides scientific validation for the traditional use of DFE, aiming to understand its hepatoprotective potential. Altogether, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrated that ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity can be prohibited by the DFE. Thus, DFE has a potential application in nutraceuticals as a therapeutic agent to prevent liver diseases. [Display omitted] • This is the first study demonstrated hepatoprotective potential of DFE against ethanol. • Pretreatment of DFE significantly prevented ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. • The DFE was effective in restoring the LPO, GSH, and catalase levels altered by ethanol. • DFE exhibited significant protective effect against ROS generation. • The ethanol-induced expression of apoptotic genes was normalized by pre-exposure to DFE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pecan nut shell is a source of bioactive compounds with benefits for the human health. • Placket-Burman design and response surface methodology were conducted. • Activities were associated to flavonoid, tannins, and other phenolic compounds. • Adding value to industrial waste is possible through a low-cost extraction method. The pecan nutshell [ Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] (PNS) is a source of bioactives with important beneficial properties for the human health. PNS represents between 40–50 % of total mass of the nut, resulting as waste without any added value for the food industry. Even though a variety of methods were already developed for bioactive extraction from this waste, unconventional methodologies, or those which apart from green chemistry principles, were discarded considering the cost of production, the sustainable development goals of United Nations and the feasibility of real inclusion of the technology in the food chain. Then, to add-value to this waste, a low-cost, green and easy-scalable extraction methodology was developed based on the determination of seven relevant factors by means of a factorial design and a Response Surface Methodology, allowing the extraction of bioactives with antioxidant capacity. The pecan nutshell extract had a high concentration of phenolic compounds (166 mg gallic acid equivalents-GAE/g dry weight-dw), flavonoids (90 mg catechin equivalent-CE/g dw) and condensed tannins (189 mg CE/g dw) −related also to the polymeric color (74.6 %)-, with high antioxidant capacities of ABTS+. radical inhibition (3665 µmol Trolox Equivalent-TE/g dw) and of iron reduction (1305 µmol TE/g dw). Several compounds associated with these determinations were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, such as [ Epi ]catechin-[ Epi ]catechin-[ Epi ]gallocatechin, myricetin, dihydroquercetins, dimers A and B of protoanthocyanidins, ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives. Hence, through the methodology developed here, we obtained a phenolic rich extract with possible benefits for human health, and of high industrial scalability for this co-product transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Metabolic syndrome features a cluster of different cardiovascular risk factors. • Pomegranate compounds offer health benefits, including cardiovascular protection. • Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory aid hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia and anti-obesity. • Extract inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme effectively, being antihypertensive. • Pomegranate prevents metabolic syndrome via fruit, extract or processed products. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a multipurpose dietary and medicinal plant known for its ability to promote various health benefits. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex metabolic disorder driving health and socioeconomic challenges worldwide. It may be characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. This study aims to conduct a review of pomegranate's effects on MetS parameters using a mechanistic approach relying on pre-clinical studies. The peel, juice, roots, bark, seeds, flowers, and leaves of the fruit present several bioactive compounds that are related mainly to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities as well as cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and antiobesity effects. The use of the juice extract can work as a potent inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme activities, consequently regulating blood pressure. The major bioactive compounds found within the fruit are phenolic compounds (hydrolysable tannins and flavonoids) and fatty acids. Alkaloids, punicalagin, ellagitannins, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, luteolin, and punicic acid are also present. The antihyperglycemia, antihyperlipidemia, and weight loss promoting effects are likely related