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Opioid abuse is an epidemic in the United States with the number of deaths associated with this addiction growing each year, and yet, identification of a successful treatment plan is a major limitation to addressing this epidemic. Traditional treatment programs do not always fit for all addicts; however, equine assisted psychotherapy and learning (EAPL) shows promise as an alternative treatment option for those individuals where traditional treatment options have failed. Nevertheless, due to the novelty of this treatment option, literature concerning EAPL is limited. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify articles that address the characteristics and methodologies found in EAPL programs as it relates to opioid abuse treatment. Through the use of this scoping review, literature covering four key topics were gathered: 1) addiction treatment curriculums, 2) EAPL programs, 3) physiological effect of addiction treatment for humans, and 4) physiological effect of EAPL participation on the human and horse. Research associated with physiological effect was the most lacking of the topics covered during this review of literature. Reviewed literature pointed to a variety of populations that participate in addiction treatment programs that range from inpatient to long term recovery. EAPL programs offer an assortment of activity options to combat the challenges presented by the range of populations treated. Vital signs were mentioned in the literature reviewed as the leading way to track physiological changes but were not discussed in relation to addiction-specific treatment. Physiological measures showed change in both horses and humans who participated in equine programming but did not dictate concrete cause and effect instances. The limited literature identified through this scoping review validates the need to further explore the intentional relationship between EAPL and opioid abuse treatment programming. • Review of literature found the research associated with physiological effect of addiction treatment was the most lacking of the topics covered during the scoping review. • Reviewed literature demonstrated a range of treatment programs from inpatient to long term recovery with a focused approach in contingency management. • Equine assisted psychotherapy and learning programs showed a range of populations involved in programming and an assortment of activity options. • Vital signs were documented as the leading way to track physiological changes during addiction treatment. • Physiological measures showed change in both horses and humans who participated in equine programming but did not dictate concrete cause and effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole carcass rinse is the most common method used to determine Salmonella prevalence in broiler carcasses. However, there is a need to determine the carcass rinse sampling method that best measures the Salmonella status of a broiler carcass as it proceeds through processing, thus allowing the assessment of efficacy of interventions to meet Food Safety Inspection Services (FSIS) performance standards.In this study, 3 paired carcass rinse sampling methods, namely split-carcass method (rinses of 2 halves of one carcass), repeat rinse method (rinse and rerinse of same carcass), and adjacent pair method (rinses of 2 adjacent carcasses), were evaluated during actual operations in commercial poultry processing plants in the southeastern United States. The purpose of the work was to determine which method resulted in greatest agreement of Salmonella status on paired broiler carcass rinses.The adjacent pair method showed moderate agreement consistently in 3 trials of 150 pairs per trial with kappa values of 0.46, 0.55, and 0.46. The repeat rinse method showed substantial kappa agreement (0.64) in one trial and moderate kappa agreement (0.47, 0.41) in 2 other trials. In one trial, the repeat rinse method showed a significant difference in prevalence rates between repeated rinses. Even though the split carcass method showed moderate kappa agreement (0.58, 0.45) in 150 carcasses in each of 2 trials, the disadvantages of the split carcass method were that it was more labor and time intensive and the product was damaged, when compared to the other 2 methods. Overall, although prevalence estimates were fairly consistent between pairs by each method, agreement between Salmonella status of the paired samples was less than desired, mostly moderate. This lack of agreement should be considered in the design of studies assessing the efficacy of interventions for the control of Salmonella in broilers to meet FSIS performance standards. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]