to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. When considering clinical application, pomegranate extracts are found to be frequently well-tolerated, further supporting its efficacy as a treatment modality. We suggest that pomegranate fruit, extract, or processed products can be used to counteract MetS-related risk factors. This review represents an important step towards exploring potential avenues for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mn 2 O 3 nanoparticles successfully synthesised by a new eco-friendly precipitation method for the first time to using the Hyphaene Thebaica Fruits extracts as solvent. • MB rapidly adsorbed on the Mn 2 O 3 nanoparticles within 110 min of being applied. Manganese oxide nanoparticles (Mn 2 O 3 NPs) synthesized through a green approach using Hyphaene thebaica fruit extract demonstrate promising photocatalytic activity. Characterized extensively through various techniques, including SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–vis spectroscopy, the Mn 2 O 3 NPs exhibit crystalline morphology with a size of 20.3 ± 5 nm. Notably, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue reveals a high efficiency of around 98 %, underscoring the potential of the green synthesized Mn 2 O 3 NPs for environmental remediation. This study contributes to the field by introducing a cost-effective, eco-friendly synthesis method for Mn 2 O 3 NPs and highlighting their viability as efficient photocatalysts for pollutant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First time report on green-synthesis of AgNPs using aqueous extract of S. sisymbriifolium fruits. • The characterization studies were employed to elucidate the physical properties of AgNPs. • The synthesized AgNPs possessed profuse antioxidant and antibacterial activity in comparison to crude extract. • The green-synthesized AgNPs exhibited strong degradation of methylene blue under solar and UV-irradiations. The present research work focused on biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Solanum sisymbriifolium aqueous fruit extract (AgNPs@SsFE) and determining their pharmaceutical and environmental aspects for the first time. The phytochemicals extracted from S. sisymbriifolium fruit extract (SsFE) contributed in reducing the average particle size of green synthesized AgNPs@SsFE to 23.17 nm and served as capping agents. Further, when AgNPs@SsFE were characterized using PSA, ZP, FE–SEM, Elemental mapping, EDX, HR–TEM, SAED, FTIR and XRD, exhibited the high colloidal stability, spherical shape and crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the synthesized AgNPs@SsFE exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity in comparison to SsFE when assayed via DPPH, FRAP, •NO and H 2 O 2 scavenging methods. The Agar well–diffusion analysis unveiled AgNPs@SsFE to possess greater antibacterial activity against highly pathogenic gram–negative strains than gram–positive strains. Besides, the synthesized AgNPs@SsFE established itself to be a strong photocatalyst by degrading the methylene blue cationic dye under Solar and UV irradiations. These features of synthesized AgNPs@SsFE are found promising to convince the efficacy of SsFE in synthesizing the nanoparticles which can be useful in modern medicine and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to develop a novel, transparent and non-toxic coating with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifogging properties. The p -coumaric acid-grafted chitosan (CS-PCA) was synthesized via a carbodiimide coupling reaction and then characterized. The CS-PCA coatings were further prepared using the casting method. The CS-PCA coatings obtained exhibited excellent transparency, UV-light barrier ability, and antifogging properties, as confirmed by spectroscopy and antifogging tests. The CS-PCA coatings showed stronger antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Botrytis cinerea compared to CS. The multifunctional coatings were further coated on the polyethylene cling film and their effectiveness was confirmed through a strawberry preservation test. The decay of the strawberries was reduced by CS-PCA coated film at room temperature. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV), a member of the Mandarivirus genus, causes citrus ringspot disease, impacting kinnow orange quality and yield. Early and accurate detection methods are crucial before visible symptoms manifest in plants. In this study, a 507 bp partial coat protein gene (pCPG) segment was amplified from infected kinnow leaf tissues, cloned into a pET28a vector, and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. Induced with IPTG, the cells overexpressed a recombinant partial coat protein (rpCP) of approximately 23 kDa, purified using Ni-NTA resin via affinity chromatography. Validated in western blot with an anti-His antibody, rpCP was used to generate an ICRSV-specific polyclonal antibody (PAb) in rabbits. PAb, optimized at 1:1000 dilution, successfully detected ICRSV in infected kinnow orange leaf extracts via DAC-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR assays. ICRSV was detectable in sample dilutions up to 1:640 and 1:10240 (w/v, g mL−1) by DAC-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR, respectively. One-step RT-PCR assays were also optimized, confirming the presence of ICRSV by amplifying a 507 bp pCPG fragment from total RNA extracted from kinnow orange leaves, with dilution up to 1:5120 (w/v, g mL−1). The result demonstrated that IC-RT-PCR has a 16-fold and 2-fold higher sensitivity than DAC-ELISA and one-step RT-PCR assays. • Amplification of 507 bp gene encoding partial coat protein (pCPG) of ICRSV from infected kinnow orange leaves in RT-PCR. • Cloning of pCPG in pET28a, and overexpress a ∼ 23 kDa recombinant partial coat protein (rpCP) of ICRSV in E.coli. • Purification of E. coli expressed rpCP of ∼23 kDa to produce the polyclonal antibody in rabbit against purified rpCP. • Optimize the DAC-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR assays utilizing the specific PAb for detection of ICRSV in kinnow orange leaves. • Optimize the one-step RT-PCR assays for detection of ICRSV in kinnow orange leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium possess excellent antimicrobial activity. • This is the first study to report the MIC,MBC/MFC antimicrobial activities of Citrus aurantium. • Flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds were present only in DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium. • Eleven main peaks in HPLC and twelve compounds in GC–MS were detected. Control of multi drug resistant bacteria and their infection rate is a threat for biomedical and clinical research. Citrus fruits have proven effective against incurable bacterial infections suggesting alternate therapeutics to replace antibiotics in the near future. The antimicrobial potential of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), citron (Citrus medica), and wood apple (Limonia acidissima) fruit peel extracts against pathogenic microorganisms was focused in this study. The antimicrobial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution method respectively against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). HPLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR analyses were used to identify phytochemicals and functional groups in addition to cytotoxicity investigations using MTT assay. DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium has shown superior antimicrobial activity against the studied pathogens, particularly S. aureus (33 mm), followed by C. medica (DMSO extract – inhibition zone of 26 mm) against S. aureus. While the methanolic extract of C. aurantium had the lowest inhibitory zone against S. epidermis (12 mm). The MIC varied from 0.39 µg/mL to 6.24 µg/mL, while the MBC/MFC ranged from 0.78 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL.In all samples of studied fruit peel extracts, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics, and cardiac glycoside. Only the DMSO extract of C. aurantium contained flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium exhibited eleven main peaks in HPLC and GC-MS analysis, revealing twelve chemicals in total. The FT-IR spectrum was used to determine the chemical composition of the peel extract. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium outperformed other extracts and even conventional medications in terms of antimicrobial activity. The results prove that this plant may be evaluated further to uncover active biomolecules in the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eco-friendly synthesis of graphene-titanium dioxide nanocomposites using orange peel extract. • GTO/NC-2 effectively degrades methyl orange with high catalytic efficiency. • GTO/NC-2 shows excellent reusability and stability over multiple cycles. • Demonstrated high specific capacitance and good retention in supercapacitor applications. • Highlights sustainable approach for environmental and energy storage applications. An innovative, eco-friendly method has been developed to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets using orange peel extract. Following this, TiO 2 nanoparticles are anchored to the rGO sheets through a hydrothermal process, resulting in an rGO/TiO 2 nanocomposite (GTO/NC). This study utilized standard characterization techniques to confirm the formation of GTO/NC-1 and GTO/NC-2. Comparative analysis demonstrated that orange peel extract exhibits reducing capabilities compared to other natural reducers. The resulting GTO/NC-1 and GTO/NC-2, specifically GTO/NC-2, enhanced catalytic performance in degrading methyl orange a prevalent organic pollutant in various industrial applications. This nanocomposite achieved a turnover frequency of 0.003 mg MO/mg catalyst/min and displayed remarkable durability, enduring 3.0 cycles with robust first-order rate constants of 0.0193 min−1. Additionally, the electrochemical properties of GTO/NC-1 and GTO/NC-2 as electrode materials were assessed, revealing a specific capacitance of 320.0 Fg−1 at a current density of 1.0 Ag−1 and maintaining about 86.8 % of its initial capacitance after various charge–discharge cycles. These properties highlight the potential of GTO/NC-1 and GTO/NC-2 as both efficient catalysts for environmental remediation and durable materials for energy storage applications, offering substantial benefits for sustainable technology solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, new sorbents for the purification of anthocyanin-rich extracts were evaluated. Copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine crosslinked with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (poly(4VP- co -TRIM)) or 1,4-dimethacryloyloxybenzene (poly(4VP- co -14DMB)) were tested for their potential to capture polyphenols. Copolymers were obtained by seed swelling polymerization in the form of microspheres with permanent porous structure – attractive features of sorbents used for sample purification by dispersive solid phase extraction. The microspheres were characterized by AFM, elemental analysis, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption method. Their capacity to remove polyphenols was evaluated using spectrophotometry, HPLC-DAD, and LC-MS/MS. For proof-of-concept, the aqueous extracts of berries classified into three different groups regarding their anthocyanin composition (strawberries, raspberries, blackcurrants) were selected. It was found that studied microspheres adsorbed flavonoids more effectively compared to primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black. Copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine also capture anthocyanins and might be used for the purification of extracts of fruits before LC-MS/MS analysis to reduce the matrix effect. [Display omitted] • New polymeric sorbents for fruit extract purification were investigated. • 4-vinylpyridine copolymers capture polyphenols from aqueous extracts. • Sorbents adsorbed flavonoids more effectively compared to other materials. • 4-vinylpyridine copolymers can be used for sample clean-up before LC-MS/MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in fruit juice extracts as nutraceuticals is constantly increasing due to their health-beneficial properties, mainly caused by polyphenols. However, the correlation between the various effects of fruit juice extracts and their individual composition, including anthocyanins and copigments, is unknown. Therefore, in the present study, eight red fruit juice extracts were prepared using XAD-7 column chromatography, followed by fractionation and identification of the different compounds as well as characterization of their health-promoting effects. The fruit juice extract of pomegranate, chokeberry, and cranberry showed the highest antimicrobial potential against food-borne pathogens. The highest antioxidant and cell proliferation-inhibiting potential was also found in the pomegranate extract. It can be assumed that pomegranate extracts, which are rich in copigments, especially hydrolyzable tannins, are suitable natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Pomegranate extracts could be used as nutraceuticals or natural preservatives. • Pomegranate is a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. • Extracts of pomegranate, cranberry and blackcurrant could also be used for efficient microbial control. • Pomegranate shows inhibitory effects on tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from Quercus sideroxyla Bonpl., leaves which have been shown to possess health benefits. The extraction process was done using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), which is efficient and preserves heat-sensitive compounds. Key factors in the process included the choice of solvents, pressure, temperature, and extraction duration. The Hansen solubility parameters analysis aided in selecting effective solvents, such as ethanol and benzyl alcohol. The extracts were found to contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polyphenols with antioxidant properties. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-QqQ was employed for the precise identification and quantification of these compounds, demonstrating superior extraction of quinic acid and gallic acid at elevated temperatures. Notably, the extracts obtained through PLE exhibited significant inhibitory activity of the MAO-A enzyme, linked to neuronal and cognitive health, suggesting potential benefits in these areas. • Solvent and temperature are crucial factors in the polyphenol extraction efficiency. • In PLE, temperature correlates with the ability to scavenge oxygen radicals. • Ethanol is most effective at low temperatures for extracting MAO-A inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus auriculata Lour. (Moraceae) is an underutilized wild edible fruit widely consumed for its nutritional properties. The present study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties of the F. auriculata fruit extracts through in vitro digestion (oral, gastric and intestinal phases). The extracts were obtained by hot extraction and cold maceration methods using aqueous and methanolic solvents. Major phytoconstituents identified through LC-MS was subjected to molecular docking against the target proteins. The elemental analysis shows the presence of major elements; high levels of total phenolics (124.61 ± 0.82 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), flavonoids (76.38 ± 0.82 mg quercetin equivalent/g), vitamin E (32.48 ± 0.09 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalent/g), and carbohydrate (34.59 ± 0.45 mg glucose equivalent/g) in hot extracted methanolic undigested extract (HEM UD) and high level of total protein (124.71 ± 0.34 mg bovine serum albumin equivalent/g) in cold extracted methanolic undigested fruit extract were found. HEM UD showed high antioxidant activity in 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, and superoxide radical scavenging assays with IC 50 of 53.30 ± 0.57, 80.69 ± 0.12, and 65.47 ± 1.13 μg/mL, respectively. The HEM UD extract also potentially inhibited the enzyme activity of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and protein denaturation (IC 50 of 67.76 ± 1.22, 83.18 ± 1.23, 87.24 ± 1.15, and 65.76 ± 0.60 μg/mL). The most potent extract (HEM UD) was studied for its anticancer effects by MTT assay against the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines and showed the IC 50 of 89.80 ± 0.56 and 60.76 ± 0.04 μg/mL, respectively. The LC-MS analysis elucidated ten phytoconstituents. Based on the molecular docking study, querciturone could potentially be an effective constituent in treating diabetes and inflammation-related issues. The findings indicated the ability of F. auriculata fruits as a promising functional food. [Display omitted] • The present study identified substantially high content of macro and microminerals. • High level of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin E, and carbohydrate was recorded. • Through in vitro digestion, bioaccessibility of Ficus auriculata fruits was confirmed. • The extract displayed low cytotoxicity with notable anticancer effects. • Maximum binding affinity and docking score was recorded with querciturone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Green synthesis of the magnetically recoverable Cobalt-ferrite nanocatalyst enhancing sustainability. • Study of the morphology of synthesized nanomaterial using different parts of Dillenia indica fruit extract. • Multifunctional catalyst highly efficient for pharmaceutically important organic transformations namely ipso- nitration and ipso- hydroxylation. • Shorter reaction time and low catalyst loading. • First ever report using cobalt based nano catalyst. Arylboronic acids can be converted to useful industrial and pharmaceutical molecular scaffolds like nitroaromatics and phenols. Nitroarenes are tremendously valuable organic compounds with an extensive history of existence in pharmaceuticals, explosives and as well as agrochemicals, indispensable intermediates to a wide range of chemicals. For this purpose, a ferromagnetic nanomaterial, CoFe 2 O 4 is designed using different parts of Dillenia indica fruit extract. As synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are employed for the very first time as an active catalyst for the facile ipso- nitration as well as ipso- hydroxylation of arylboronic acids for the cheaper, chemo-selective and efficient access of nitroarenes and phenols respectively and the catalytic system is highly sustainable for a great number of substrates with a high yield of product. The physio-chemical characteristics of the catalysts were established by FE-SEM, EDAX, Elemental mapping, PXRD, TEM, XPS,VSM.The catalyst is well-recoverable and reusable up-to five catalytic cycles without significant loss of its activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel green approach for synthesizing magnetic core–shell nanoparticles (Ag/TiO 2 and Ag/SeO 2) using aqueous extract of R. officinalis leaves. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated promising antibacterial activity against various bacteria, suggesting potential applications in the fight against infections. Through docking simulations, valuable insights into the mechanisms were acquired, in which the phytochemical molecules influence combating bacteria. This combined approach holds potential for developing new nanomaterials and drugs for biomedical and environmental applications. [Display omitted] • Green synthesis of Ag/TiO 2 & Ag/SeO 2 nanocomposites using R. officinalis leaves. • NCs showed antibacterial activity against various bacterial species. • Plant extract and NCs exhibited high antioxidant capacity. • Docking simulations for novel antibacterial agents. • Promising nanomaterials for biomedical fields. The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of novel, sustainable antibacterial agents. This study investigates the potential of utilizing Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extracts to synthesize Ag/TiO 2 and Ag/SeO 2 nanocomposites. R. officinalis extract, a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, effectively and safely acts as a reducing and capping agent for the green synthesis of Ag/TiO 2 and Ag/SeO 2 nanocomposites. Characterization of nanocomposites revealed the nanoparticles' nanoscale size, ranging from 43.34 to 96.58 nm for Ag/TiO 2 and 8.04 to 21.72 nm for Ag/SeO 2. Both types of nanoparticles exhibited a spherical morphology and distinct crystalline structure. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antibacterial properties against multiple bacterial strains. The effective concentration for antibacterial activity was determined to be 30.99 mg/mL for Ag-TiO 2 and 32.41 mg/mL for Ag-SeO 2 nanoparticles. The surface charge of the nanoparticles was measured to be −14.0 mV for Ag-TiO 2 and −15.4 mV for Ag/SeO 2. Molecular docking simulations investigated the interactions between rosmarinic acid, its derivatives, and the antibiotic cefotaxime with a bacterial protein (e.g., DNA gyrase). These simulations provided insights into the distinct antibacterial mechanisms of these compounds. Briefly, this research highlights the potential of R. officinalis-derived nanocomposites as promising antibacterial agents. The eco-friendly synthesis and promising results pave the way for their development and application in medicine, biochemistry, and environmental fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making health-enhancing tea from Forsythia suspensa leaves has been a tradition of Chinese folk culture for centuries. However, these leaves were not officially recognized as a new food source until 2017 by the Chinese government. In this study, ethyl acetate fractions from Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in vitro antioxidant assays and in vivo D-galactose-induced aging mice model. The antioxidant activity of the leaves was higher than that of fruit both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical constituents present in these ethyl acetate fractions were comprehensively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap/MS. A total of 20 compounds were identified, among which forsythoside E, (+)-epipinoresinol, dihydromyricetin, chlorogenic acid, and ursolic acid were exclusively detected in the ethyl acetate fraction of Forsythia suspensa leaves, but absent in the ethyl acetate fraction derived from its fruit. This study provides theoretical support for the utilization of Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves. • The ethyl acetate fraction of Forsythia suspensa leaves showed protective effect in in D-galactose-induced aging mice. • The active components in Forsythia suspensa leaves were more abundant than fruits. • Physiological activity and components of Forsythia suspensa leaves are better. • The results can provide theoretical support for the development and utilization of Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The components of blackcurrant extract are known for their antimicrobial properties and the lipid membrane is the important target in terms of the activity of these compounds. In this work, a commercially available product that is PhytoCide Black Currant Powder (BCE), which can be used as a soothing, conditioning and antimicrobial agent in cosmetics, was investigated. The aim of this study was to explore its effect on skin cells and gain insight into the mechanism of its selectivity. The influence of this formulation on keratinocyte and fibroblast cells in in vitro tests was studied and the effect of BCE on model keratinocyte and fibroblast membranes was investigated. As model systems, the lipid monolayers of different compositions were used. The experiments involved the surface pressure/area measurement, penetration studies and Brewster angle microscopy experiments. The BCE formulation was shown to be non-toxic to the skin cells at the concentrations applied. Model membrane experiments confirmed that BCE components do not incorporate into keratinocyte and fibroblast membranes at membrane-related conditions. However, they alter morphology of the studied systems by acting in the region of polar head. Significant differences were found in the affinity of the BCE formulation for bacteria compared to skin lipids, consistent with the proven antibacterial effect of the preservative while lacking toxicity to skin cells. Thus, the membrane of the cell may be critical to the selectivity of the chemicals being tested. [Display omitted] • Black Currant Fruit Extract (BCE) can be used as a cosmetic preservative. • BCE formulation is non-toxic to the skin cells at the concentrations applied. • The components of BCE do not incorporate into the skin cells model membranes. • BCE formulation has significantly different affinity for bacteria vs skin lipids. • Membrane lipids may be critical to the selectivity of BCE preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CCE dye derived from plant components through ethanol extraction, light harvest dye in DSSC. • Dye extraction process on the solar energy conversion efficiency has thoroughly investigated. • CCE exhibits absorption peak at 350 nm and CCET exhibits efficiency of 0.49 % for DSSC. • It is achieving a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 0.146 %. The utilization of natural dyes from Chassalia curviflora (CCE), which were successfully extracted to provide bioactive chemicals for the development of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), is the main focus of this work. These CCEs efficiently absorb light and stop charge recombination in solar cells after being extracted using ethanol. The absorption properties of these natural dyes are discovered to be greatly influenced by the kind and concentration of CCE, with an absorption peak observed at 350 nm. The dyes' improved adsorption properties on TiO 2 are indicated by the presence of functional groups, bond stretching, and bending features, as confirmed by FTIR and UV–Visible spectroscopic investigations. In the DSSC design, these dyes have been effectively combined with an FTO substrate covered with TiO 2 , serving as a photoanode. The resultant solar cells, which comprise a graphite-based counter electrode, I−/I 3 − electrolyte, and photoanode, have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.49 %. The measurements for fill factor, Voc, and Jsc are 0.4761, 1.652 mA/cm2, and 0.52 V, in that order. The phytochemical components of the dye are shown to be crucial in trapping electrons and holes, hence reducing charge recombination and promoting enhanced charge transport towards the titanium dioxide transmission group finding is noteworthy. Furthermore, a dipping time analysis reveals that a 15-minute duration is optimal for achieving a 0.146 % photoelectric conversion efficiency in DSSCs utilizing CCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcoholic liver injury (ALI) accounts for a major share of the global burden of non-viral liver disease. In the absence of specialized medications, research on using fruit flavonoids as a treatment is gaining momentum. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of four fruits rich in structurally diverse flavonoids: ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima , OG), mulberry (Morus alba L., MB), apple (Malus × domestica Borkh., AP), and turnjujube (Hovenia dulcis Thunnb., TJ). A total of one flavanone glycoside, three polymethoxyflavones, two anthocyanins, one flavonol glycoside, and one dihydroflavonol were identified through UPLC analysis. In an acute ethanol-induced ALI mouse model, C57BL/6J mice were supplemented with 200 mg/kg·BW/day of different fruit extracts for three weeks. Our results showed that the four extracts exhibited promising benefits in improving lipid metabolism disorders, iron overload, and oxidative stress. RT-PCR and Western blot tests suggested that the potential mechanism may partially be attributed to the activation of the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response and the inhibition of ferroptosis pathways. Furthermore, fruit extracts administration demonstrated a specific regulatory role in intestinal microecology, with increases in beneficial bacteria such as Dubosiella , Lactobacillus , and Bifidobacterium. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong links between intestinal flora, lipid metabolism, and iron homeostasis, implying that the fruit extracts mitigated ALI via the gut microbiota-liver axis. In vitro experiments reaffirmed the activity against ethanol-induced oxidative damage and highlighted the positive effects of flavonoid components. These findings endorse the prospective application of OG, MB, AP, and TJ as dietary supplements or novel treatments for ALI. [Display omitted] • Fruit extracts of ougan, mulberry, and apple have the potential to reduce alcoholic liver injury. • These extracts could activate NRF2-mediated antioxidant responses and ferroptosis resistance. • These extracts serve to reshape the structure and function of gut microbiota. • Flavonoids may exert an essential role in the therapeutic capability of these extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is prevalent in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and has been associated with high meat consumption. Carob Fruit Extract (CFE) contains phenolic compounds, making it a suitable functional ingredient. Current study aims to evaluate the effect of CFE-enriched meat (CFE-meat) consumption on the antioxidant status of proximal and distal colon, and its relationship with fecal phenolic compounds in late-stage T2DM rats. Three groups of eight rats were studied: 1) D, fed control-meat; 2) ED, fed CFE-meat since the beginning of the study; 3) DE, fed CFE-meat after confirming T2DM. CFE-meat consumption reduces colonic oxidative stress mainly in the proximal section and helps to ameliorate glutathione metabolism and antioxidant score. Difference between ED and DE groups were associated with colon homeostasis and T2DM progression suggesting greater fermentation but lower absorption in the DE group. CFE appears as a promising tool to improve the antioxidant status observed in late-stage T2DM. [Display omitted] • Carob-fruit-extract (CFE) is rich in compounds with a 2-phenyl chromane core. • CFE included in meat improves the colonic antioxidant score in T2DM rats. • Colonic antioxidant effect correlates with CFE fecal phenolic compounds profile. • Treatment strategies differently affect the fermentation and absorption of CFE. • The antioxidant score assesses oxidative stress better than individual variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. is a highly salt-tolerant mangrove, and its fruit has been traditionally used for treating constipation and dysentery. In this study, a pectin (AMFPs-0-1) was extracted and isolated from this fruit for the first time, its structure was analyzed, and the effects on the human gut microbiota were investigated. The results indicated that AMFPs-0-1 with a molecular weight of 798 kDa had a backbone consisting of alternating →2)-α-L-Rha p -(1→ and →4)-α-D-Gal p A-(1→ residues and side chains composed of →3-α-L-Ara f -(1→-linked arabinan with a terminal β-L-Ara f , →5-α-L-Ara f -(1→-linked arabinan, and →4)-β-D-Gal p -(1→-linked galactan that linked to the C-4 positions of all α-L-Rha p residues in the backbone. It belongs to a type I rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) pectin but has no arabinogalactosyl chains. AMFPs-0-1 could be consumed by human gut microbiota and increase the abundance of some beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium , Mitsuokella , and Megasphaera , which could help fight digestive disorders. These findings provide a structural basis for the potential application of A. marina fruit RG-I pectic polysaccharides in improving human intestinal health. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The orange peel extract used for producing Ag-Fe-Ni trimetallic nanoparticles. • The nanoparticles demonstrated a good antioxidant activity of 89.94 % at 1000 µg/ml. • Ag-Fe-Ni degraded the various dyes, 97.67% of methyl red, 67.40% of phenol red, 64.07% of eosin yellow, and 73.20% in the case of a mixture of dyes in 60mins. • The synthesized compounds exhibited the lowest binding energy of −15.55 Kcal/mol. Nanotechnology has the potential to govern matter at the nanoscale and revolutionise a number of industries, including materials science, hardware, pharmaceuticals, and energy, by facilitating the production of novel materials, technologies, and ideas with exciting properties and uses. This work presents a sustainable process of synthesising Ag-Fe-Ni trimetallic nanoparticles from orange peel extract (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), which functions as a reducing and capping agent. The nanoparticles were effectively synthesised and characterised using a number of methods, including UV–Vis, Zeta potential, FESEM, EDX, and XRD. The effectiveness of the anti-cancer, catalytic, and antioxidant properties were assessed. Molecular docking was conducted on the synthesised compounds to examine their potential in relation to the complex of ERK2 and catechol. According to the results, the molecules with the least binding energy was 15.55 kcal/mol. Also the synthesied nanoparticles showed increased antioxidant activity and the degradation of methyl red, phenol red, and eosin yellow. Ag-Fe-Ni trimetallic nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity of 89.94 % at 1000 µg/mL. In 60 min, methyl red degraded to 97.67 %. The synthesised compounds have the potential to serve as lead compounds through further optimisation and have anti-cancer activities, as demonstrated by the results of molecular docking study. Thus, Ag-Fe-Ni trimetallic nanoparticles generated from orange peel may serve as a novel antioxidant, catalytic, and anti-cancerous agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]